本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * F2 ]8 V4 }7 K; K, E' r- x4 M* P/ g3 x. V( o 转帖 ; a4 m, P/ U" @$ R2 r1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); }( I. S/ |/ x" n Y" ^
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; ~ o: M5 W8 e. B( D# S. pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! Z/ o6 \& M/ e3 h
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 {# \% I8 D# p* s1 m3 g# Z1 ~! p" s) u* }" J, I* ?0 R5 @4 F2 p
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' p6 C) Z4 h" @( k) c2 Z1 r) ?6 Y7 k! }8 |3 a3 X9 B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 r! |/ D2 m/ K6 m {: U( C1 u) F / L: w) s4 w, V$ v3 r ?9 SI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 c* y5 Z7 S2 F: W" p; l
; V4 O, F* B) R T! U- R2 iMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 _/ `. M5 ~( H0 h1 g! K4 Z4 z) ~' O0 t
$ V# V- e; ^7 D# u* g5 ]We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) f$ c$ w' \4 O! q ^5 m
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) % e4 t8 I7 }- G' O1 V2 p9 v0 r4 d$ X
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' Y3 ]& x- s, A4 W2 c v" @. @8 v
- \3 g1 n( h) \; ~; v0 nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 l7 q& N7 X# K. G
2 j7 B: j- q' \3 P* m# }! {这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ m! @. t7 W7 \. H
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) E/ g5 n! |+ J2 Q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 k( o. K6 @0 E9 x( r6 j ~# c* O9 F/ w7 Y) H
例如: * m% T4 E: v1 m) x, d , y* V" \: w' H8 f- w6 E1 OAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . j( t( J* Q4 [- P* V% k) p# N( X( y. |( S9 \! D
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' H% E6 J$ i# g( E6 }4 N; O) F: P+ Z4 X
: j+ L& L* t S0 A+ H! zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ S) |5 ]" E" N% g% I; k) L* Y8 N
* G, h2 a N: R# w! s6 B* uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ a: o3 G# w. n$ x# F) r
9 m% e: y, J5 P$ b4 b5 a1 [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* g. K$ `% }8 z, S
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 B8 Z1 l& K6 b! y# L8 n. C7 z! m& J$ K( ?" q8 t. x
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) O' z. y0 a7 b D& q9 { ' ?- L7 X& c0 X4 s如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 O" J5 d, Z! ?6 ?5 d O 7 j% Z1 Y) T6 FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * K5 w3 W0 k! }7 t4 o- n% m' c% c
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 X3 q' [. M7 a% [
1 s3 ~, m) d$ A5 q$ zHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ ~2 F a% T8 Q, z0 C3 G
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), |& F. O* Z" A5 R7 T* C' ?
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 j# y; Q' z: k# X
Y9 J0 W% s/ g2 V4 Q. PEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), T* _+ R: { Y1 |% ^
! _" l3 G/ }4 V- {& o' l8 H6 G4 [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) o- h. a) c. {4 l, z* _6 ?& R0 o6 r
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 : Z! V5 S8 u2 N# ^( Q6 v . t' q( N' H8 ~) s* u7 d7 {, X0 z7 h/ k& v& S0 h; C 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . D" E4 C1 e% {4 A8 q 8 y3 a% J' S: e; _2 e例如:$ ~6 a. W! F* c6 [1 U# \" J
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 r) B+ M# H% {% W/ {) K+ U" p/ `8 Z
6 j$ \! `$ _+ M2 qManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ ?0 D3 F- r4 F$ G# W/ R
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; K! m2 K; ~2 u; s! Q9 o* x4 H0 B; }9 M/ g
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): B ~6 o, E# F! m1 X/ R( V# P
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' t/ r' ?) A( x$ b L) f6 H2 c2 Z8 }8 m2 K9 Z1 S6 ~
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" p, p) r2 w$ r8 u5 \
+ E+ t5 C* K8 ]: ~Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - n+ I/ n/ ~( j( y+ ~$ Q% L( H1 W # Z+ V) y# q/ q8 L- g5 ]/ qStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; {3 F- ~4 h1 T # g: y, ~6 s' }4 a6 \' W7 R# X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 O3 u. |! q" X: d& _! u( {& } + [# B- K& G: T( A, ?4 T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . f; c. j, j5 p 6 Z/ a4 R+ I5 I, s& O对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; w# a5 K$ R: }2 c3 r" e/ ~9 S$ n; b6 i, |7 f
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + G1 ^" _8 g; a; H8 v. u$ c 1 {) y, B/ v+ q* ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , u& T/ W, n2 a* _3 n/ k% q7 I" |! ]& u, c( D! y. C
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & U1 _6 c8 _. \) J) P, i+ t 3 O! {" B' O) |: t+ S% K至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & J+ O3 A# A0 b1 D/ m $ ~6 e, H0 m T还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' E# C p5 u! \- t- c, o, ~' S' u; e/ G
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 H/ F |- w; \$ P5 j) u