本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 ]: @0 t' x C7 N" R' R% q1 R3 Z$ U& C/ s: n 转帖 8 s$ v7 z" A6 f/ N% ^& R1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 D/ J1 r9 ~# Y% U+ v( C' l
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 a8 T# H' R! l# S# f
# e/ y) k V+ o) ZThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ }; @) w2 h8 ]; E
! K0 Z {( n# J5 b: E( bThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " H m, {* J0 _2 q3 C5 F! O. p 8 U/ v: y; q3 ~/ x' VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). m7 M" o- b- @2 L) E9 K- {
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 |" @) j% s* S ; S1 m E8 s4 n) u( a2 [" BMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 t6 f6 E" [* Y5 O' d T ! y5 Q# V9 E8 C( u5 c4 ~We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& ^! x" z7 ^& n! B+ }5 E+ W
* p% V7 q' v0 V+ P eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). F$ d( n6 z3 ]4 h7 |2 }
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 p# G1 V+ _& H/ o
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / A2 M% q @) v$ ?- u: v; e ( a$ r' x6 M9 U0 B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 l/ U! C* p, s
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : R/ e) T: V0 c7 b# z2 Y" v8 ~% u! I# }' Y }- f U" {
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 _ R/ _) u8 Z p3 `' Z5 M. ]
% Y1 u- R/ u# d" cI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 B9 Y/ y7 \% P7 y8 V1 ^/ Z0 r& F
& T) A! ~, {9 u+ eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 _4 ?8 K0 w. m& D# l9 I
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 `: U6 d7 O9 V0 C7 g c6 H" ?4 ]* I# h' ?' ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 e5 [0 W! a" l- E* ?& Z& {) K9 U7 D, B+ n5 z' I! R- G
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 C3 s# }& q. C, d) S8 s8 W! Y
7 \) y S3 T9 J7 P1 B1 o) `# Y* ^4 {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + l5 l7 @6 i5 Q9 H% F( h 9 i6 I$ Z. n2 sThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . U4 ]' C, t1 i+ c$ H8 o : E/ x/ |: m, _. G+ e6 e- \The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& l1 ^' {0 X. E/ b
9 [' D1 |! `: j5 P- U% Z. o4 pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 ]9 ?! H1 M4 A+ `# [& |$ g+ f) P# y+ }
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . d2 P% P* `6 g ; W2 J# ?( f" Y. vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 w; |0 |6 ^3 m# e) m' J9 | V ( a/ M% |+ i+ b" O2 J, M% wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 U' f0 { J; m" j
- q; |0 t* \+ _' G6 K) ]5 I+ W写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! p+ B! C) ]1 O2 [6 A7 I
% K% T+ H* G2 l. |8 _/ F7 }此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" p- x, B* i# K& c1 E
3 X+ [4 W1 ~# f1 w ! k5 i0 m1 w- D; r* A3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 I/ n6 ?1 H8 Y# x5 ~$ N
$ a+ { i% l4 ~例如: ) j. d- `3 c" x, L" ]) i 2 E2 K& G7 q! j6 H: }2 t. ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 u: g" J9 d- N# A1 t) y 7 y; j! W& b) D) ?3 |4 lManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 `) ^$ e4 z- L' v s2 a$ u) g2 }; g& I- h; l" J
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ ^! m! \3 m7 B9 Y8 X* r
( ]( R/ e& Q5 [4 aHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & C0 I8 q% J$ L! F 4 M* x ], r$ t; U( hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& L" R# D, k' A _/ k
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- q3 x, \9 F+ {5 y M% _) M% _
, ~# H s( v9 q) l/ x: |Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ v% w, l' R# z5 q& j h3 {
1 [3 q/ E" m+ q* [! i! YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & }0 Y' Q( X8 |6 Q3 f0 P5 w3 d i+ w4 M: X
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; t$ U/ J! a$ x% k
: ]' O' B4 A8 A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) i% K# e/ [& N U. `
/ D! k8 ]( ]$ |, l6 W对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * r4 Z" c8 T4 I2 h 9 x* H% w; f" S对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ u5 c; b1 w; O
" c" U; G" Z0 z" N7 r% P) Z% {还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 m; ~# m& S* A) b& a% n1 n C( ] ! a5 Y6 h* u! e- I7 W! o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # }6 C' `0 U, }* o7 E# u9 o