本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / ^$ t/ O" z- I4 t" o. |1 r1 m7 ?
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) & K2 K6 F w8 A$ S/ p0 R7 ?+ |) d ! P% I1 O, O `% R( f: g例如:7 S: [* t; r7 {, s
7 k+ B- W( U/ o" G4 _" rMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); x3 Y) X! u7 S# h8 |
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( k1 k) ?2 S# p7 @
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). [/ D4 Y' V5 N4 I4 c
1 `8 @3 \3 x* a/ c. XThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( @ x; V3 t3 B7 U
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) X7 y# ~% \- E% w* `$ t- G% [4 M- P3 P0 p( @
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 y4 P- L* ]3 q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 p# M& I; a1 r3 k; f8 y8 u
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) q- l. s. f4 ^, X & q3 b* B& P7 t8 D$ yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' p1 }* U9 M+ g1 u( s
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . J5 l/ h( z+ z$ v 8 y3 R: b+ z, R2 ?) C- y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% m' n! J7 L! l) b0 x9 M% b( `. P) H- a
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' r7 B/ r% M$ I! e. U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 a2 a* B5 C0 ?3 I! A( ? * \: v. D+ g! T" C% e @& N: W0 c例如:9 K+ m" r( q2 B8 _
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 w2 k. o# d) e- R0 g. x0 R R0 p2 ~) P h2 ^. O$ |
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / B$ i8 w1 `* ?% x$ R- Q$ A5 a* `9 J% T3 h& e
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 [4 p. t. v$ B2 k4 ?4 Y
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + c; r1 k" q5 R% l# T( Y2 [ ] * K/ { ]) j1 C, M }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" a5 r$ Q& D6 }% `' z
& N+ W3 e5 Y* x0 s! d4 c: z9 IShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& C1 z" ?0 r. z& |
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . M( O4 p7 ~$ e: { j+ K " E$ q' D6 C& @( {3 I6 M- P如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 ]! A, ^% i1 I9 Y+ K5 x- o g; W, Y7 c' l8 J& Z/ t, k! E. A* e5 ^
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . v9 y/ M, g4 T( r+ ^% |( b5 E8 I6 X( ^: J4 [7 k
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), F2 y+ r1 |; p5 t3 v
% l0 n/ i6 z- W1 k2 I# p' NHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& c1 D* [/ c' B; o* b( K+ ~0 z! [ f
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! D2 z8 n+ @) H* m1 v' p, n5 ?/ |
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ }: @5 g7 Q; w& U" u
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 _9 O6 \# b( p9 _3 _" {: P5 j+ ]
3 ]8 r3 _+ K G% e! ^/ v+ B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , D" e8 q" f' k% @1 @( v$ I 8 [+ v# [% i$ i/ {此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! }+ C8 ?1 l4 \3 Y, O- Z( K
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) L# {3 B/ l9 A/ G) O7 z/ Y& x( S' e4 B9 s. H- N( L- O
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : P& W. z; w" m( ` * C: ]9 }: E% m( ]This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 U/ P' E7 h4 u; }+ Y/ [- _/ U4 U
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / ?8 z5 l' i9 M5 r \8 H- [1 [- G) t" S- L. e% @
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 x0 R! k4 g7 a; F2 t
! K# w& s5 S& e, M" W" G, v7 TPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * D7 y4 Z6 @3 Q2 t D$ G+ U# k3 O" b. E" y: [+ Y$ o
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . N6 C( Q3 U: X$ @ Z8 x. v3 V : ]3 R" G- F4 V" f( w/ m U$ a& c7 JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" ]. N5 C. ~' k# @: m% g
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 @0 X: m1 |( S* f ^0 S4 W
' N, |; v7 H2 A3 \, ^当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 U5 n( z9 U! G: C
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& {; i: F, Y8 |
6 \5 D4 ^: T6 V5 R9 @9 N4 k对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" J, u* P9 f/ d. Y$ B' H7 a
9 d# W3 s$ ^! P: D3 ~2 V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * E9 ^. W; |8 w/ U