本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 Y6 u: t4 V9 ]+ S$ M E ! A/ K- l* c1 I) r* h转帖; ? |# }' ^; ~
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ G! R( S* _$ S+ E
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例如: 0 d5 E3 p. x) E9 c 0 X! ]" g3 B2 A- o' vMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% ]4 \8 i3 @8 J4 K
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( z" n( y5 ^1 H( h1 g) E, a3 d H7 k! d* d0 A
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* X1 J3 I5 {5 A, s* M0 w2 e
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' y9 a' q/ {) r+ ?* k1 o 6 J/ a' E) v' ~* nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* b* U1 R) p$ o' D. z5 `* i. m1 W! F/ h
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& w" s* Y) }: Z' a8 {9 a! H
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): c$ f. I4 D1 `% ^$ n
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / N6 }) w9 {/ @ 2 i% }- p1 r1 J+ H# ^$ gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! ?, e1 x+ G( X% w9 U, _
* K3 @( V( A+ ^9 v% _( `Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 ] O& d" {6 E2 j3 E
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # h* O# o* q5 b. W/ p5 P! J* f5 ]6 e5 K4 G p
8 o; C: |# e. T9 A0 @% y- P; F 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 b6 [% L6 n T5 i1 q" H/ t% M: S8 T3 I' Q, y3 {8 t8 W
例如:) \! e. B$ o8 t( M$ R4 k
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' V( `7 L6 w6 l* _0 H , O: W. c& D$ G, z2 n+ u4 H: f& YDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 F8 v2 L4 ]* x5 H# U
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 F2 r" k$ O- @. h4 w! f1 ^ 8 L9 `, i I/ o2 @" hHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( A& n7 l: b7 k' H. Q- g8 ? / y, ? y% M/ K" Z+ DIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 T! ^7 g5 Q4 Z
. K. e9 K' C1 \/ k3 |* C, I/ qShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); D7 Y, h3 n9 g# _0 ]; z7 d
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 q6 e6 I$ ^5 ]9 B* L+ b
% z7 X6 N3 m: Z6 r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 h+ N% G( d1 d6 M5 h
, ^" d, `, l5 r* h9 u; P* lThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 B& l, `! q4 T, O' d) z
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 G! d! I% @" \; Y7 G1 x. o0 C% {( P! @+ S1 M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; ?9 }9 c$ s! m/ y# f J: Y3 B }2 U$ O
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* I* B6 t3 y: C) b
, P, o4 W0 }8 C4 _) `/ EWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 l- Q+ I8 `- a1 O. z: x" D & ^* o( w& n5 r2 m6 L6 h2 w8 GEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 l; o/ w6 [3 z0 l. C) [( [- P% |
" f! M7 M, h9 @- M- [' F" V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 c; M- y8 B( [7 t$ {$ ~; a( ?* v b! Y
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 _. q5 M& I6 M& c+ ?$ @$ t! v' N
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! @, @" h& o8 {( W. E( F' E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) V/ J6 J' @8 u p K 9 @6 f# k4 q4 |: `# i5 D) |( O例如:4 N! M; h; ?) j: r ~: n
7 a8 n, i, B: E' _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), J7 J. M: b* s- g% G7 ]9 s
, f' Z5 B8 \. x* g6 O' l9 YManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 }( G' m9 U% i8 D3 v @, ^ " x* s4 {0 N$ H# ~7 J, H& `This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 e1 l( ?: G7 @/ l: T# d
8 ]$ a J2 ]8 r3 `; `( I% bHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 i" w! m: N' R/ S" y ; t/ |, X0 L) wMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; {$ c! |. S* {* w$ Q0 l% s7 r' i( v$ l' |
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & T+ Q1 [% \, C7 s3 Q# w) x1 a) s5 `9 d3 [. A3 I& Z) p
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ j5 e- o4 l8 d* Y
" X2 d, I! J8 |4 W4 l0 U$ K YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! \4 t+ c/ r# o9 r$ ?" g
4 e; e B; i4 Q. @1 N同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* i& s! D+ C- Z! N5 g
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 4 [: h2 O! s; b" B; M2 L! N+ F# f. Z: t0 v7 c- V0 }! F$ K* J6 g
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . w: v( d) v' ~! j8 j4 i' c6 s2 O9 I1 [) U9 x( W
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % Z2 k" K" D4 t9 k+ E5 k9 [) {8 [- ^& b a, F1 R: m; Z" k
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# [" w7 T* F9 e+ t9 u5 R" }2 T+ n* X
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % N( A4 x- F! A3 \( v% |% X! `( Z3 o: S% b* r g
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 W8 e1 u# ]" Z- h* [! a3 d: m, t" r$ }$ S' C1 I
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 |. c7 q* M: R" Y/ ~8 I; k: F$ [! u V2 d% S: j
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 p' |: M/ T1 X' ]& P