本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 a/ k) r+ n" ?: I ' `/ N9 H c; q6 z转帖4 G6 U6 W2 a7 l) m- r2 n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); \: p& ]9 W. z$ v3 s
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). g, w' G2 ]+ j8 [& M& K8 j' M+ I
6 |* j: \) X$ T! Z8 @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 [9 u; U9 [! t: i) o% k
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ n( R) o7 S$ J; f 6 ] X- @( b z- ^, v+ _& M! WThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 u% w5 E, x( X# F6 t0 c
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 s. o6 S; l+ }* Z9 I' i# e" y1 k& H: h$ O* Y
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 \" L" H* \' d* r# C
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 Z: G2 z: U* V+ _/ W9 Z2 R: i0 M! m8 y& k
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * k! P+ L9 e& V& U' c7 ^1 A; O : U: l2 p% G1 |8 cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 ~1 C" D& @6 Z5 [! I3 @
6 j/ r/ y" K1 O3 k$ aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # b( o) T) j8 \0 F7 ^$ [0 d, h3 X$ p" ~
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! T1 k% ?- F! I9 T9 w+ v! J- }5 q2 w) ?; R9 T
" d Z3 G& L4 A r7 y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 I3 w* V3 V8 v) m- j
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 U- ?; J( u3 l. h3 y + M( l+ v1 H( ?0 }* h+ b: Y ~Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), W) x- M4 Q! H
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 e# ^9 ^2 S7 n/ a" o+ { 7 B' i+ p! O2 b) _! ~He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : P1 b: e6 `) P1 y , V) [0 G9 W tIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( s- v# _! N! S$ a, V1 E/ v4 X T, I- z: l; v& Z5 H
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 E/ J3 g/ a' A/ t9 C9 b* j1 h6 N% [* _& \& O9 f; E) T
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): P. k8 b6 I/ K
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 R4 D) r& P2 K* f2 S; I
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 [. H7 D; o! f: v) |5 N; f
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 t) q9 T0 s9 P2 d5 j
% C3 h4 u& E# S7 t2 ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 L) u) N4 ]8 h/ H# `7 W9 l
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( U* ^ X' |( p' I$ K& {! |
i! t+ l9 e3 AWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + E7 F( e7 j7 _# Q" T5 V7 `8 G) v2 T$ d. S( }% M2 S5 R- z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 e: _- T S x2 l# X9 _) p: ^1 }
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & N6 X# u% B$ D! S: [- ^. Q * f h! V# X# f2 p此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & ~" p* O) H4 I2 a4 [# M, _* X" g1 ]. \) A2 D; }
8 I" d. C9 G3 H' z- J 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , N+ l% T; f. P) T: B4 n7 e9 q6 ~% R' E* H
例如: $ W- e: ^4 [' m. n% k 2 w4 o' m( n- W4 n NMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& }: @1 `; H& i7 _: s" v" N
9 v5 B9 ^" `) s' O7 OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), r7 l0 Q& p4 F, d! D
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & s% N k! s j1 }+ F5 F) T( |: _ , I4 P- ~0 p6 z }, ]# g* VHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ Y8 Q: y. {, x7 ? ' h7 v5 ~9 b; D# o+ |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' ?- }2 [& s" P
1 s0 u* H9 ~& b' b' h- PPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & ?8 _& R, I; b/ c- q0 S! P) b J/ L$ J! a* d6 i/ \: ?; e F( C
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * _9 M) o9 @9 V4 s, _2 K, ^: K, E9 _" E1 q" U( W* @' o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 b6 {4 N* C/ U
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 @3 N* D1 k3 [, h$ A
6 S f. t7 h0 U+ Y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' h% v) V0 h3 T
+ w3 J5 S9 ^9 T& N: l, N3 k' }5 ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 z( x! d( W" r) c5 P1 H5 q8 S6 X- m' K9 l( `, R. R0 C
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 P" ]; U* r* Z
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; M, D! H2 \. R* w( F
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 X* g* z7 L7 b
5 ?( c* c/ S8 v% Q+ `有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。$ k9 \, y7 w5 Z8 a2 E( g