本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' j9 C$ S$ ]+ l2 Q* g, D
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 P# a9 u l5 \ + M4 V1 |0 M. a4 e) z7 R2 d例如:) H4 ]. l7 ~- K1 ^ r. Y0 @
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! @: j) K. x, r- ]& L% Z+ W
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ ~& @, W& L, m6 Q
! I# O$ d0 M8 Q% v% ~3 V% mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 I- |$ k) I7 s9 a4 Y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - w# \) V, [+ e3 O3 E. {) b 0 r& c8 t4 C( T2 b& `# cI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). Z! l/ F" b& b* \# K
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), S1 \; G) x+ m+ p2 Y0 D7 q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 L- w/ j; Z4 f5 u$ D% @6 E, p* m8 e3 _& Q" }: T% p5 @4 J& o7 o
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' J n# J3 X8 C0 @3 X6 s
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) y4 C, L0 L7 a- ~9 e: { + t5 t. F& }( s; i- n6 m* m% aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & G+ Z+ @4 Z9 t* \1 n( d ' n) G2 |! d" F6 G) N这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # {4 V7 r! f3 A T* q7 W0 T5 R$ w& o7 K( s; E$ L0 g- s/ j
b/ ]9 I3 c6 A y3 [, e. a' }: T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' F% h1 J5 f. I9 h3 a
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例如: ! z& {4 C: x& C; F3 g# J7 ?8 d( \0 q! k+ q4 h$ ?, x0 r' ^
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : m" z9 F" U, j ! e' r3 K- A9 q/ eDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), a5 |, @' I% B) k2 `0 a
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 r% P8 i# X5 C3 K, h) y) r
) ]$ r! ?. r4 B4 jHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 h z4 C( S$ Q0 r6 o
/ y- x; j9 y3 F& B' fIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 L4 v4 S1 d5 X3 b ; G! }9 l+ c* _3 E9 J& Y4 Q# I% MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 }& y" j/ z0 Z* z7 h% k" w+ S8 Y6 I$ M: Q) y- P$ J8 r$ Y. E
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , J0 R9 g/ p& W 1 {0 c+ D% P+ ^# u) U/ f+ t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / K5 e, p6 M9 t 5 q4 ?2 j1 v' p5 vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " }1 K5 D3 i$ N1 O( e: x6 t& i, f " {6 ]% z2 O& {8 [9 \The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ X4 {7 M7 k: |* o, K3 A7 T& Y; S! n; ~, j- r
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" j8 T e* Z1 t/ a- Z( ]3 B
/ l7 ]; D8 u" ~2 R% |2 |7 ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ s" Y3 E" o& f( b) Z
: L) y) U' F! z/ Z4 ^We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 k5 x! [7 b1 X" C+ V; E9 W
5 E9 {* X. z6 cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) x$ P. k1 f! I5 O 8 d1 p) O* x, l, u写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! A5 V% r: M- D& m" L
3 S+ U5 h9 l, a* k此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 c$ s6 Q0 a: f9 w % D- W; z( I2 Q& P ' n* T' u' C5 ?$ T1 ^$ T* x2 ?& E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * {) u' i ~+ P/ R0 e) Z. s: P# H2 e2 B
例如: 9 f. z8 ^2 @8 c; o ; q6 |/ H, i; O5 FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % N$ o9 Q% X& ?/ J # k/ l2 J" e1 I9 ?; AManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) S# }1 _' S) J: B4 f1 Z
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ ?7 r+ r+ B2 v6 d$ ?$ t+ r ( r: h% `# ~% y1 e _! EHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& W1 t+ o' s U4 p; I+ [- t; K$ @
) d8 o6 e. J: I0 E" E" h& |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & l' Q: n0 }9 J* I z; I a$ Y3 W# w5 b& j
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 U5 N" r1 M; `: |* t0 \- s( T0 ~0 W6 V
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : ~. P2 ~7 O; w; i 4 e+ J( [& t$ W' `# o! |- ZStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 ~: F& q1 p" F+ P3 _% u8 z: C* p4 G
; m; P2 f) o2 P! x同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: l+ X9 D- B: y7 d, N5 w( i
5 m+ Q- k+ f$ m当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: u6 { I8 o5 A# d- C2 P- V' w
: L4 m5 s3 C9 H# t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - V1 n/ u4 T( @$ _; h7 U ) D7 Z# o9 s, ]5 M. E& E( G, H对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* D* ` g) i: e: i
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" ~( _ | K. D$ s3 |
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 K' w7 |4 \* C y% b
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: o" N2 M/ ]5 N3 z. s; p& o
8 W. m) ?2 D* k6 k+ N/ H3 ?有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) a3 Q# S% @2 _3 X: U0 P$ K1 y, A