本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' v, N2 y6 `0 ?* F
% k( v6 m! I# x9 Q6 p' \ 转帖 1 f _: v- r" g* U4 C! k* X; d1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 R3 E' U& ^+ M/ p" D' z' @* ] : H1 {0 b( m- U4 i1 U9 C( Q例如:- }9 Y/ ^: R4 s
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * ?; W) {3 J" q4 o5 f! d7 z. W) @, I% ^
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): _% D7 U; t$ l+ r( s# H
- a/ {& T* H! g* H' gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ i ?8 p- L! K w4 }; U
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : h \/ F/ @' M: p 8 b2 `4 x/ p. M6 R' j: XI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% h9 ~* A6 p, i# A9 S0 d8 b/ c
, y' ?( V$ L: J0 S' F& [3 l$ S2 FMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , k C2 R3 N+ Z+ v q1 j ( a: c0 E$ C; UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' a- M5 J7 y( p% Q
8 m2 E$ w5 o7 ]* v3 ]% eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * K7 Z4 c4 j2 J) @+ h 1 G) Z3 `: t0 S* }5 c; X6 _0 T! TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ y1 @9 P: r: j V6 k/ M9 @5 ^! A; K4 R; B+ K" r' r9 }
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 l6 ~+ w" R% e0 h3 M8 Z
; s$ i3 P" \+ A3 B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! y. H5 C9 {- g9 n$ b* O3 I/ c ~0 j; ~5 \" a) R2 ~
" x G4 a% \; B7 Q7 n7 F; q+ X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: v7 Y6 Z7 S- ~) @
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- `' v* e( G6 m+ M
: r, P9 N# X, I; D" z: RDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ A5 n! u8 g) T, V
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # Q! D; U U$ Y1 G% W! u9 k" i& L
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% }+ J5 R; D7 {' w% u
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 o' X, x, c8 g7 a2 |
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% @8 J4 S+ j% T+ a
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # v* a' E: \% e, j6 V* F/ [8 L . X3 L; j0 S: ~$ P如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" r/ C5 i' _9 x. Z2 \; o+ |
6 ?9 j" w% y' j. r. a9 S- x% vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 ~! K9 f% E5 ?2 G/ p- b5 H- K# l0 T/ Z
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' R5 ]6 ^! x- ^1 a
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) $ R9 L* |; _' Q* |0 s- f/ B " C+ B; }# p- G. b' j0 YHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 B& J! N, T' \$ r2 S- F( t; m4 k+ u. c+ v
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & v6 }, \ T" a) g) n- k8 d- s$ r( i4 r: m$ f
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : M2 D# r8 b Q6 u; d+ ` % C% Q3 t2 j4 V+ v% F5 m$ P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' E! K P8 h2 ]
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 S4 z- J! E+ E " \1 _) y- z5 h) |/ j3 _* a9 X: F" K* w. Z/ ^3 e; | 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 h! U% z, \- j0 O, R $ B- Y+ c! V8 I$ u" M例如: 8 P0 L; I' n; L/ n/ h/ n6 c: m2 p/ r+ g! [% L! j0 ]4 K
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) |4 |9 j. V5 m# j. p& x7 x1 x. Q8 E0 Q3 S+ D
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% k5 p* t0 _: n4 S, h2 Y h9 P4 g" E1 o
% K% z* z! |8 B7 B0 o8 e6 b: \This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' A" X& T! ^3 h( }% ]! Z, _9 y! |9 g
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , g( R% L% e9 S3 w 9 Z! H5 f- T5 _/ bMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; L' ?% _" W+ i, i% ^' A & l0 }8 U& B: p% j: J5 M* z% QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - s+ c% t# {' Q$ v( w # Q, k3 U) r& z/ N, R6 e2 x7 P) ?( q2 ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / t: u( b1 d+ i) W9 C$ M8 ~ 9 [$ Y* W# U: g' vStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 g* H# g; r5 d! h) G4 \1 H/ D5 r- L- v& g- W0 E3 E" k8 D0 r) ^/ J
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - Y- u: }) q$ I; q1 k5 O) U) ]4 x9 K) x
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:7 [- V+ b6 ]/ n" C' f- b
Q& m5 t* Y& ^, W4 j- ^5 l对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 q2 W* H: v! w
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: @ m8 o( I0 d
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ x$ d- j4 _7 A- ], k. C
7 h e; f# \1 E% c; K5 ^$ C, A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # E( A+ [9 Z# e5 u6 ^ & W% B& ^* V& r) n% L8 _( v2 M3 Y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ I( U7 n* l/ A9 ?8 t3 R1 A4 x p- S3 d; H9 u. M
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* z5 T. a7 Q! e+ U
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 t9 ^9 b5 f4 D9 H; b5 ?. Q