本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , m/ l8 W: o! n# T3 Z& @4 D6 ] ! _5 \, b/ v& u, V转帖7 [1 b; p. _; j: s N5 G
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( o8 d# X1 k$ }; e# a# P8 {8 H% L
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 U% r$ F( W+ m' i+ K& v3 @
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( f- O1 w; D3 p& _) i
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 [. N7 n* D+ }/ [4 @5 q - S, ]* s: J2 q1 v+ rThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 e, ~3 y- u [- E# c A' ?
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 S, W1 z. P5 U1 P) ~) o3 b
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 j; q3 L$ Z# }: W" h4 _" E; \6 g$ X% A6 p# I
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! o7 e9 K- v3 l5 k6 Y
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 N7 a, {6 t* I: l" s; T0 c& E& x- F% r' E5 J( a/ a ^6 R7 ]0 M
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 ?2 q1 v) ~! A/ _) J" i" { W; _$ q: V$ t7 N" l3 C
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! j {' Y0 J. ?9 K8 _, i
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 b* X# O0 D$ I$ o# ^9 n$ ?: R- p
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1 n3 m4 M9 N% k- [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) w9 I+ U* z1 i+ s" `: l3 {
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例如:6 l5 a8 ^9 B. k) E
$ R/ {) `- f: o" Z4 A5 NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 S$ ?, g* z9 x; t7 C
" C X: ]$ }/ L: L- y( ^ _0 pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( M) v8 p. S3 T3 R
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' ^2 `& n# r/ d) W4 O
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 ~ G% d8 w3 Z& Z, m/ m( x
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 K0 K3 T M' F. z' ?" \ u; r& m2 \" s3 Y( _. W o$ fShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 N' |- o F7 g . d6 K5 e7 E$ E2 S* qI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ t: c( y! B7 F3 [6 ?7 |# s; ^$ C
3 u2 C0 j$ Q* ~& B( _如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 ^ d& ^0 k: F4 e J# D/ Z* M
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " z* d7 f6 X7 D6 L# P $ Z' O5 ?9 k9 }: `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) w; P5 u# g. O* f0 @. O8 z
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 x2 V+ [/ X" F E- T
! ~' T3 v) x! b) G- {" lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 a& @) B& e- L5 f( \- w9 c 6 y8 |) l1 ~; z& ]4 ?+ A$ v6 A j |We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& x3 U! e6 m) D) D! ?+ F
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! L: [2 |, W9 z6 Z3 M/ K
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' p7 N; m4 A# ?$ T: j& D
5 `. e0 l+ `0 n% X. `, Y) p3 i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* S* G. z/ d1 O" M+ f( \
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ M2 U5 C0 _+ F3 s
% W1 O9 K; Y0 j, C, G% {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ j. ]" x) n5 y. p8 I F- s$ b
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 z' o2 f$ H7 v
1 M* W0 r. {) d) UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 M) f/ U5 ^8 P: A* f& F2 g. y. T: O- z9 |# ^5 o7 V, T
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 G$ r! n/ \4 a
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & I" C _/ q, Z& I6 I3 y( Y/ L. i4 {' Q& e9 ?
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 K3 C5 ], F8 `! s. w2 ?, @ 1 w3 C% R/ q3 k ?( qStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & s1 U8 I0 Z( V" ^# A0 o# I 8 G4 I H% B0 o2 e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ @- L0 f/ Q; e/ b W
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:2 f* I- H3 `! Q$ W( O" L
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 y8 J9 J3 @3 u0 r9 \' c 4 s+ k! S0 Z$ L7 m8 w对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 u h1 E+ \' `" U
3 S3 i7 z) }: Y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 a3 G& W! N& x2 x) U
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 |) y$ H, J2 y. J8 W & O+ _7 y: Z' R: ]5 W# c至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 @1 ~0 m8 D' S- |+ x0 x* a' T* y I/ f. ^. d, K
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% a0 w4 u) d. E$ [; V6 d
- ]- |$ Q0 |: [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ S& j, [% ]+ H9 W: n