本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( Q5 w+ E8 i: n" O. v& s' N0 F1 J+ A 转帖 . E4 k& `4 a. `9 X" A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 G3 |& |3 {+ I+ u7 [/ d% O1 g. d9 D1 M8 Y
例如: ! v, p( i0 t( E+ i; O% g5 x/ u, ]+ J " I0 {0 \0 k' c$ h4 o5 d5 q. \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 w6 ~. M# H" Y2 N/ V( w8 E& K7 V3 z. B- p
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 H9 i2 L6 {' u7 s
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 R+ U( m; o; O* d8 [5 H1 n- L! e
1 U. {8 b1 I9 ?# ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ N( d* D- T2 `1 \0 b
0 @2 D: U6 v6 I( A& `$ B) @. MI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , E H! f. K' F+ ~- n' l z 2 g, c7 {- A4 F/ }) f; B: CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 R& D4 k0 c& S+ u5 s2 J2 O7 z ]+ l% f. w, D# SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - T% x! p# A6 i- Z; }* I- |, h/ A* {
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( X ]/ m# P/ X) ~/ X6 n / d" M7 T% U. h4 e2 L' M' TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 D h0 \) P- C% K8 ^( b9 v* G) e0 P1 r4 T0 O" T$ h8 S
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 K* G% g1 B- J8 n! G
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - R3 H- O6 J* A2 ]" M, v3 ?8 k$ a % T2 E0 c4 z1 B1 x# \- c3 ?( r+ p6 m+ \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. p& c4 d" n% v
) `7 |0 r8 z' @例如: & E& o7 ^) ?6 ?7 E% P$ G9 r5 ^ l# a# o
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) n5 W) {; v8 F5 E9 D
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 P W0 k I* ]+ k8 ^+ b; n, g9 a0 B3 F( H. D: h- {4 T0 ^1 z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , }7 r6 `# J3 {) c; l+ [1 m* ~( M# n" @6 t- d9 n) B% F9 _, a% c& }
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' B& M. G$ }; X$ ^! z6 x& ?* U! N3 o7 K {7 ?( k$ C4 [/ a7 \, R
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 W, ~* B" c9 G1 F8 R3 u, e: Q
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! E' y$ V/ \& Y: e1 F2 ~
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ B7 f) i V- M! B- r: R
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) k) q4 i+ M2 ?- N# x
1 E* H) H: Z0 @) RThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- ^, e0 Y9 Z$ [6 Q0 Q- M0 O9 {
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ B3 D8 m X3 X n
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - X8 e& a: l, _' P: T 9 N f: i' }9 p: @2 j D: g. QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 M9 p3 f) z X
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' n, c9 r0 w& ~, b' x$ x# b% j
; K$ A! E, }* v6 D4 Y9 CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 [/ C: {. z9 S$ J! `1 w
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 C! G. q/ d9 I" f! {8 G! ` B - s9 z: { R% C6 l: S此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 f% y% L4 p: O5 G! s8 T
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5 @4 y& u0 [1 Y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ [6 ]: R; X- b& X, J $ [' u0 Y: M0 y例如:. y: N- V7 H% S0 k- ^( B
& [ A9 r7 i! h6 HMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 u6 {! n1 z0 I! x- g4 t# R
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + v+ n, }& C$ ^* u5 |9 h* B& R% c- f4 A% r2 t, X. g' i; e9 j8 u; V" c
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 |; }9 J& r( c* h# U+ y
" T" ?0 d: s/ c+ z+ d! z1 Z& O. mHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) z3 c, ^) u: }2 S & w. L. e7 R3 H( D9 J e4 z! d# t3 {, SMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 S$ F- i& a& P+ l; j6 b' h9 ~! J( r
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( `- ^- V+ C+ `# ]4 ^' W! X3 ^: j8 s3 ?1 Z4 |: {
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' z; H) i& a2 T3 n Q' q 1 R L: J) {+ j. p# R6 ^8 QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 U( I1 N+ Z- b2 k# ~/ O * v+ f7 @( H: e1 p) G* i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , r9 ?, A6 x9 @: T; V3 K% T0 O$ b3 M/ z0 r# U: X' b. k6 h4 ~
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : s& c5 C7 }6 I- o ; l& V# K; |8 m9 U: v. N, f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# r( f, {0 P1 c1 M2 t7 y
7 n" m0 Z. w4 c$ _5 p1 L. |# @7 s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. q4 f& e- R' @
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;7 K9 n7 K( x1 F0 P- R: H( f
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( L, I. M7 t9 m- z
. J: L8 s7 j; g4 N6 f- m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 r" {) I h( w1 \* B! f" t
, k- ~7 r/ ], g$ `& O还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % z f( Z' ?6 @: h8 b q4 d" R% N) p( }
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 B% {) W$ w% a2 [