6 {. v! C7 t2 V1 YMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 P M0 a; ^! h5 D% |1 d" S # G7 A' x+ ^! t; oThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . K% G3 H2 P6 W8 a7 G: E; p! Q% y' G" a4 w3 ]7 U
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 S. _# Z& W v8 k$ O! q& P# M( Q
3 C" F8 O1 P! U* B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 J6 |* F& F: O$ s, U7 x ] r0 [* V5 g! r2 X, b+ F7 B9 \
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - h* n1 q- _4 d V' L* k, @# z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % `9 ~( Q- S n5 M( r# M: K# Y- i$ G+ _- `" x. j, Y& Q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % R; z9 s( m' d! I) j$ ]' L( ^% m9 |/ G v( Z& G+ _
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 C4 X' ?+ ?0 Y. G4 m& L. g3 t f& [+ T: a1 B
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 ]2 g; u8 \- G7 i, l
, i: W3 l6 r3 i8 v) s
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( u+ D6 b+ C$ B+ C . ~: n* I$ s! k D+ j3 L8 n& A4 o这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, x2 C* A* N6 ]
/ l# q4 s7 @# `2 { ( F* ^, c5 G6 _; o; b2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & V. V8 @6 X8 ^4 i 1 A" j: k" Q/ h5 {: j H6 ^5 P. [例如: 3 K! z+ b8 b1 S4 a8 t7 E) k8 K. A- e/ {0 h! m
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) }+ Y1 E3 S2 \" ]
1 r: [4 g* S' U4 k
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( J4 c3 g m R4 j% `; K
% U: V) Y" ^6 x+ N2 ^% d2 WI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 w$ S& q r$ b4 a9 S, F3 T, x$ K) K0 z- X1 @& O' @$ [
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! s" s" W5 W8 h4 k4 G9 _2 c2 Y# k3 m " ]( C3 Z S& J& J' \2 }$ E( z. T; @In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 Y$ ]+ f5 n0 R+ k6 H' Q* S" z- w. H. l9 F% N1 A2 ]
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # W6 j0 z4 f. B! X( W% }" a( O$ N. R9 d/ d) C
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 v7 Z. w& g* B. } 7 x) R$ g' ` [如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * r' v6 |. e+ Q8 a4 c# K2 C6 e: h6 u3 j6 s$ u
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 V6 ^% g4 F& l+ ]* M7 v$ \6 p
0 @- Y# R' Y/ S+ w |0 RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( _. ^3 ] R2 K& G/ y5 h; q
( w5 _+ Y$ g$ G1 DHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * K% K' \3 M3 b- P* o$ _% ~' j" N2 M% a$ Z `& U) s" ]3 T+ K
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + q' P, c% P# E. M2 x' W# D# v* n+ w, O' t
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # }) W) J- P# y) c- J$ D$ v7 j- k7 \, i0 i7 M. D1 L2 T
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 x. X* w! k! ^9 v0 o
9 Q5 }; F1 q6 v7 \( t
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - x, l; }( Y( H! Q5 {1 I. M $ S' a- k: o% S& n此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 B8 l6 X+ n7 M8 ~" q( x) p5 c
1 q* T) d% I( c, s - V3 a* c7 D$ c/ f3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! |/ `9 g$ }. L" g6 l3 u+ h) Z; S, m8 G. F! F
例如: ! Q& f. j6 n5 n n/ N; @6 j2 J X4 Z/ f: d
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) h0 A& L2 A& \: d 9 h. [* }2 C& R1 i6 f# BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) B2 {1 E: ~5 i9 w# z; U5 r% e0 k
' _/ D# { x a2 J$ NThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 s, n2 V; i5 m/ Q* e 1 ^% z$ H% j& U% g2 J; U' ^He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & o4 J3 D/ U' C [9 q5 v. `: Q* [; T
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 }0 n; M2 W n9 x6 q . b5 Z. y d5 B" j& `7 R: JPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * P' e# X+ m2 W0 f3 h5 a0 n0 _# O& m. C9 [2 B, W7 S. z, q6 J
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 u2 g4 i4 ?( h6 K- J' n" [1 h ?" T) J2 _6 e: c1 _% J1 PStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 J% s3 ^) } H o& q1 ?; W8 X) Y5 A s5 N; M) H2 |* J, Z) ]
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! w' h! q" ^' q8 D$ }1 p" y# n) T! [0 ?! [. g& q# R
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 C8 H# V7 l. w. ^- U7 H
1 Y: w2 h8 C4 J7 w D% O B
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 s! S9 `+ \$ p2 O% X ; d- w/ Q& j) x( u对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 u" i( C( m) B0 C ( K2 h$ S2 t8 H4 n2 P- F" L对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) Q9 [& A' C w8 @( C* {& d7 c B
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 9 S' L& S. c: L+ s0 R" O! a4 j! N' N* _1 Y1 S$ {+ Y0 u
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , _0 W! H0 V. n; N W% l0 n) d. r/ e- o : w }. \1 o: j+ w$ _' X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 \ a5 B0 X: |# S& z 2 g; z# V5 O1 U8 {1 |" y有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # w/ N+ `# i+ k# E( g9 O