本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) }+ `& a4 G. l+ t, p3 G( L2 O7 s5 J1 a* S/ b 转帖 % T+ u4 o( v9 e' ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' i. `' u5 t L% P% k* t$ j$ [+ i! X9 r1 W
例如: 6 ^) Z3 N4 U4 u* C. t1 E# f 0 O5 V7 g3 J7 e, J8 N; ~$ HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 h' U6 {4 d; d 1 ^3 `3 {% e1 ?Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & [& X& A$ b0 V. o$ @' o9 K! `) j+ f) G" E; X3 b* x$ o
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* t T) T0 P# E- \: z( c
5 V- f& _, N1 [( y! O5 wThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 n6 o# o" F0 y& |' M" C
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # t- Q4 b# H( }( f0 e, G9 w6 m" \" k
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 {& b; \* x6 a, o1 \/ i* [ . \. S8 _8 D* bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , h! P, ~4 s+ k) F5 y' m- d8 V6 c1 z# m! c( R( }' y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 X5 K' y$ V2 f5 m- o
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : I0 D* k, T! H8 E0 f * t* ?# `, F2 x4 ~4 W4 rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 Y: q8 h* s. P6 e V
# T2 |5 [% J( j2 E+ }% m0 q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 O a; O" i; B( w
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/ S U/ x& w0 Y& C2 Q# O& |3 F2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 O" n6 U. }+ z5 j7 R$ ?
3 u x# p& N* X例如: $ e( p. |6 N! ^) X , Y6 M% ^5 l, g6 U0 f; QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 M, e% D" K# {2 ?
9 h7 Y0 b2 ~, p% _: V: ?* oDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 k5 L1 @* }; S* t) z; J/ @. s, M% R; u2 l+ c& Y
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " N5 B2 Q# \ Y2 r6 s& N" Q1 w 2 }# |9 R$ Z% @* y6 d' f: HHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! ?0 I- ]. L4 q: B& m
+ y; q3 Q# f& Z$ Q$ |; RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 g( t6 \, u% J * J: r# A4 a7 a0 y% y! XShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * Q6 D; |1 I# A# C& p3 X k( M* v8 [( c2 D. W) V1 P5 ]
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % K! j8 U: X/ s% g/ P. Z ( d& n2 y2 r, W3 W q3 a9 o& G* h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ Z" v( Q9 |4 ^/ ~! z* @8 V
( ?# q s7 f& @- E0 QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 P f8 N# L3 ]# ` ! Y9 {: X( O" CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) E2 Z3 r# @! {+ V. ~8 h; P; e0 ]* f) v: N
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ v) G* o% ?$ e2 n7 X
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( G1 A) {6 {, Q4 ?% J1 T& u: Q* H4 U5 H$ W/ r
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - C# s8 R, I. O5 v! w( X! T* }/ ], H# B1 K4 l
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 H, o/ c8 Z' u% b3 u# u 4 y0 D3 _, n3 R) t( |写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* I+ b4 j2 c; _% d; Q) s$ t
6 ]7 b ]2 Q8 M" a: J8 K此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ O: G! x7 Z* ?
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; E! y6 e% Q2 P. X) C& S5 z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# h8 ~9 G. Q2 d4 g1 L
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例如: 3 @/ U9 l# `8 E }; T & O% C* ` M+ ?" Z, e# q* bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 Q; k- N. g5 [6 T. { ' |: s5 n& W) |% d+ F) z, d# @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): O( [9 \* e; O% P4 k. v
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 a: B9 g/ N! L8 k 2 a; @$ i" x9 E0 m- {He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ i) Z1 q# w# W/ Q4 E T* T
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); q' e5 P: D3 u" h
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 q* Q3 Z' G9 t- e' p( {% y7 ?4 e; G , t: U9 U7 o" Q$ u' X2 a5 h0 c8 JCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # j$ e, C; d% i+ q 9 l# O b" C9 Y; @ N5 p) x: k5 vStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ V- Y( J$ ~ W) D; t3 Q1 M) l# \% E7 j
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 M/ K x3 _) L. l) R 4 [2 G: ^& ]9 M& q; \当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; V0 ~9 R5 [2 C5 K
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% [# X0 y! s9 w, p5 D2 z
9 Z8 C5 r5 y3 k0 Y$ a' y G. S) L对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# b$ F/ i( X4 v3 o- ?
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, h7 D5 q' j; m7 X