本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % _1 S% E" N+ W$ B$ {, q 9 X Q- O8 T( J8 T' l转帖 / A& v9 C/ h# H C1 ^! G1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 {* O) q$ J( {* y. R! c% S: t3 R! H5 L6 I; M
例如: % F5 H" |1 C: z9 L: e' e ' V' e# _) d1 s( N! n- iMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 ?( i, c) r |/ I6 L6 K! j! t 7 O$ h; l+ w$ U( MThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 S1 S% p/ o3 a0 s A & e/ m& s! V: vThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): H( u. t. Z6 c: s3 N6 p
0 z& Y3 n5 k; wThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% y* K% z+ T. u6 B N
+ z7 \ Z5 K, M! z5 L1 iI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). f4 A& q+ E$ k j; s0 e
a. T+ _ B$ u+ ?9 F1 A9 C' V6 XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 v0 J& y$ @. E7 w5 v. Y* P % B* w" ]3 V3 u' n: PWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 j- N$ Y$ x8 @) {
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 T- g- D1 n0 q+ C4 ~! ]7 u 6 G% I' e; \- R8 U7 H: V7 nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ ]- x2 @ Z5 q6 J6 t% c9 _) l
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , r+ h% f$ a u, x& @. ]; P& v9 x7 d" x9 ?
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! _% h8 p' @. B. h
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( U2 H5 o' [& U- H3 o$ c/ J! x1 V4 s) k. j7 O
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . f$ k, T8 D U2 y2 _8 p : O( b+ J$ W& E7 u, nI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / @7 H7 ~; j c/ L$ t ; l+ `% S' ~) D7 \; ~! iHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 j' u& u* {) v# _
& f. X' n0 L- B# f0 eIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). D- V6 T7 [8 b
0 W* p) w0 G+ X, [She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 k, O1 O3 C0 L4 g; T7 Z2 E6 ?8 a* x$ G& Y; L- @
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 f2 @2 [3 _9 f" W. B) \/ Y h h3 v0 s) d4 _) O1 S
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 K+ ?" t, [" w7 |
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* t8 y( }. S8 A) X9 [. v7 z/ D
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % `' }* f: V0 [; N! k% p1 d7 m $ ?8 J1 [, r7 q4 E9 x: i5 G" \' P# X ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , c0 n' g9 ^4 T7 U5 V+ Y" o1 b% t) u1 V( M: V2 Q8 H* b
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 l9 b' v( d0 c) A' \ d$ i: ?
" {) I0 f# t9 u7 _4 cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 h9 L+ P3 E7 d
2 G! z- e# d4 z8 r! c1 ]# U( ?' AEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 I; {! X8 q7 g( w
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + f1 B9 U* L' K) f0 x7 `# I- m8 H* U+ C8 I/ M) V
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 t. Y: `" P! ?$ o& b: B
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9 r& m3 c# A6 i* H- @4 @ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * H# I6 Z6 V: V% C7 q2 `3 G9 }2 D ; f; }- c* z6 t. U# Z* E% C例如:7 U5 z0 g2 _' c, }8 k% p' y1 K
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' T: K g2 u% l4 g
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ S+ M% `/ a+ @) }! |& e. H% E
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . F2 q% ]$ G5 i ! S" V( C' M1 L# ~: E0 CHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) p$ f6 _' }5 r/ b : H$ A0 K3 H. m- nMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - @9 L; U3 F2 M 0 w" _5 e6 c4 ~2 X& W6 s" KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! p1 `+ q7 [/ z& w
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# G+ |) j" C: [
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' n2 H# |, l! o( y6 ?' u
; Q* t- P& W) O% q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 t5 c# w U& a4 X) P- q! k # v# N4 }* v1 {! V$ Y, K$ Z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & t3 h+ ]! h7 o ! D/ w/ Y- X* c" E& K6 R+ h" `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 O# ~) ]7 Y' q" |7 c. u ) q" A( V" Y, w" H对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* l; b3 [& w6 G# ^0 H
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 C3 G+ f3 I h8 } S
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 m( X5 s( s1 w5 ]' g3 I" E3 V
" q8 b) ?$ V; q9 t% F+ l: ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 {$ m- C2 d7 f Z 1 v/ Q! e' l9 e6 z# P8 ~3 U还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* |4 B1 f2 D0 q8 [+ S( O4 N0 M
+ E" Q- p7 b* d/ k: P, C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& G0 `5 O% b" C0 J, @/ `