本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 ? v# X" q& I( z- h+ M3 H8 | 2 |1 f5 a- f( ]9 ~转帖- |) i( C0 S( O! E
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; v! [% _1 [; e _0 M 8 r: @7 n6 g& K8 s ?, L例如:! J& ]. e( J# D, o' l) y, v2 ]& m# p
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" t8 v- X- z: |7 t; `5 z
z N! N+ Z4 {: \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 }, w% j- l6 R& s# z4 T1 i
4 @) A: E: o3 [/ i2 x- yThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) r# M X3 V3 l* ]2 ^* B+ C1 }6 L* [% [) D, T! R) j
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* y9 \8 j! n: e, F) K& j
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ d* r$ i" q. K9 f $ u- T# L( p" x C% e6 I0 y/ Q( hMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + y7 \- z) T( U) F b; m1 K 5 a8 n' s. C8 e n1 h- p& d3 sWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + }& D! e0 e: \0 ~* f) t+ f7 u . K7 k% C7 A0 T* pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( V% i7 t( H( p! a4 v1 H- I3 J1 M
: S1 i5 E3 c" x# i! X5 ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ u% H# M7 w/ z1 k! v* U8 e1 A
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : E9 p/ @( g& m4 U0 D: @" L% P) D& P4 h
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) j! {& O) j6 C, n, ~& x0 p* }, c
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) ]+ [( `! U7 T- l8 t: I' O0 Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 p, |/ ~! h3 z4 m H/ d& g& a
" y) `4 x9 P2 s例如: ' L1 A, M. D' I D6 o' C1 A 0 }$ |% s' ]/ L, ~At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - D, q' u. r, t. e$ I7 V0 A: Z" K6 F% L& f# Y4 \$ D Y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' F4 V( Y' Q5 k1 s1 U; M, Q7 _. |! j
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( i0 N+ X$ L. P9 _& c; p5 G4 p0 W& \+ L" ?0 ? B3 w, { N
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % J) H+ j9 b2 J- n) c; ~( i3 {, v I+ [( g. R$ V+ D* i6 q g
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 s2 s& g- C/ V* C6 H$ C* `" T( _
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 S% c3 x: n: }& _4 ]' a o! m7 ?8 H% T8 {1 l0 L* I; M! T+ P
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# G. _1 y) W+ o# q; b9 c
0 u# w- C' k5 E) i9 R3 R6 \' k如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ p4 r2 G: `2 X& ^" F' F
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) x; f3 _/ Z6 n' b( E6 N" c, K; `
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); g" r" J- E- _- U& Y; ?
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' P# }. i$ p/ i y0 ?, U" C v
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 t0 f3 L- E) c3 l
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 v* X ?7 [* E% S1 M# V 9 `: V' W) X# ^ uEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) R$ V t, K. U9 \ 8 N3 |- j7 _$ B0 W3 [$ T' [$ O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): k7 T H# o( s3 ^
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 f& l0 y3 q- d6 V
4 Z5 ] r7 q$ [- y i* O( X0 @" ?* \7 B: [$ h9 P 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 T! T8 G- }/ a9 f! d A / U2 r9 P. R) k& L例如:( [# D+ w/ }. j& j8 m0 S% P. p4 o
0 a; d" z% h0 S- h+ R1 [# fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 T1 l f. C, Z$ w- _2 q; t! }/ h0 x7 f! h8 R$ n0 |* Q% P) @3 u1 i
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , w) m8 v+ i& [' }7 S1 G V - W: c( k* Y" H2 o$ k( E) OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , B8 R" F% m, W/ f d w0 J+ f. }6 z( R6 m7 t7 ?( THe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 n- v$ q$ m$ R, ~/ z4 e% ^* x - Y" k8 `' t$ _7 g! YMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 z3 {& w0 c7 n8 Q0 f' [
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" M7 ]3 ^4 p3 V c; L3 l0 [% e7 y2 Q
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) c* k1 ]* R c, c8 {8 O 4 j& s4 t1 m: m' PStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" x C* g# V% E$ N1 o5 r
8 M. L. B6 U. D' [# Y* X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 b, F# Q( [& Z% l6 }1 G @2 b+ H
" b \5 ?2 ^, u5 [对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % C8 l5 ? ]' M' K- d L , o$ H) K$ ]! ^3 Y4 [对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + e) O0 j3 J% t6 R8 u: \: a8 ?/ b }7 c( A$ ?$ ]2 R- U8 Q- r
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 ^2 F: P7 Z% D3 J' T% u; t! g
# a' Q, }' ^! ]至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / k: L% Y1 \# b& p% B' g 8 U0 o# {8 E8 ]! y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。/ H( g# k; z9 G! {. _2 f
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 |1 T# c6 {+ O0 `" B* M