本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 z: l! y+ X" R, [0 T2 \2 Q1 u+ g U 转帖 & n x+ i% |1 I& K4 X3 I1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / n" j3 |' _. z" Y$ H3 l1 Y" {
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ r" a( Q: `; ^. ]- |
! N. [) F7 [( Z3 jThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 x4 |# t9 y7 W
) Z3 @% k; R, _$ ^! xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* O+ P( D: }2 ?& w% W% h
$ @) O5 u) y' c& q/ VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 ]- K2 X3 |8 O
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 o3 z- T, }6 J/ _& S( ]
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) p% S, k6 Q6 ~5 @, J
# n* B4 z* ]% p- g) }: v2 _+ OWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) l- m6 G/ [) k- d2 d' Z' K
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' [+ L, E0 _! x
1 P8 T( j K z% s) g0 H6 ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + J8 ^. w- y5 a5 N! |& ?, U; i4 n+ R9 }- n1 q, c% h
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " I$ D, D( w' G2 m' A3 W! h' f' ?. f, B
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 R6 A9 Y" t% y9 }' O8 x3 T
" b% |' J+ S1 t. g# R# L6 n _4 [/ |/ Y+ R# e x2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。" u4 q. X8 ]6 p2 ^% Q3 _/ A
) N* g- A* K+ {* ?' n6 W例如: ; w, C' S# J( v+ S ) }2 E# J2 ^" F+ V- e% kAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 Z' t" w. y" C$ w- I/ R0 H' G2 o. _" l$ p
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 Z3 _/ b* [) j; L: U3 f4 G! D# X
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( v6 c4 Z" K0 i- s$ P9 m( [: I! n
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ y8 d9 _6 \0 D
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ M, k% Z Z+ `% V \- e! j/ ^1 q, bShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# I* H4 }6 [- G7 N3 t7 e8 X
( i; H+ h; {! l; iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ?. W0 N7 z) N
4 I5 g! U' M. u* F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 N: U M. F; |8 x8 A( |, C3 a
_: e! E; X" [7 UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): a5 j1 a3 ^+ D/ B2 B8 [
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 V( L: j; @8 S
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# V. v1 A- a( _" e6 r) |
y: g% c* T0 u5 q( {* XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , q2 v* i* J1 q% w/ D ( q* r2 f: E5 {# y- }We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* E( V0 Q9 o( ~4 S+ I" K
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 a2 L+ S, U5 G$ s; \5 S( J8 F$ v
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), x/ P% L# E6 @) S. s- {) b5 w
3 @$ p H, ~) s: W2 R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 O6 ]0 h* ?3 z1 K+ z, m& l) f" b
% ], b4 i0 j, \) E* l1 C: a7 `* Q! l$ G+ t: ~7 @ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % [% _ ]" S! m% B$ F- Y0 h0 \6 F) m! {" @# h$ v4 {
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 i% Z1 _, |' V% k3 z+ q. r
p+ @+ D9 f2 V0 NManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 o. \3 O ]" s9 D6 |4 `
- G4 ?# L k% [ S) t* OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - X* U/ s9 X- `$ j; X' V- M, ?; M. ^$ s3 s8 H
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . K) J) f" t, H0 y/ h: s; ^ ' m# o) T# b1 b% f7 e7 N# mMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ X9 c. i. L! {6 K
9 G4 B5 u6 b) I2 {Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 H2 u$ u% M, d( A& d" l$ h& H5 E
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 x; ?8 |# ^# x# Q6 }$ d' b 1 s2 P, t1 z- o# c2 BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ p3 ^1 S( r) L
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) e* ]9 h, ?5 j( N6 [# G' g; u# Z8 _: g. Z: R- X7 n5 ^! T
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( V9 D( d' {: n9 }$ i) w+ R7 b$ {7 H
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. o2 y8 X A/ Q+ @/ b6 e# [
' a6 Z3 i) h N3 W对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# q% ?4 q5 J8 D
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 Q) A' H/ X' ^' M. h2 I
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. M$ x5 j# C+ k. G
& x+ f, n: f1 W, K: }, P至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 @8 K C% s! v/ v$ K( a3 x- z: c" @5 F8 X) V% Y; i! d
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 q1 z9 \# E4 @" O _2 G) a5 Y1 q - S0 f/ @# y( k* O: S9 ?: V3 k; d( Y; h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# | ~9 Y7 g- D1 D6 l! F