本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 C4 j4 L. e4 G, C \0 F9 R/ a0 L0 N2 ~$ n/ s" S 转帖6 p5 @' t8 F6 _0 a/ j
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 i& h# O( \7 Q2 j+ b
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例如: . ~4 P8 i: k' w! I 2 G& P8 K- z/ x' B$ L8 G4 eMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# ~* T& f1 z* e) v- E
$ x+ ~# R6 A5 g7 q) L, LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ e* ]0 s& a) j! K3 r! x
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' i( V$ M# X; F5 g1 f 2 y$ F) u( k& yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % |5 R3 \0 o+ W8 H: s0 _: Q 3 p( _: Q6 C7 d/ c( m# eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" w3 G( k; ~0 d& \' ?; n. ?
( ]( u7 i% ]! w, A. k% [4 f. I& YMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ x9 W- ]& r( j$ t
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% n2 k/ Q- F* T6 @) E$ ]
+ y) ]5 Z: O/ ^& T8 }. S7 B6 `5 j* _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . [8 A: b1 J! U# x$ x$ @8 J $ N% M3 ^9 [0 [; }We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / R# x( t$ `9 s) {9 d9 K3 K( E% c" X; i, Y3 {
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 \2 z4 @$ i- u' ?$ j' c . G9 m" p5 }9 y- ~: O0 P/ e! N这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 h' a6 C, t# Z( w! M+ N5 y& N+ z
3 s: J9 F, h+ x% D6 i- ` 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 @6 J1 C) U% ]) C+ x/ {4 L: V/ [: T* _/ m8 z# s, z( H" T5 N
例如: * G" L4 u; G1 ]+ Q0 F7 K9 J& f5 ~0 x4 k/ n1 J
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / Z) a* q; B2 I6 y( U2 z # X0 D$ r- v7 S: NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + G7 M' T% c* B% Z7 ~- u0 E' R8 V, B
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . I) k+ q3 `" q; \1 X% G( m) ?% H& r5 A/ l* n
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ C* G/ O( a# y( A
9 K$ f- q3 c N$ \In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 o' O+ I) a1 W/ I$ E5 m; z / T9 ]8 |. Z0 M, D$ wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 E H% {. S g5 S: H
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 V9 o4 O# \3 S# ]% b: C* n5 | m( I- d8 b2 A( F& B6 ^
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, K1 m. R$ ^2 L6 w- V( Q5 W4 A" A
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), {. z% @! z2 P
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); d! _+ r) P( H) `1 [
3 z1 x0 e* |1 w$ k# ^; MHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! F8 N1 C: v7 f; S( u 8 u: J' g2 y- J# U3 L& `- @% MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ H. [ \( \$ y1 r* M, O4 Q$ k D
' f$ P1 o& t* m- M4 H( X$ vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ F! k, ]! F0 M3 M0 r8 I1 @
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , p* }" H+ @/ K) W5 u% L1 w' d: V' G1 O
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 h4 z. d. I7 U$ W9 R/ b* l- H3 c6 W
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! d4 ^ r9 g) E+ z' f3 b5 y
+ m( c& c$ `9 w5 z2 _- i+ d' d* T7 X: r. y1 `) }* F; W 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' c0 Z8 T/ k7 H" P 3 e# G4 h8 Q5 O. m$ W8 K+ `0 j例如:9 P9 ~8 C6 |9 \% g+ u7 m0 K$ m+ n
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- v5 W' i8 z: @2 I) N
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) m D0 q5 O6 i8 ] h) s! x$ s: H2 A% o
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). ] W# v" P6 R2 e" Y& u# c
. Z9 p" D8 @0 l& T2 z2 J. o# y" HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 A2 Q+ X- c( ~$ \" J: r+ X. x( [0 g' N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) [5 }) K9 H4 M: N0 d. [ 9 Z1 O! C, s3 w& L ~; ^! @) `3 t. ]Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 S7 k H5 @- @ 9 b1 P' ?# W5 U8 U/ U( |7 |& w dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( Q5 O/ H) Q* ~
) [6 X: ?# y+ i* K- J LStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): S7 a' m1 j- C
2 r; I( ^9 d/ @7 }* V& w) @同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 J/ P+ Z# P- \/ i/ U8 o4 @2 I
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % O) d5 K2 Z2 q/ c9 s0 d0 Y& z' m5 C5 V! ]2 o, f5 R
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # V2 k% g( ?8 H" w $ A% N# x: ^0 r! I+ X对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ Q3 ?& I* u/ T! a