本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 [$ T5 \, D1 m) {' |
9 F# v" h, f# b9 c$ C6 Z* F转帖 2 E$ M) ?4 M8 c& H1 }3 [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 [1 q/ ^4 a% U/ d% r - T5 {$ V0 r, Q$ ?5 \8 a8 g6 [例如: 3 m6 Q- z5 u4 V7 E, }( V+ y; r! {6 z9 e) L8 a
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' \2 S1 ^1 J' ?7 C5 Y
3 ^0 O5 R: _/ J* ~$ B! M; m9 _Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 Q3 n+ s9 y7 P1 x0 P
; f1 l/ \- H. ~" m& U0 C- r& FThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 N( m% P3 W3 ?; \$ }" l: P! O ! T# H. D9 f( X }3 o# k6 r0 D; B7 [, CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * D d; B3 E9 C1 o( } - |& B4 J0 |3 K7 GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( G# |* @6 k: t) d% _& f( m& e; x$ S( B" F' Z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ! E% R4 q7 t/ u, ~& Z+ {% c2 n ~$ F d5 D9 W
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 n* }) r: C% Q# o5 Q: k) M" A- l) M* z7 i6 e0 X
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)! ~& k3 A- @3 j W( ]
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 e" f3 i) l$ J" Z1 [# E 7 U# |& _. T0 a( x3 [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : c2 y0 K% G3 |( `" m9 y# ^ 6 C. ~2 I1 B6 ? I2 j这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' F; R) L; t X+ |/ |. Z' q * n; p$ C: r+ i" `0 _6 d9 A& \0 u. r1 R: h; E3 s1 b 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . G: m* u6 s/ M) {! x! J8 b ' u5 }# {) E' Z例如:9 ~- N. m* x5 A- p2 P
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * Q4 d6 j5 F: y6 m6 m/ g$ w5 I1 A) Q7 m& C. B$ T/ l0 U- m
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 R; D5 a- n. `$ {1 }2 R4 L
: S+ Y6 g7 k+ fI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& r2 \7 s# q; f7 c, W- b
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 H g. Y* {$ c4 C0 U0 `+ Q ' l. u" E: o1 DIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + \/ f; B X% q7 q , c1 b* U# ?$ T* E L) v; fShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % e) ~$ Q% a! o5 e) m9 ^' r' k5 ?4 o+ b! n0 g" d# {% e
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 ?3 B" J- a4 R$ y! _ d
, r% b) z1 z. l$ B0 F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 g& {2 `9 k) L9 f$ a6 R
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 x [! X/ b2 P# P9 v ' ]8 n3 c- X, fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 O8 G! f# E- _. D3 e% W
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' _" X( Z# C1 P+ }
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & T! J( a9 K7 ~- _( T+ d p6 Q % z# y+ o4 w1 CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( D0 m4 ~0 U' n& j2 }
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 P- d$ X: ~7 X3 ~3 l6 V
9 T( `" U5 n \5 v0 g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); I. ~; K- M; @1 Y8 C$ D0 A
0 H0 P1 ? v1 m) L2 s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ `4 j, |" I; j9 C& ]7 m, w3 Z2 W$ n3 F. [ h
# x: x8 _* S* [0 G& H- h3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ m# G+ g9 |: U' T5 @) ]' w; _' r2 {* N" z2 E+ y5 X
例如: / V" o2 E6 @% A. L0 r0 `! s7 w$ E! m1 s; G6 _; [
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 O; G2 Z$ |! L" ~+ B5 ?' c7 [
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" g7 a. y) W( T! g' P6 X, M
; {# v# Z- s: G- UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % t8 |; c% {% M& y2 Q 9 K: D; p, N- q: vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 V- c+ y" D. D1 ]3 A7 B# }; L6 H- a+ }4 ~5 w- _
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% ?* P8 \2 J5 ^$ A2 g
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 Z- D* `5 B; o; [7 t
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) }6 o$ N N7 z2 `# `
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 i, O9 N0 ]. P7 |9 r1 \, h! q% o' R" d
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 m* \0 c3 w' b& I4 T; ^4 {- c, Y
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! i9 I. }: q2 K( x5 |( Z8 m) ~$ o
3 K* e. M1 |8 M0 C: h对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : V7 [( M; l! q; d7 N& E# @ y+ k. [6 R3 A3 h
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ b: l5 x6 Z# v
( U4 E1 z( z, K4 h$ \, l* x r: R有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / e2 E; r$ _) w, f& G; V