本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; a! W% a2 v6 ] 4 J6 J2 a. [' ~ h% M7 V转帖7 F# Z4 }1 p; k- S
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), w% @" [7 R5 F, b i
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7 M& T& }9 e! L# s9 U4 y* LMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + ?) ?. q, p6 U$ I7 z( w) e7 C0 c r5 I$ ?- T4 v5 A. Q& rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 s" @* X7 V/ d/ O+ }( A9 X
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); T% Z a" k$ W- j: i" \* o: _
6 L) u1 B0 c. X' h; q5 OThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( v, t, K5 d6 G% |$ i. U U' q: ]
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 B s# u$ K, W _$ r( Z5 T1 ^( g+ r( S( A
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 O5 G/ _: g, I4 R2 i2 @0 Y1 h B4 M5 L# b, P
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : n# i+ f" a6 `4 B! w) v4 H, c* f2 u, F6 y8 o3 m3 O B
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 ^% O' A% l9 D" @' q / ~7 S% L! {* x* pWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . I! A7 v2 e5 x/ p2 D8 c3 N% s4 @& O/ T0 u: B. @4 d
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* z W! p4 m* v
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 G" o9 W [2 E5 [ 2 D- B& U, V) ^% \ w8 v; C1 e* u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / y3 S7 Z* f+ F- f- }2 _" E$ E% x6 q8 C7 R* _6 i
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . j& [ k2 c; ^( \# c& e; Y& ` E+ f( T. {: s9 Y- C/ D
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' t% z* [% I6 z( u! b! P
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - E* U2 Q! ^1 _3 X / f6 e1 X! [$ o, lHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) C" ^/ G- R. c+ y/ y6 J |
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 t1 A9 r5 _2 z8 z8 K- H7 ]8 \3 P. f* C+ M : e6 `4 y4 `$ LShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* ?) p+ [; F' Z- R4 s! O
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 z7 B4 O0 O9 A' o
e2 D2 a; k/ g如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 ~5 T( o1 b k# Q) O/ C3 n$ a, v: U, o* q' M. H
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 ` e8 W& |( N" d
; R/ I' |9 k, V) p6 ]( h, \7 lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 r: b$ D" ]* x
* c) V! P6 \% J9 g8 THe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 G+ q* b6 n2 i! u6 B0 c: U+ f7 O# p- b, c# D* V. }5 j, p
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' j5 k+ `( A J7 H$ Y7 F9 F) T' s: N7 a1 G
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ X' M6 x. z3 U- [2 w1 T9 v& s+ q; ^) d2 ~. D) e2 t
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : R/ Y9 W' J6 \' ]2 C# ]9 {3 j8 n' M0 S- v3 @9 [
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% }- H/ Q/ B [
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 t1 V+ ^$ M' [: r, U; N2 K2 a
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ b# X: ~1 z e- A/ M& T
1 C5 I- L) M% Y0 U1 U9 qManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' x3 r) p* l4 h
* D+ Z" H+ M7 |0 i) \! p) g s8 D1 IThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 i( J7 D5 n% F [
: @9 s: C: L) q! i2 h) u% HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 i7 o+ W$ i& ]/ }: c& L C3 Q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 x2 ~8 V; P3 q6 u* s & Z! C3 N1 |0 M7 ]# ~Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): d+ H$ B0 ]0 ]: q; {3 r
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 y- {" _, @7 Z0 a9 O
3 A! U- u8 f- t6 I( w8 h/ |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! ^* d* I8 h) q, S
" E" R7 a6 ~& t9 V: C同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : l& W# f9 p% }# a' N9 Y/ ~& N$ V+ p# b' I( c9 p8 o K
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : X2 v. h, e& S 9 J- k2 [ l2 c1 }9 J8 f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: \" [# b. X H7 r: T+ a
$ }7 L; Z! I) a9 c/ g对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; K4 q% c6 ~, @; h# Q" {( H, a# X/ _ 1 S. Y4 y9 D% G对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 I1 Y, [% a2 i8 { * Z8 h& }/ F% H* }对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , q# \0 b# U, I8 r+ N6 y, l" G5 L" I4 I( b
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 e0 I* q& H+ o; y& @ : G8 M, D" Q u5 T W还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ w9 f7 p' p& Y( s+ k; z& w' [0 i" m" |6 E1 g0 S1 H5 n! e
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / e5 t+ {/ z6 G+ K