本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 m3 v7 K, v9 W$ T1 r0 ~' U
5 p! O7 a5 \: Z. i/ x' m( X; W6 x: f 转帖 0 L& i( M z( t7 _( |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( Q/ ?) e Z$ G ; C9 O% C- J/ v' `例如: q. `) r1 u6 r1 c! m. ^ $ g0 y3 v' G: h8 Z' L: OMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! D4 k1 w+ [% Q3 \+ s# b
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 k8 D# L5 u( ?0 ^
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! T9 E& j1 F4 | % p& G# }; W; _" v# |2 sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" _0 T( A6 t) t4 r/ @9 R
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % K, w( V6 S& _$ W0 B % U( }( v; s3 d$ [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 Q% B; z2 y: ~, x( l 3 h; ^6 Z3 [. j. G1 zWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 u: f1 P5 u" ? & p2 T0 I( y6 m$ b& b. K7 Q6 ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . N: k; A# Q$ c4 L& F5 } ; i# z- f7 T- M" EWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * `1 t3 Z0 c4 T+ h) K7 y- N1 T* W" I5 W% B/ v9 z
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - c9 k0 M3 m' V% W w5 n* W6 L. l! Y$ x- w k% |% Q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 m6 c G4 o5 |. q& Q( P
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8 \4 d5 I( c8 w! x" H! [# [7 AAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) l* B) ~- B4 D4 H
9 o3 q4 a, c1 ^& T* v' LDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); b7 b% ?# ^4 G* k* C3 l" j
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 R! ~. B6 j! i& J4 d
9 R6 E2 x/ u2 S: _8 |! z# f1 O# C; IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 e6 u# g0 c; N' ^
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + j/ q; R5 Q/ h( c/ N3 J! c/ c- ] [' n9 J8 e( _ a( |5 d" H& e8 m4 Y
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : K5 C( }! C3 L( A, I0 f7 ~ / _1 L" y+ s! p* u, j% I% {I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 O" {! C. \% L( k* F R* t% t) a8 r) Y# @如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, d1 Y3 b+ I8 F8 y
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 R. s7 e$ m, O6 s: }& o 9 d; O( |+ @7 hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , s- }; F% P2 S1 f" Z% o " ^- t' j$ O- ?- e+ d! dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , r2 U& h1 W8 H( C' j/ p5 G$ V7 [2 V2 N
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( G' D) M" a. O7 p. E
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 D0 ]7 S+ `8 W# S& }; D. ~ W& a : Y! j }6 Z0 ?8 ^- H4 `# KEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 Z- P4 R5 @9 p( F& s* w
/ B8 {- w" _* G: E4 V. I- y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 d) G; d! K9 X/ n9 n0 ?' ]5 [- V2 `' u8 v. l/ w, U( }
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& G _5 d7 J1 f$ S" N6 s
: ^; j8 y, Q* R; Z& h 0 ?+ w) b- K3 X! \8 i. A8 K) G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 X4 F7 P, X6 ~( u5 c3 p. o9 h' ? # [6 P' D3 ?. G5 f' D例如: ! {$ j0 j, g4 L3 I; M6 p7 t* v' ?- j- @2 z( r+ O/ H0 e
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / u* h8 k5 y- `% Z+ |; q7 a# _% }; E: ^6 M3 l8 Z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% k8 v Z U. ~8 X9 c H9 Q* c5 z B
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & \. R+ ?/ O% M2 }. X# |! X) _* y3 h+ \% c) ]# r5 S
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* [% w) m/ f( y* c
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ?4 [; i0 r: ]$ l" |3 @& @. l6 f a+ L3 f6 j: L* U
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; I; D, @& H) o* U8 Z 4 Q D4 C; G" u, v; m( P! i' {4 LCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . L- Z( y4 Z3 R" e; N; z, f7 A* ]: f5 k1 _ t# O" g/ a" g) L
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) V4 x+ ^7 e0 e/ K+ y
- C4 {0 w2 o/ M/ [+ B" ^2 {5 s同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 l. p2 d2 m& d8 L- o ! p/ y; g( h! |! _( B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & e; P. x* ?$ L9 @ 5 C' x! |. k$ R' d. e对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 ~0 H P5 N$ b. g 4 T/ M- `8 i$ t. g5 S5 @4 ?对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! p( A6 f, ?% ] g0 i) f , D& }5 N" O5 \& h对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) Q* F& K2 @2 \1 ?' P7 c6 @. @) z, {
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . p: t$ D+ {' L( @. D4 E" d( D% x9 ~( D! ~
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 c. b4 ?+ g/ P$ q/ Z! s# k% |
8 ]- P9 t& ^! P. [4 w) I还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 d v6 R B, r/ c' m/ T4 b% \- } f+ V6 O! \% |2 o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 z1 `6 f4 c: \$ U7 O' Y4 d/ s