本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & u' [6 s B9 _; y% l$ d1 D( ^: g! O" A) r5 r 转帖 . w B ?+ q% L4 X1 v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ s7 M3 m# ~/ G0 m$ p0 k; L- I9 h; C) q0 D2 `& c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ R/ d \, g$ o1 P1 s/ a; d5 t3 y% \
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! l5 N \9 o2 B . _, h6 Z3 B3 W" @; _7 \) DThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( @/ E" i& S' _/ I7 j# ?! C' m, `. a1 Z9 b2 Z% J0 t. ^
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , e# _; V! U7 r7 I( C; v r A. l1 j! a: r6 w( a
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); w0 v+ _5 s. g6 F9 B
+ j0 `/ B O6 n# S; bMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 {, u% ~$ A8 O, O a3 k
6 o, V; {; ^) g2 X' B8 J) ~+ ]We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 {: I) d& t' p; } c6 a5 g1 v4 ^, H% t
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # r: E; ^# e2 p- B7 o. {) E) ^$ v( {- O1 Z- u
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) O4 ^! x4 F% Z2 l9 f* s 9 x$ e, L3 H9 O/ }7 W0 {# {* tPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # x5 d. j9 ~4 T) ^1 h; D } 3 g6 n% F ~3 [! I) d' S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & L+ @4 T- c9 L4 I0 j8 d8 x. L9 g: i6 y1 Q' m: Q
; l8 b8 j0 B& y, z+ ]% i 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 N9 B3 p$ w: H. m$ e- { 9 t" t0 W: a2 o; v% v例如: 6 q ^8 d2 r B( E5 ^& e3 _" n 3 h# K/ o; b$ dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" k1 c; W3 k2 n4 z7 ]- m# Y1 e
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& Y5 }; t. O, N& O* k9 {! k
3 M9 ~& s; t) D; ZI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 e {5 M. |. _/ b: n3 D
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 N% l' ^; X2 N# N: K1 ~; j- @3 K2 i
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) q# Q i# P: `* N, i4 [ 9 B' ~% ]& V7 y G5 d( _, gShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& [$ |9 u5 N" O
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 ~8 {2 a3 i3 Z" N9 a
: C6 i7 o% Y% |3 U7 f$ z, j* S+ J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 p2 L1 Z n3 s, P / C$ a! }$ D: @( l1 q4 [" {/ IThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 r% Z/ h. J& {* c
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) m# x; ]8 o. a" R: {/ y$ |0 ]( x7 \. D( W q" Z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 [! u6 H6 n) J( p, g/ h1 v, ` ; c: O8 m' S$ U- k9 V j, z5 DHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) Q' I: R1 b$ B8 A4 q
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 M3 o& |' V9 _: w) J . v, M: C; G: P# j. [; lEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* \3 ]; c6 U4 y- K' H V ~
9 }! s u {/ c I7 Q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), F1 U) V( d/ o
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 T2 }" v+ x& c! @" D7 c
5 ?0 u% ?4 K |" g & w$ B4 Q* ]( v' I/ z$ D2 k5 L3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # A( n5 S* L- E" J/ N & ]: c& P# K1 y" E- ?3 ~例如: ) k- h8 @ h X3 N- n; m# p6 t1 b* i' V% k3 r' `) V
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) z7 H+ n+ H1 ^" X% i4 ]9 D$ r + {' S" o# m. \/ N; E/ |) ]0 JManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , g8 q$ }2 V/ B( I" O$ y5 ? 5 x- N9 _6 \% @/ @4 nThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) Q3 E2 ]: y2 |5 w2 [1 y1 P* A* s/ n& G
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 f" G+ @: j& n) E; B' }
- a6 j# G9 x3 }5 w6 O) qMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 z! i. v( o8 F z! O0 ^2 e6 B5 _4 m2 G% h6 X) O$ s" ?' I
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) p$ `* |0 L/ P6 b+ j( @9 c
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( F2 A! o5 `) g$ G* |" ^/ j! G
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 Y0 z+ u8 p& l* X' [. B % S" ~( r0 T/ A) A4 y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; l- ^7 s3 x; ]* Q: j3 |0 W8 z8 q5 _
7 J( w6 _* E$ U+ m! b& N1 |0 y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # P# o; P) B- v: V3 t; o 6 w- Z% P8 _ U对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( g' J% T3 I g1 F5 W' ?/ o
' Q4 }/ }/ g2 P, I" u$ n对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - w& W: k/ P0 x0 s6 h( E& A0 ~- }& M; G8 H$ D0 @" z
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 M/ V P) P) g, f4 q* v* T. t) n( Y9 Y3 h1 Z. G8 \
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 o) z' U' X! s" z5 H7 h0 a( L' G4 B2 @% ~$ S
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( H+ l7 M6 }* s) |- L2 I, R / D$ [2 s7 Q# B. B还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! @- [" C1 p9 R9 Y u$ {7 N a. k! L* E, U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) a. m9 ~7 Q" b* Q' l