本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / q. H7 ?& |" w 7 N% k+ a) f. t7 H' O( v4 c5 h转帖 & z; {- Z/ d, K8 C( I9 I m1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ P& O. j% e- ?% X, k # O4 h' f7 {# ?* l, }. e, |' |例如:: d1 b3 y, |7 e' a9 E, ^ `4 K
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# q5 x8 c7 [/ B' s b2 g* R9 b; Z
& U& s4 G- K3 `. b4 i4 WThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 x/ Z7 n' a/ k" l& G1 O
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" G- I: f+ v6 M) H. \$ ^* Q
! @" y7 Z4 b7 t3 A$ ^6 R6 HThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 a) _7 u& W7 k& ~& n+ s" Q7 [- Q ! C9 H7 o; N+ C0 K0 n. PI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( a+ M a4 c. C" O7 s H/ T: ?
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& e- i- s: K4 O t' `) z" {
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# t! `+ c. {/ r2 L6 b2 q, q/ X
% u* ~7 e8 _6 e9 ?0 R! DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 Q {( j. z( b- D. _+ K" ^- C ?5 o+ `+ c4 z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); Z) P4 [! z' W) x6 J9 z. Y0 B
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ V3 t. {/ t+ ]+ ^- ?* t; |' Z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ N* C9 J8 G+ T! T' U7 `
) H; m' N1 O9 s% \ S 1 p+ e" s0 H* ^# u. N2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) @! Z; p1 p- t1 e+ x3 C s " g& L3 A5 Y- U* `7 o6 K5 s例如: $ N% g8 w0 i! M0 z) Y* o7 h* a" q ) t+ T" [7 Z- v* s1 ~0 O! bAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( O1 A+ r d4 B7 j" H; }" b* X! x" b7 K Z* s8 U
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 Z) |- K2 z: J/ L k) e1 D4 W- @- o% Y) {/ s( f5 y2 I
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( a! P3 @& n/ M% _0 I: h
" N& m# w& k5 l4 N# l) M0 THe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 ?* A) w% C0 E0 i: @& O' S- V: x2 v
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 i" G- h8 b" `' r+ M0 a ]5 @
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) |6 {+ M) W2 T5 i, c& k% ]8 I$ q1 \9 A+ M1 M' o
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 H; A3 [+ W0 `6 ^" [& v( d 4 ^( V3 K4 ?3 [1 [* }- E3 P如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ B6 ?8 _/ ?' Y# s' N* S. p
* l7 d* ~/ E) S* kThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( {1 G) ]9 G' D3 [. v 0 X) m0 ^ Y3 D8 j! {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! l+ ^$ ^( X) z4 d6 {& m6 T O. O2 R7 w; x1 L" V) S8 d
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 m$ Z+ [. v) @0 O8 f6 S
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 b! a! o, W4 ] , ], Y: F! @7 LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" t& w( H3 N2 K: j2 N
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 o) s- i% E5 f# ]& Q' v z7 e% u3 }5 X; D 0 r0 @0 {7 \ w写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" |8 ~" }0 h0 e3 r3 g+ @! R$ U
, Y- q. W# j {( ^. \此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # T# z7 o* h2 }0 }6 E1 i& Q% K. e$ Y: z* J( e' T9 ~ }3 ~* I7 E( L
8 g9 y5 S7 m' L, Y6 F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 j+ d/ }+ Y5 A
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例如: . |1 L9 A3 n0 V6 M4 m, Q0 ~* x T$ x1 k # N8 S- P, A5 E" ~ Z' tMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; b! e \" C: I0 z, L% d2 v9 S # r% ?: k |4 v1 n$ [( nManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % W. d, o' L+ }7 q) a1 ?& F2 `* o# S1 u4 ~7 l7 L9 X, p7 o
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 U9 O e; F1 |2 S7 c8 L9 C$ R 7 p/ Y3 n! a2 @$ i" m* e3 KHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) x3 g8 I& f9 w3 @
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 u, i5 e! o C4 j5 x. w
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . B$ c; g1 h; q" t- O4 Z/ a( k5 B0 Z2 O- u1 a9 ^' a8 R
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 l- u) S# a; P: j/ y # c* |- p' Y3 m r% S/ kStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & o t) A- [3 r3 b" ?! d# N5 P! \0 {! p5 M
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 e n9 D5 r4 \5 T1 E4 ~9 w$ ?5 z6 W9 B3 g8 S5 F, v
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 v: T- M+ H5 E; d% z/ K# |6 a
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' d: r$ l+ ?1 V* i/ { 6 L1 k5 Q8 t c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 g0 S! Q# L6 i U7 ]) H
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 Y% e7 ?6 P2 @2 ~4 E; ?! Y. }1 w
7 }; ?0 G" \, V$ h Y( W2 W8 f对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & m7 U! f- n! ?% Z/ E& B& t - x9 A4 Y! Q6 `# d至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 |$ D1 ~+ B$ Z% h+ X 2 [) b0 X" i+ h% L' \还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- O0 j) B; z3 q/ @0 O% K* T
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) s3 c! q, e; v. e$ ~* n