本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 R$ w2 z8 L$ Z0 q. V
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) o( r2 _- m; c3 f2 T& U
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例如: 6 g$ D/ i* E* f/ m" ]! q% O$ m# u 2 j! T& o" s5 h! s' C+ |' zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / n. [% z1 d( L: W) ~$ V0 Y' w0 U& s2 c& b2 e% y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" ?9 }4 c3 S/ w0 ^. T9 u
* e, _# s+ y2 V1 mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . O. H& l% v2 x z( w 4 x( g0 _0 U7 I. `/ S. dThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) C# W& o9 V a* N( E1 a
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ c- X; g7 N. P Q0 B! l
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + G: o) p! \$ i% z8 Q2 J 7 ], B; ^) ^) b; y3 lWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 W/ h% u9 g4 T8 t% d2 y4 W2 e, P9 F) c0 E3 I; I! e( |* A5 v( n9 t
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), `7 [; |* @4 S
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; P$ ]& E6 x! x6 b8 Y& a " ^. e2 p9 ~) ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - u, m' S5 a3 {$ N. ` ) m2 c# e" Q M+ d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " J1 }4 M: F. Q5 V% o% p1 C; v' O5 T& H: F& o7 ?. |
* B4 m% ]2 G: [( f8 C# t4 j% v2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 N' ?" J/ {: F+ O# H
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例如: Q& l$ t" ^8 c$ n% l# d* c
3 Q. v8 f2 x: ^At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! B* Q. a* v& i7 R
& y' R/ z3 W b7 P' QDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 S; k7 Y* p" _6 B; l! [9 ~- | }3 b
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; [$ z$ u; v$ F- X( h" D: B2 L! X
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , n: \2 o& m, ^& ~, A9 y; O5 V$ p 3 _0 F" J" R. F VIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( s% `. W5 `( _; w# C
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% T% d0 `5 \0 ]) Z# [) ]2 S( E9 W
- i8 O5 S5 ~- o) I2 B3 Z8 s: u9 KI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 y" I% O: @: o, C: F- s/ }0 Z6 s: E* V; B( y' `# f: m; \/ c
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 f' @/ x; _7 _1 u
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 G" d+ k3 W B$ Y, n$ c ; ^9 B# P0 ^( t- A; ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) Z6 T& q0 X2 h
2 C) W1 l9 {+ ?7 v yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " r: r# i: v: |- o# T7 W ( |1 w9 B! t ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) Z6 K. \% p4 g$ P% d9 H' r
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): t1 H4 h% E; C0 N+ n) `2 U8 l
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 S# d2 a8 \2 N5 m3 s- L+ E" x/ w+ f; P/ w
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- D+ M! Z' ~, f( c- L. ]2 q
& n2 D( S8 a+ v& H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 N& Y( D$ G1 P) L
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4 s9 @2 R9 C! f2 X 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 B7 x" k9 T6 A4 @+ r+ x
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例如: $ j/ ^1 \2 E7 D9 F/ W, F) {' e + o4 T4 R9 x7 Y# f- O8 t! GMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( @( S; T0 e# f0 N% F. z: E! ?# D
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), ]' H4 }$ `* p; B9 K* E
$ U1 V, p/ O( O( YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % K7 s7 Z7 r: ?' J 7 V$ Q* ], L) ^* F0 [. I* _He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 `: }6 Q A: a- L+ H, k
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; K7 p# U E9 J. U$ A, y l- N 1 V3 x) |. n" a3 Y( L* vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - W; e5 x0 Z* ?1 Y& B( z/ p E' B, Y- I
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); m* J: U5 L z& I' C4 v, c
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! x4 T" U) I) c- l3 G1 d- j
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, y9 Y7 H2 ]) ]# |8 I
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" X7 q3 [# E' V# M9 M