本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; g7 S! w- U5 b r; j& R; M2 X. ^
; M8 b3 D. y: g& l 转帖 : T% t7 h- y7 o, e7 E+ f1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) & k2 @. m6 l# t7 J ) x' L- E9 n. P+ V例如: : n, k) _, B! W) @4 ~( E6 F" I) B# R: Z. q4 G. S& B7 e( ^
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 b, y! q4 u8 t, Q3 [ 2 Q" c9 [, i$ K( t" X/ dThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 F2 ~3 k' u" `3 G; n# }9 f& y4 q& Z# O8 J; S' {# V2 M
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 i; O8 f% \2 K/ S9 @% g! V6 Z( ]
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 k6 }8 X7 [; Z. h! Y ' |1 V+ N `1 z' b, E5 P% y% ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( K/ M# p" d6 @' N" m 6 N0 o/ A4 P2 a. `! K9 ]$ kMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / | v, V. G* q* K, J% C- ^3 m5 y: L% w: Q) h- @) m0 {
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * D4 a# m6 ~6 h. K5 ~( | ; P" M# W R. ?9 H* t5 k6 gThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 y7 X' T2 r; h! |& x l! I
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# K7 Z3 o% @2 d
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( e x1 j- E# H" S9 W+ P
, F* E! l: z. \6 ]这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 z q- `3 J8 u' b" Z: H* d% }
# D1 G* \) O6 J. {2 |' f% Q+ ~ Z1 P, b8 V. \% r9 r 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! g7 X& Q" w a& N |. H" r! I7 k& [3 `7 ~& r
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9 C* g* K0 G" k3 d: j+ F8 {% UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 `7 q7 C3 |4 {3 k( w; P 7 ]; T' f) l) Z3 e+ BDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % Y1 o6 B% R4 b* j + m: I: w( k& B0 r/ L8 B! TI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 e3 j6 A! E- h2 F( k
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* c* h* C U5 Z7 a
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& a9 g, ^2 V" `( n; c' y6 G
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 x* g9 o% T" w4 j. y: @( i
' S# B H- U2 `5 nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% F) L9 V p7 q1 Y
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 A9 ^$ W' B5 C7 ~
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % r. ?( {& w' M0 @: f" L2 i+ w! m+ V3 ?8 o9 W+ |/ ]
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 c. F6 b u& ^$ R
, R! `9 y8 R2 J9 x# f" g3 ]# tHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! t- z; {) U z! ]$ x1 Q3 J/ [) L
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 e" }; J9 Q7 M1 O; y6 q 4 z) ~$ e5 \: r* i& t# _We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) v. L* ^6 ?- B1 u: w E , n* p) H. |& |; |Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) d/ o! {" y# T5 a. X
% e7 d* ^6 ~: C" F5 `5 D" q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! m/ A' S1 i8 { N4 \( I. S, A( t * ]2 b8 B6 i" X0 F; v q1 V+ p' h此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, |( p& c; {: ?+ E( d+ I
( L/ b! w) v- F; C; }, @3 Y- O0 G- I* M) p5 K: Q$ y- N5 J ], } 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * N! @5 m/ i/ v) T $ {+ b0 }; O; m6 z, y O+ ^. P. F例如:' Y5 y, x. H9 x6 `2 b) ]
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). C1 d9 n9 ^- a* W3 @
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; k! z& Z7 e6 ? G6 w q5 A H8 C6 S; G0 S9 W7 `This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ Q! F5 _2 t9 D$ `, x6 {! r
2 H D$ f9 p/ M$ | pHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 e( p$ U& d& ]8 ?, } 4 `( X W) h/ _+ C7 B6 v. t$ mMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 z) ]) [" z+ o/ }7 |- _
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 Z v& R/ ?' }1 f1 O1 E: k& O! U0 H" `( U; ]; E
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 e/ H, o9 u8 T$ A 6 \& O0 i" U$ t! u0 lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 ^, _4 O: f5 D# m5 ^4 p @
) ]8 F/ Q) D+ l; M0 D. }同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 d$ ^. U, r3 F0 B( l9 @0 n0 B% ?" M$ m1 ]" ?% K0 ~4 ^0 g# v+ P
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 N; p/ I. f% O1 e% Q8 ?4 h/ s; a" m, l' F0 A
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " j3 L) G9 D, @ A) J3 S/ i9 E J. a4 j/ F/ i: H
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 Z% P3 z! _* @ P. q
) R9 J8 i. a4 E* \5 R对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) j5 J2 H$ S6 s) q# T* U% \ 8 j3 M; T; n7 f7 U& z5 J4 i对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; v. S- h* |: V6 W0 T- k5 B, i
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - M, F9 ^ N. B% y5 h! } 2 I. _% }' y2 S1 y5 d7 {/ A( t还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 x. |/ f4 o3 @- M; v( K# N# ?7 `$ _4 x
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 f! @$ B f( J$ a3 q# i