; j: V- t2 C7 Y例如:, B- {2 F1 ]1 v; _
0 _3 {. U: K9 A1 l
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; D2 e% j" b+ e/ o8 K B* n# a$ w4 z; K7 h. RThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# B- b2 _( h, H ~6 P! @% L
- P: Q1 y. y1 G3 }2 r$ X
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 \8 P, a! z: I5 ~% @+ o4 H# B* }7 ?
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* P# p$ N) a8 w/ D/ J7 @) n
. a) B8 w+ E9 K0 @0 Z0 d: R E$ pI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 n( T) w2 E& ~2 Z; T3 Z: B , q- ^" z6 |5 ?' D: _" KMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & Y' I1 ]& L8 Z! p0 |' |3 M( z- ^5 H2 l# @- F+ C' Z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 f3 ]- U8 y* T. v: }& ^4 b ' ^: T a$ p1 j3 R7 lThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 ^% j7 H6 A+ V% a, V* e) Q: D2 G
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); c, t8 n. N' N' C: F3 A
/ n; ]3 H$ m0 Y: _; IPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* Y3 o. f; P' q8 \' b/ W8 T
2 G( \$ p, j0 }" i6 L7 W0 l3 [
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 w3 C) Y9 S" D8 e; T+ l7 z2 H1 p9 f7 ~; V0 s
; @! C; D! [3 }' Y! r2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( j, H) V3 \* J/ P. X " p( M0 R3 p& N例如: 3 Y8 S/ y. @: F1 V - n+ `3 Z" b1 F* iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 ]# ^# A7 L! T, X" A! H' n
1 G! N) ~ g! f7 uDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) p, {% k8 H! e3 @, e
$ S# H. p- i% m- u) `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 D1 P6 C1 E4 e4 b" Z. @' ~" |
+ W2 V! _7 F# H$ A
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 v- ]- n' k3 j o. ^ 8 q, g4 n, y# t; U( nIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , `& J* c% j9 Y6 T; J" ` 9 S4 Z/ i. a# K/ S' cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , s/ E2 K2 d, I. {' d' q8 [ 1 W: c. i/ a% x( y) G$ }& VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ L& o; E+ l6 A3 o7 i: M
& n# z9 B7 Q1 Q( ?' ~+ \( `
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 z; W5 Y7 s9 O8 W " T7 [ a; C$ g3 L7 m5 p( {) ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! O7 n" k6 r; J
# g1 P, h& c6 g3 Q9 m3 W8 t: i. tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ a# Q9 |% s/ X6 ^7 a
- U5 J# U( U: y4 T' D1 Q- C6 l
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 u* q/ z! V6 i
+ h2 F8 A( E. P- \2 ^3 u
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 ]; |3 E& R$ o$ q1 d3 l3 S! K
) m U, B; _2 Z% b( i
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! a8 g, f+ E l n: G5 d
/ @6 K; E5 b# m/ t$ B+ CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% q" a N; ]! m7 C! v) e s
! C# J2 l, E; r( ~( k0 `* @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * N' e2 K; w8 U. s" Z @9 E4 I# o1 d w$ R+ E此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 }/ ]/ P3 ^9 }' Y1 I. w) w q4 M; \4 `) _( w6 ~
4 M) L. e% _' o1 \) i 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: q( _7 m' K& H& Y
6 Z- M- Q7 L" q; a2 I, N4 D- @, H$ q例如: , v5 S7 Q. H1 S# @% w* ?# L J- q* K
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 r1 c( v( N& L2 }( I' p, A
9 a7 v5 K6 N* v
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 |' B) \% C6 U8 e2 A
/ B; ?4 v! k6 y/ {. w
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' R2 s: \0 E3 `( [, N P4 Q; f % P! g: t2 a6 W8 R [1 wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 J5 L- o% A3 z. Y" ^ ! A4 P. i, H/ h" `Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 U. f8 W2 I7 U& Q7 G! t. L
9 M9 m2 h/ _. O4 S
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 K% V! }# r) [: b- a% b
% i, B4 ^2 M! [" s) xCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): Q8 N* l; Z$ u- F4 l3 O
% ]8 R' Y) c! fStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * ]% i9 o1 d4 z# ]9 i$ N) E; S3 B* Q
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; Z7 p) Q5 Y% S# [
8 ^& ?4 Y! j; i" A7 R6 _( y( n0 ^ a) n
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:$ {5 J2 t ~0 k' ?
. _$ }2 J3 p9 F# L
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : ^0 F! v. S9 L0 U; w1 t q r& h' z' F6 k) i7 c3 m
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 O- N' A+ R: @3 o
$ I _3 o7 A& | U) A
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # r9 ?$ m R! f3 ] " @2 h9 Z; _* t( \# l' i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - `: G9 f5 f1 @7 G- R * ]! v" i4 j! }1 H1 }+ K7 w, @至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; x8 b+ W, n+ W+ [. {- k* h8 T9 t3 o8 f# i/ O& D9 u; _
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ {+ K- |$ `% G7 g
. u# q# K; ?$ g6 D" W
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. t- \/ Q/ F; T# ^8 W* y