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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ J4 G& T* W. c M7 t. |+ X7 u9 k 1 B& l6 v1 H$ c- O& O) M7 ^例如:3 P% F3 d8 \8 h
8 ^: i8 f: E$ _- KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( _% p- V2 ?: s, n
% z+ I2 c) E1 q# `0 B, jThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ D1 H2 U2 o4 w% s% R* J
* T, C2 N% P: {8 A7 _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 g& `8 I. ]! L" T* _! h* {9 \ 8 p6 M5 C/ y2 W K, WThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 |# q3 u: S9 P* R q# a# v% q5 L( d; a+ q h
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % V: J6 I' U7 {8 ?' x" j' o: S0 o6 u1 O$ W, N% {
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 z7 N8 o/ Z4 p7 R& b. g 8 z* i- J9 x! ?) [! CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 T3 |6 H+ s y5 v ! L# G1 c ^% [+ C$ C8 |9 o( kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 b' v8 m0 S: ?9 q$ y3 A4 ` 6 ?) W F7 b0 S: z, JWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 ?3 z/ A2 H2 L: N7 i: J0 {6 Q4 Q4 M. _0 u% ~1 C
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 v3 C# q+ T7 f' a* l7 A
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 U' i, I! a# N0 U, Y6 ^! P: x @
0 N0 {$ b) a; z5 a- n; g2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 J/ V6 [5 H5 R+ p0 ^$ f. Y
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例如: 2 z9 T& N/ A" r- Q 5 I$ S: i+ i% @# k" Z! DAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( j. Q6 b Y) O ]
4 B+ z, p, [# s4 WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 }5 h' \8 [8 M2 Q$ L8 z $ @, q& d& [- tI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 O5 S; V$ x8 ?* L( n( |3 s5 W: Y7 o1 S" c
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : J; }$ J z" j5 z* f % f8 c( s3 `9 ~! L% n3 Q6 f, x! fIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ N/ V! R( D7 z( X$ H
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( p/ x( J) l U; s# y* `! \, s2 C! a# N; A( H. }
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : B1 }& Q, p1 b: B: D% F % U) [* R; U% _8 h; r* a如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) A/ {$ a X; M& _ # i& V9 S7 q) S5 E. A+ cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' w+ c7 [% h; v2 B
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 v. {: f/ E3 s$ y" p; F. u$ u. s- `4 Q- i
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! K1 y2 E5 Z+ E
$ N0 k4 f1 R9 aHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 z$ E5 w8 ?* h. z) J) A
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) x2 X% y+ {$ ?7 c9 [# R 9 a c2 u) p7 W. d: bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - ^/ B; B% k- c) \$ n7 h 4 ~/ H5 C- I' c* `* X- A% _/ e0 P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) O. j- W9 C0 J. E" Z
8 ^! c& h# k& ^0 A- H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 K$ V! B" r8 W" w0 m" j8 v$ P6 H3 ^9 j4 S6 f* r4 T: b
B: L% ^3 _) r! ?) _, a7 `0 v% q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ U1 Q" L) k% I2 n/ x
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) K9 D2 b- M: }6 l # a1 _# H, q* R. U1 CManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 Z8 u4 m# l* @/ d% k" Q$ Q& `) I- u8 x
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! m, B; y9 c) X
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! c6 q) [" j) W& ~9 X2 l 7 F( N [$ _" i$ v" tMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) m4 y2 r1 G2 |6 v: C y1 [* U4 q# e7 |3 g7 K# e
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): v4 {( H/ s M% T9 e
: p8 `$ I7 E& [- A& @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ I5 ~6 T! i2 q
9 i6 ^7 i) p3 P6 f/ W. OStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * w% j5 F+ M" J/ s8 B8 k+ Z# K7 N, v2 o4 M- n0 b! M$ A
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * T2 M# L+ X2 B) X# g 0 C9 g$ f8 s8 y# O当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # d8 l% w9 N: p2 R; ~; P" {1 z" D6 E
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; p$ I0 k0 t! z# E
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 g9 b6 i4 z4 T9 ]3 P3 P. X) `
% V. S# D3 W+ F- g3 u. o6 ?有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 f: }6 J# y. U* }