本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ [% [) u, c6 t3 k* N% D+ L9 A. S# d2 ^ 转帖* ] r2 y+ {" n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ M$ Q3 F. X* S. a. k0 o
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例如: ; j! W+ ?0 B! l% k+ ^+ R $ r6 U- S- ^* F8 t1 _7 w% ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 J# a$ Y; K! h5 h2 p& f4 D ' H8 U+ ^# ] {- ^# L; |' [5 L6 Q" ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , S) |4 g7 `1 ^) m9 W. y2 C: l, f: M# B! I/ S1 j
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 ~+ q: p5 J' B5 s! y( h' U7 E! R: \; E7 N" I& Y( L* ]/ ]
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + t U2 a1 c9 h+ d% U! h# i/ [( D5 U! I$ t# W% h X
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 K; G/ J9 x z( R! ?! v C: S/ e0 B1 x5 I
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% Q ?8 _0 A# E
r( h! M+ [, D' b5 YWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 `% X) _8 J0 n! z9 y. S. @6 P# T$ o9 T) L: W& S, E4 V) A9 I
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 \1 F( ] T. C
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 X3 S2 ]7 Q& v5 ]4 w J
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' [5 {1 g# s* a ; S8 W" I* L5 Y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 o7 _% T5 P# s8 B. f( R1 v: E
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K& p( w3 V+ q% D% P2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 ^) B7 @, G9 h' L- r- k $ F! S( \* V) J1 I例如:/ t) f4 @. @1 b1 r+ n2 m
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : M* b% @3 H+ h1 d# b# V% u- O4 b% p( C3 u1 H* N4 I
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + e Y$ D. U2 G" [) P) Q$ u6 t+ k8 J
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 `1 [# j. f0 n1 I7 Q2 e
. |2 q' g8 _6 l+ e; J! OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 R8 ~% ~6 g7 o% ~' ` . \4 e$ Y/ f. [5 k+ @5 HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & W$ g( O/ ?2 W: J% B9 r4 q" C5 w d V" @( w& S0 A [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& U$ b7 \: ]- {' i( V. y" O
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % z# ^% y* y4 ]9 j% q# f; U1 E$ d! a% U1 |( T8 e
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 V: s& C! Z" M5 M' k9 D. A; l, g4 @" j
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 C( r" g* K# L" P: z( Q 0 P0 [4 E9 J1 @ f! c6 }The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' {& J- d, Y1 ]3 t4 `0 \9 D5 V7 Z* V7 Q/ j- ^3 O) E- A
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 m7 j# O* s/ X5 E+ ?8 L' V" s8 O- V" f% C4 N' ^* r! _4 Q
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' _! s& o* i, i2 h F+ y# u& M
" E: Y; @+ @: W' kWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) i- a7 \/ V n/ O% a3 l( i) L4 f ; z1 g( F M$ v' X& e% P }# y, uEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ n- i& E. [" n) x" B; L
1 R' f) a( A3 z7 X8 L: T+ x写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) o ^0 Q6 g( [5 {/ K o1 ]2 w: X
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) N3 V. @9 X8 D% o# `' A: |: d5 b& z( X5 y) z: l. q
( \: k& O* \* w" w 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) t- W- ^* V( w$ m# Z/ J- Z4 d
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例如: 3 J% o1 [) c% Z . f5 B+ s: i. ?) l5 _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # v. o& N0 e1 L0 l$ T. H8 g3 [) h9 ^( D! f4 r# P4 Z2 I( I( w
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 @: u: ]" K7 Y' _ / J2 n& T- C3 P% b. ^7 gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ C' X) T- t2 J
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 M( A7 t7 j- M( G6 `7 z T! w9 R3 J$ R) Z5 g
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* A: {7 m( g* D. w H
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) o; q3 h' U" [( A. q* X* [: j6 e# z% f7 {
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" w2 O% o5 g$ u7 N, X
6 J# {; t; o2 |$ f. JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 {1 G) @# {; N) n, S5 _$ \ , W; p0 Y, ?3 A. f M同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 I: ]7 k9 X8 S
. S7 H, y4 P; C0 O当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 g/ a5 I. r& ^. E* x9 O- L
4 V$ `% w, m; G) H; ]7 i. Z5 S% a对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 K/ V8 y1 I1 h
4 O, A/ M* q2 z1 r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 L' ?; I1 T. H/ F/ h2 i% r
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 h& }, L# j) b2 a
, E4 O& z6 m# e) t- e有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; S5 Q0 Z: Q% s6 ]9 c) C+ |2 y) Z