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* `9 P8 I* A6 @9 g& N 转帖 & G$ A. G( C l( ?* Z% B" ]" a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# K0 F. u) f0 n" T, e- {& \+ e- w8 j
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例如:; h- V8 j+ K; Y0 e
3 }: I3 E4 ]! Q1 I8 n- M5 Q4 bMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" s J" D% a9 b+ }& t# v
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); R2 ]- D9 y6 L
F' e" p+ T+ E1 }2 I3 {This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# ?! e* Z; X% ~& _5 M% N
' y- _$ L# m- Q7 sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' a1 S$ q! O' }1 ]0 V; u8 k
^- a8 c6 k) M4 ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 s/ O v$ T/ ^5 p* \- j4 P$ h$ n+ d3 n
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 W( |$ R' ]0 O
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 q! [- u3 J! L a, n* @' q& P. V g' ?+ s
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; Z4 s+ H" ^" k( s, |9 E/ {# p & y; E7 ^% b( V2 H/ R- h1 yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + K& ]6 T* E. s1 N8 ]# m* i6 `, d9 U
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! b# Q) ]1 S. r. u/ V
6 H# |6 ?" T9 X这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! r; M/ N t' z 7 W* R- p. W( j5 P, K4 f4 k% C/ d2 T7 o0 ]/ Z' V$ J/ L) [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 z* o2 L" r# G 6 _9 }! M( Y+ Z) A7 T* P% O例如: 7 n1 U) y, q4 R2 j: F, k3 X * X: Z4 |" p0 PAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 h5 W5 |: l l1 S* c+ W) b$ ^6 o5 K+ x; Z h6 l2 ~' ~6 \
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 L; Q. O6 m6 b/ U3 d' u
+ M+ q1 m+ {. i* l7 X- _7 ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & l0 k) H; D$ C3 }7 d 4 t3 X+ o! N3 e; J8 \6 S2 i0 yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 o: Y% u2 Z$ f. H1 P6 Q: } ! `$ o- w) w" G8 P* v/ }2 qIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! k: B5 W( C/ ]6 N9 H$ S: O) {
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( E3 X8 j) P% N3 N , }5 |- P" Z5 Q$ \9 f+ WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 k+ e) W- z# P$ y4 ?/ b( `3 Z3 w 5 {$ l) u. H F2 F6 I) b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 E5 ]) e, g: o/ G5 p* P |- X: ~7 L) V
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + t( X' O8 J1 P" R; V% K* k 3 v7 H3 O; [- y9 o6 WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& K* x( \/ x& M
- ]. }4 y! L) x/ UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / y' I2 V: @7 J: V; [& q/ @7 ?. T% @0 Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 W! J- N0 ]" q9 {( A, n4 K
. ^& L1 O% y# M( n/ `We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 h3 E& N6 l# [. A2 C" S+ m5 J6 T0 t, V7 x
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 L: L& x3 b1 x- O3 r! z+ | , g. p! Q3 {8 p, [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ ~: ]) _ g2 P- Z
; ]* P6 i7 c1 m5 d+ s4 f# A$ `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : \+ f9 y2 z0 V5 B* N; H+ }- s$ ?. M4 Z, J5 F6 W
( k6 M4 j& Z; k" p. m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 y% A; Q! w6 @; {* [) N S$ m
2 y8 X4 F. y3 G例如: * R* ]6 d: Q- E& v* ?5 x0 z/ H' q) C7 @" _
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% J# i. D9 M' j% U0 Z' X
: c2 F" d3 l/ k) Q5 K7 `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* X3 ^8 J- [+ ` C3 k
+ [$ N! r( W: E) L7 WThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * X) |) X7 D- h6 u3 k; r G' i! H0 F( n% P: m" e
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' `& k% ], J5 \* B. a4 M
1 N6 A8 ~% i: j+ N+ R3 cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ I! {3 Y& g" L$ I
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 p* q6 ^' c4 Q0 g+ I! [1 [' g
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* K' x3 D6 b1 P$ n# J- C
5 f+ j! f$ t& @$ ~# _8 I1 BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ k" ~: ]& G+ [1 b
+ S) j. _2 Z8 @4 t1 `6 x2 t同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 d7 m' q$ d% N* i Y% k- i
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) ?% M) ]! B* S X2 p$ ?
0 i; [$ }, \# r7 v对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! G- D( v6 l- q' U8 I y7 l5 D- Z5 K# C' L
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 `: R: ~- i" `) C! G3 _9 @& o
, ^; H" f4 f# d* o0 R, D+ `3 l( b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - y) k: U5 D4 L. @* u+ t2 H# p* L6 M% N1 E2 Q9 x
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# ]) A0 u! R) [
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 H4 v, V2 @. J' v$ p( Y! A. [- M
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' D' D+ _" v$ W# q* i! b: n
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) X* `7 U6 c+ a A% m