本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 o: U" J6 x! _, q1 y
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! n6 H4 F% o- q9 D
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- C* G$ Y' x2 k c, q! X% w
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 h# x' m! }. C& Q/ b& Z& C
9 y) {$ }: k7 _' c* BThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; m) I) p8 I/ }1 f. {8 D0 B& K8 c: b3 b4 k/ A- p
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 f. S( C- h% @! m5 m6 |; h * v: n0 |& F8 E* ?I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) X% q7 W- X8 N: h5 H- q2 ` 2 }7 D% t0 J0 T% Z8 a; H7 }) iMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ T9 @! J( v" d1 c T8 P1 y
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' R- ?: Q- w8 v6 w8 q( p" |3 D/ U! b
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& _) k4 [- ~/ M
8 v( V8 D) I8 c+ I* |7 j5 VWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% v1 W9 T# O; t& K
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' D& k, d2 W4 m0 o3 n+ n- W $ Q1 f, i- s( A# O3 w5 k# _" i: ?这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! i7 i4 e+ \- a' ~/ o( w |3 C' r6 {# l& t, i; C, [
0 z( D9 H% J7 l. _" V8 t0 z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ l# `$ @, s/ M& P7 L- }# h9 E
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例如: " C( F1 J2 @2 L% t 7 u9 o( u8 S6 i0 DAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% d, ~! Q- ]- i
( _) S, y! c) B0 M# GDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) z& W, i# H9 H) N N( ~' z: ]+ m8 x% _/ J
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) _" E3 U; g* P! U# q+ O* `+ [8 t- |9 `9 P7 k* l+ p
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* k9 F, A" x7 ^! [* f
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) [ U( x9 `0 y5 C) ~ a. h8 K# W* N
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): g* Q1 d' R7 I, F- ]. K- d3 j# L8 X
; I$ Z. s5 ~* z4 a; R; ~ CI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' j# {( J- |& A9 s: j: ], b; {8 `% V4 x. u0 T: w' q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' c. E8 M* Q3 a7 }& m" s6 z
& f. E* O) I1 {7 N, NThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 b! f$ i% E0 ^. d8 W + @0 _; J) g% nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . u3 w$ k4 E: V : [8 M6 Z8 Y, ?' G) uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). t1 R* W t) v% F, e
# i, \/ F7 Q" K, UHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 ^2 S( p4 n0 f1 R% V2 c3 M
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 e/ e7 n6 ^% `* |4 `" L3 f" U7 V; ]% f7 d! }- ?+ @- ~! |3 b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % A* v6 a" n/ M 6 G* h. f. F% s8 K) _" R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) ^" n$ J: w% h2 T3 M5 N! |0 m * Z7 L1 @ K7 I+ ^" D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 k$ _9 v9 Z6 B7 r
/ U- [) K* R! Y6 P# o, A + E( t2 }- A2 n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 [' ^2 q) Y* i" m( y! Q% v- K
$ G3 ^2 Q. Q+ V5 v3 H9 e例如:, d. o0 g: r9 b5 M1 }
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 B' D ^* @% Z* ^: Q9 d' b( B+ V/ \: h4 Q! ?- Z4 K9 h* U# R5 C
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * _ E) S3 S+ f" {( }' C# @; G& H& Z: |0 |2 `8 [9 @+ v9 d# w
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) V+ o4 i: L+ }' {. O2 j2 n# r; h8 f$ I% h' H6 ?% M- R& M
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 }( u4 Y0 j8 i! ~8 I& \ + Y! @# z6 w* \6 q# Z5 w2 |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): c7 o" m0 f: ]5 b' p
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ T! e# h- }+ T! J% u4 Z. H4 p6 `' Z
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! m( O7 x/ v$ w2 h, ?$ J# q
7 f+ a& d. z1 ^5 w5 DStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' t4 U h, U8 m" [" Z- e/ N, @9 u, n6 ^) Z5 d0 p9 X
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ z' | A* w& s$ L Z4 B
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, j1 q( c+ t0 [% r' n
( @8 H. B* |$ `, c/ m) s对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; t( n& y& X/ i; g" b
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 A; @( E2 C0 o, D o# Q$ ]9 `0 `
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) @9 E; L7 `8 w/ Z ~9 k+ k+ m$ S
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' k [( I. z1 ?
: B0 e1 I, ^( |1 I c4 o8 h. Y. c& z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, u& k9 h+ `# T+ M& v& A+ }
! W/ N1 \: |7 \) x$ z; q2 M还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - r! L; n# b8 [9 c. B; a3 ~0 k1 z8 Y. T
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 P7 q& {% X) x3 M, x3 `