本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . e$ _ K/ o, [; ]
7 E& u: w- e* x2 Y5 J( W 转帖 ( }9 d' c4 M2 V( C- |+ g* @1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( N: d6 i, r1 e/ l i/ V8 ~: K& f2 Q6 B6 V- z: d
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: V' M, q, ~) e" k$ V! y D9 }9 A$ aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 |5 q6 A0 M- ` 9 }: p9 O6 \, m3 ~& J/ zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " Q6 R: j3 {0 j+ j% u; }4 f' I P, j, T( p
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 z6 V% x/ |' k1 i! m8 i( t4 o 1 z0 o- e: W: eThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 _8 I* S z; X" _8 n7 P' }' }1 Y+ H' H
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # y+ p' y ^, a3 G/ z. Q. u) E* ^7 _5 Y/ o- [
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 Z5 x9 q. U6 \* N1 [" A3 Z! e# | + d: ~7 F3 J" _1 fWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 ?' H. `2 `0 x2 T. T% \3 S$ R7 z8 n* k# H; V: Z) v! w
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # g" B$ x; O* U/ e) ] ; w( C6 d1 d, G, a" B' t2 `% f$ AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / t4 ~$ q1 @$ D' m; W" q4 O' X( w; @* a4 b
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' C7 P5 _- y! Y1 I. p* S" j7 T7 T4 w( c! L& K
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , o4 s' \+ u) b: @( L# ~ , Z' `) o# z/ X0 H: C 3 {% o2 U. x7 R0 h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, E" h6 d5 A# e+ a
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' ^+ M E, E2 }+ }' Q; \" R9 A; Q
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 h3 r/ ]' K' S( `+ D8 S ' c7 B) \! T( N; lI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ]% g* n& g5 M/ k& }/ F
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)0 q/ u/ w+ F2 m3 s+ J3 B) ]$ C
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 X5 G: h: d' [, X, t0 T2 Q
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' _% j) b# p& Y' f. t# k" a! ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * c# h2 {, S( u3 H$ n* x4 K * A8 Y% c+ s/ F8 ?, }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : {& x; C9 s# H( N6 @2 W 9 l& I; z) z$ |1 J& M9 V! C: FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 q, Z. k+ Z& [8 w) Y0 z% _ 6 I! k: a; v+ g+ sThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 D& S( X: I* f ) c- ^; t- @2 J1 JHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), f1 i" I8 a, ] z6 a% G% N8 }% n
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) R4 T0 H3 f3 G & v% _* `: q! I) I( Y) EWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . ~: K- c9 R9 I# @; s8 E$ x! c {% Y% h
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 m9 Z" q0 ^6 y) |7 k - L" g4 G# S- K8 c; k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 W: Q% K$ e/ J* Y
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , i0 X1 [$ N1 I- v3 n( |; L9 I1 h; ?( `
& D/ f+ R! t+ N' A* Z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; M! ?* |. f ~, V( J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # S& u3 J2 c1 N ; \( I$ z0 z% W6 m, fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). r* G, C% H. e) u: [
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# e) e1 N9 [, P) n2 G0 L5 f# V( v9 {
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' f; Y+ Z4 w: j8 }" }' U# P1 ?2 O- S9 l- z, G( S# f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ ^, @3 k' V( v+ o
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 G6 Y+ F3 p# s+ O! X1 A& o# l: u( A5 m) H; k# s g4 |) s; i
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * \7 N' t0 M$ w 1 \( P* n% ?0 E6 JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ ^7 t; v2 `1 n# V) r9 |1 U# R" y8 a' s* O$ A! ~% q8 I2 v8 | }
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- Z* I& N; u( l0 P- e' K/ v
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : N/ ? E( N2 [3 [ $ R3 U8 `9 C, K( r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # Y: Q& q& O) C. a $ t( `2 U2 u" s1 U6 V' c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 r* |: v2 p* l! A! w4 m
: q2 S0 m' Y) Z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) k1 b' d, ~- Z4 {) H. [' D+ |9 Q) R2 _$ [6 n" [: D, ^) p
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : A/ K' a1 ?8 h9 x8 [ / H$ w. f3 f% w. l& X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 r$ p$ ~: n) U
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 s# ?6 c; m; }" w; K