本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( T7 b3 r- c" k. h4 A3 b. t ; ~9 M. ]6 g4 f% b5 F9 w, {转帖 7 h. L3 A" [: N$ @1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)& y+ g a) I; s& q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 J* O, b. A5 g , y$ y7 |1 b+ ^9 x- A- i; dThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); @+ R7 l2 O5 @. K
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( h, o v1 H3 N0 j 6 v5 L% P4 _2 z& }1 i3 R, c1 @The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % Z3 e3 P' `( d \, v 9 p5 Y& Z* m1 w1 r& m* |7 f- m$ CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 f' m6 T$ j+ ?$ Z8 m
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : w" R9 R+ T2 [ N3 E/ [' Q . I& n0 v. i) N: a3 o, ZWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 u( Z4 Z) K, M- i) y 3 }& i( s% C! N8 ~The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). c: j% j+ p6 l l0 ]1 o9 w6 ?
" p* H2 r. d9 uWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 M# ~3 _+ N6 O) q+ I3 o# V: ~9 P4 @) @# x& j
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) J& P- ] y5 F& O : p ^, t: T/ ]# D# c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ H$ r' ?- J* \
( u8 J4 E X% d: b6 I; i" T x. v! F. q& U9 }. y# V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 A: \$ q V: ^- j8 [4 C. |2 c% e
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; r$ F$ g! ?9 w' K: n4 MAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , s3 v5 K% D3 D' g. \0 W0 _) A# \& z( o/ K" h* Y- a
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : r b+ D8 T' Z- ], L" k- N1 D* H! {* `2 V4 V: J |0 X/ l) i3 D
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ s8 M: R5 Y& w. Z- ?' P
. |1 _% J5 L# J) r# IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 ? }; n( _* n; R
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & M4 W4 E1 g, G0 X' y, M& B: V) L* h% B
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 W ] T; b5 R' O% k) B. v- j; {2 d
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % m8 ~. Y8 X5 F/ H : d7 o2 c& g; c- z* H如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' r _* f1 s) K5 @: o( P% d. m: |' s/ H9 {. a) ]& H
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 ]1 }: t" W* B* R2 C" p
: j- {( p) r* ^& e+ jThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 H6 \) w" Y: j- ] f0 r b5 B9 j
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) t+ E ^$ n0 N. R1 ?. V8 Y: e( ?1 G% ^1 b9 C
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 }* x) M% d3 k1 @# ]
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ i; o: Y8 G4 @: ~* A2 g1 ^
[3 e9 F5 j5 ^2 gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" |) h& J% d4 m) ^. C
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 }, G, d( S, [5 [- N3 ^. D' u" v: o6 N# h! d) R
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 o3 [5 P- W4 N6 k
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3 f4 t& a+ I8 c0 v: N例如: ' b c6 I& L3 b0 F% | 7 K& V/ x( @! W! i- p) O7 N$ y% { ]Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" q4 A8 J: G* c5 ^' F' G( U
/ ?( ^. U/ H7 N5 DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 V/ d9 C: R/ D/ G& ?+ T
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , v/ Q% A7 K1 O: ^* Y0 a# i0 j. D2 Y$ F8 N0 j" u
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : M: }- t' u5 W! f/ |: E9 [! S) K2 z1 b1 @
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; [/ Y8 ^; Y4 J- \) v ( j: q* z1 @3 U9 d. VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 c' s" z5 ]% B. }' C7 }$ y' w3 f$ g: b9 a+ l( I% {
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 @* s( D8 U' A' c2 \# e5 F/ b4 O: b: c& b) x' e! S$ l& f
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( ]9 L' p( {3 ]5 T g1 N. k0 b6 W: B 1 z) G9 K, Q" O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; ?! F/ P4 ^+ B4 v( B/ s/ K
4 E+ s O' }% m! g# t7 p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 x: I! g/ @% W/ X2 q1 D- ? 2 i, ?4 k8 ~8 U6 w, C5 D1 U: F对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& \5 g2 H. f1 d
" Q) l3 Y! Y& A# t3 K% O; I对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; }! w5 ]6 b% g3 l: T; o3 E' R8 |- R2 X
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( b8 E$ i! N! _. S; M. Y" l
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 F+ M9 @" w0 i9 ~9 y' j
6 {6 w% J8 I" Q* M) e" W7 |$ b) A至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:! F1 c0 c. q7 Q5 H! U$ [( ?. |
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 {% r1 ]2 y# ] ; w. W3 w x$ `4 g& E% l, g有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 p# I) `. H* S; R( Q