本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( y, z% f, T+ O' B2 u; J
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); [; D" N0 x% P( x+ N* G4 s
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: g. D9 e7 C2 i/ TMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ d! \, g9 f# G2 g3 H - D3 Y" H2 `2 [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) F" K9 u! {8 Q! f, ]) F* E7 b- j
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! [' f: ^; p& t! r/ S& H $ `- L- J* m) M* P+ @' K$ H/ |% BThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) U' ~$ ~+ |( |6 v' P3 I
) g2 I9 q/ \' i# ?5 ?6 `1 K5 _I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 {7 T. @2 ~& t8 _5 I
! t* i* K1 Y, CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 o2 S* {/ \8 m; n7 F
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ Q! y% [' v" j
2 [/ a, E( K1 Z3 X$ y) ?The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 \2 ^9 |5 z) t! |' d- ]
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% {( l" x2 _, H3 T2 r" `3 Z
, h3 K0 [/ i* |. F0 ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ H# n1 z6 `, E/ ]7 |! O
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ A7 k$ {2 M) Q4 Q8 C$ O! t; `; Y
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& P2 [$ s% h: v9 B- I2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# Q7 e' q% N, \7 p* {
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! C0 i9 x! f' @# B* W6 P % g1 e& K9 V! ~7 A1 TDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% i7 }% A4 i- t+ C
% u- V( T+ e1 ]# D/ lI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 a4 k: |4 D0 X5 Y- W% ^! {
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) I4 r. K; M( X; k" M( ^ : D! S v7 z$ t9 kIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' r5 i1 I! [ `9 v/ l
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 M# s* z- @8 i 5 }- c! x7 D/ q. d/ c0 C9 {6 }. {I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 o7 o" {3 A) J1 J4 }8 I! @8 b2 ^; m4 k3 h# X$ Q' S0 X# y
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( }% F1 [. S+ D% p
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - u( Q) E7 I0 X$ Z* m" k2 M- {/ J 8 } r5 }* A9 [9 r' LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; @4 S5 C( _4 n5 u ! R2 R6 j8 O7 {3 m0 E7 n- u8 @He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 A5 Y) ?0 Q" [+ ?0 B+ s# u; G% v+ \- d: W0 X! c: K
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- m; I/ G0 l# C: ^+ C' l) t
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 S8 \6 o ^) q' b& b ' R4 W+ J+ L- F# GEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : t5 _; t( b& V5 Z/ C. Y# G+ i7 l/ R% q7 k9 m
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( _( }# r3 A/ U # e# Q, f) {$ `2 J) l- R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 r; b3 Z" ~0 `# c7 | y. t
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" w4 t' J" L# ]- B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : W5 }: ~- ~* q+ N$ k9 V* R8 @8 D - |; _' d2 H/ n例如: 8 a0 @! Q+ e/ e; k8 |1 R2 z+ a1 o. q1 ?# m# }4 f# E x
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % @2 o& s7 `0 c& v$ S$ ]: P% e" Z2 M2 i( S- q7 u5 H
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / Q7 i& ~4 M% L- A" S: u6 e. A. n) Q$ g; @3 \- q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! y6 P L" z6 m
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 w! t- H6 a8 l) X5 l/ _6 q, x4 E
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 R, P6 T+ `8 R) ]( K, ~ / r0 T* v3 } ~8 mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 N: z: R9 {3 T+ F
Q* T8 Y' q% I6 l2 n# d- ^% jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + A9 H7 T* E, s) `, y ( c2 P0 f2 T2 X# r+ JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * D/ i/ e2 N4 H3 O : q0 y. {6 T( d4 y) F: M同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 S& {& n' |5 {- E6 p ) P0 M7 g4 V5 ~8 h( l; ~' o当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! i' g& K. h$ s9 ^. U 7 f$ P1 G& ?" M9 R& |, ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# |; {; \; ]" y% Q2 ~
! p, _3 F7 g. q$ [0 x0 P5 M对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( Y2 h" {! L* `" c g9 u( t; b' d; u/ L3 N2 {3 |) m$ p& o% X
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - x) ]! q+ @% h+ I% k: ] 3 c/ p5 w: M2 h1 q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % V- X3 v8 O# [/ _3 i3 w \ $ `9 o7 y1 @: W. ^: [9 h+ W至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' Q I9 |5 t$ A9 J* e6 O) P
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% v1 U; U5 C+ g1 R1 N
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- _' W) Z, Q o) g, F