本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + f, k) f/ v7 u2 y2 k$ s
" K: ~" t! j" q7 L# F. b4 k: e 转帖 - k/ q2 n4 f- R7 _" e$ [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# _- R; r# f6 e& p
/ f- G7 F9 E) M% ]9 u
例如:* }0 r4 P2 T: i! t" N" Z
* R' a& S: D4 V2 O, c+ kMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 Q$ Y) E2 j8 e# T: H. |0 N $ B! U+ l8 r: e1 u ~) a5 NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 ~4 o7 ~' t b# g % J. q+ A* {4 Q' q0 TThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : } b4 J3 ]; }* _7 j! ` ( }4 {# H, @3 Z& R5 u6 f! }+ _The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 K U0 U1 j$ \, q : R5 ?9 f1 c! N' A5 L/ HI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 z) D4 v: P6 @6 T; M
9 ^$ v+ O' P. j, q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 R) Z) I h* _7 J# b
2 Q8 c; b7 `. F
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . E; O" ?! a- }& } $ L& v2 G0 j0 H7 X. Q# n- lThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - b; b& Z' y+ }0 _, I- M' K* _4 q& D( d H
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * T0 h. W* s6 b: |% m + ~- B; H4 G) T$ `# iPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 u4 n' ?& J) I: Q; n 6 R8 }; C& F, i4 L这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& s3 d4 A3 K( y* i6 i
# Z2 A6 M" H$ w4 f b. [' t3 `6 K; |6 J0 J0 M K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( m# i! @7 E! b8 L; Z; r# o
/ H) n }- ^, \6 g o% m# S例如: 7 O# @$ X- H% u0 P5 `" e: Z4 K9 c$ E& y# [/ q% J' V! ^; Q6 N
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 n, I1 J: ~8 L. M6 g6 ?
( ?- f) y) Y) Y* m5 D
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & z! M: A5 I: d$ [7 E1 W3 C/ z$ b# x/ M! k$ m1 N0 p& K6 H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). ]6 r- p: t/ [0 W; [
) n/ c6 Y+ I9 {
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) e3 k) n8 |( x/ K) v% J1 D
6 j+ h, U5 P* d6 {" i/ I: k1 T# lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" K+ ^$ J$ ?) B$ v+ x+ t M
+ F6 g1 O/ k8 k- V) F
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 z! O/ S) S- C/ I. z j+ l
( }" i% f/ o* B! L. c/ QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). V; t% M+ a. Y5 V% ?" o8 W
8 h4 Y! N. C/ L) e; |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( S( V+ ?8 M! R8 R9 v
1 u0 U; L/ S6 Y) i' }! LThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" c& W |' g/ S; V' @5 d
$ ^; `3 Q; ?: B) i. Y
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! o( |! X8 l a" t# V0 T 7 a! v: F- j" M) R% z$ I6 jHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 ^# M6 n3 t E, H- I6 s$ a3 J Y& S% B; c' M
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) A) O3 W4 b+ N7 i; K% Z) q- h6 U
. T& f. ]9 }! m: KWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , [* @; l8 x6 T j- I* j4 x! T: D; {* R5 _$ w& ~' T1 R
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % D0 e2 P7 s7 }$ T 8 f" _; u V) t4 L. d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 L# g0 g& j! f5 p0 {4 z* ^. R/ G" |% [% ]
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * c& s4 Q5 `/ }7 [/ Y f. c" D6 C6 W* e8 M
$ y6 F# o' l% w- T3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 o6 y" ^ `) k$ w6 V1 L/ d. w0 C
6 M3 @0 O# \% E- g- i; `7 x
例如:0 T( y5 U; ?- Z$ n
6 [* D! d1 N0 k, t! g, r# pMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; F( |" @$ r8 a( C+ q2 i: j1 }/ _ m* w0 T, b
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 i9 N0 R2 v1 Y" x) t; ] ' i6 c* _2 t! R8 I% x: ?This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " h) `& Y+ ^; |) t $ [3 F8 X. m4 \, \ [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# h3 O3 Y( U3 U4 X
9 X! w+ e- o& J- l$ C6 c! {% L$ B0 d* sMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( H1 K( e0 Y5 A9 b, E, Y
% a, A" Q* f1 S$ I3 h9 D6 `+ l
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; [5 d1 x( l/ B) j, z: Z( G4 A, \7 ^4 _4 y; P" ~# }0 M4 Q
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" U6 O. v3 X/ M5 g6 z1 M
5 }3 E7 f2 G! i2 [+ A# {$ J# L9 CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 U( S" l. @9 q* c , z: y3 n% E! }; j+ B9 R同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 \: n0 }( j+ d% ^
9 X9 w5 j9 n( v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' [$ o( M* J+ x9 f + t5 G; f! M- L$ X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 O( s2 l+ k8 B$ Y- K $ A8 C2 s4 j' }" {/ t( I3 A- }' |对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) N0 V5 d( j8 F
4 d1 m7 w/ q8 S9 ~4 o( C, Z
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& {% t. r: r& x ~! o
# @# p0 B# J( M( z. K) w! @对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( [ }; W# S" a& h$ W G- I+ v
, ~) E( N6 X4 U3 P% r6 k+ q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 W: B& e% v1 E5 m% \ / Z5 e2 c4 c; u% p9 U# ?还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 _; p0 w* p" O9 X' x; _
% [: w; S" Z7 ^- \
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 a! }, Y# T0 D