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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ N4 ^. k. v+ P' n0 F/ W
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3 w! N) o# U% C! ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 }) ?! h8 J3 b0 x/ T! H5 | 4 I. B2 b+ F$ H4 {4 NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 l# {/ \* q% }2 [ |2 v: T
& V! h; g+ Z/ m" H4 {1 @6 LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 q2 L+ l6 ], |- J, h5 n. }( _ ) p1 B* B# H$ P& aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - w) b F+ Q8 E4 E3 f( v W! D* F . j1 U8 }% W# Q8 j( S5 SI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 h" C* i# _: O- \* t
& _" m1 t. `* R" f; Q$ k# B3 [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) i6 L$ i! u! ~8 K) m
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 R; U0 l8 v+ M5 Q
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - P# B v5 J3 C8 A4 p5 J) A3 X : `2 n [9 L( n/ FWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 \* {. P, X1 \0 K7 D! C" v" ]4 ^8 e4 T4 k9 {
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 { q" ?& p7 S/ F2 P& k9 A, z: K# z$ V5 j. l1 D1 O9 G/ P
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 _7 ] v3 H- g
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5 k" l" a2 f" ]- q0 E 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . n6 A+ [5 M- X+ p" A) y 5 z3 H9 ]4 }7 C6 a. u例如: , b; w% J" I5 y: {2 | $ \6 d" A/ N8 L3 VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; R. x% O( b" E: w* g! N# C, a; R% y' p' @; ?( c
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 |: [* C/ Z5 [9 v2 k8 Y. d
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# w. P# T( ~+ x8 L/ k9 d& L( y
5 |( [. [9 v% b, w) SHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; i" x) L% V0 D/ Y; G5 S$ U9 c ) G& ?" P5 ?, qIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), ]1 }1 e# `; O# ] w% s8 u$ C
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; t4 J" z" D4 x& X( i+ t7 l* J; _! ]* A; D+ D7 {3 K/ o
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( p; K: ]9 ~7 H5 v& `0 _# b
3 n/ y) P& E5 M2 y8 J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ! K7 M# o( i2 o ( I1 A# y8 z4 T5 V" V/ C) ^, ^) JThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) R% i ~9 J+ e; N4 }4 F
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! ?) W- @ M: n! V! W# X3 _
! d5 {5 I$ J! ~* VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 }3 z& F# w6 J" Q$ s6 Z $ r! W) w5 S HHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 H& S# G. _. N$ F
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 L" J0 f! H! D. L7 d 0 @9 H+ j$ D! }+ o) D6 s2 q* A( _# I. HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 R" E6 [5 t) p9 [. @& y0 I* [# x) s P1 S7 |1 s
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; b* @7 E% `# e& z0 Y+ a9 ]# l& ?' n0 u" E/ H
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 }* m: M; @, c a3 y
4 M9 W0 N3 ^0 p! S! u例如: % ~: E( i3 h G3 @: w) M) Y , K v6 Q: j+ f) \' f: @5 B" NMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 a+ U: L8 V! K1 T- k v- I5 u3 h: |5 m5 f$ L4 \* qManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 V6 X5 a9 B* B
* j( k1 t$ F7 ]0 P( _) j |This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 r& D* R' s' ^5 v6 m9 m; c1 C! S4 M/ j7 z* Z' k
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' A) n, L4 a1 Y" o
& p2 @$ ^1 W0 m. [( ^/ K' |9 p6 WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 B7 _; ~$ s6 ]
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). ]# x( @: i. T
! r+ u1 ~# i$ q' b0 b3 rCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* i2 \- g1 w4 e, }& X% }2 r- ]& F' m
: B3 a" R" P5 s; r- m5 j. A6 gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 ?# X) U9 i7 ^3 j
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 k: B9 L/ W2 a) C , T0 n' n9 y- E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 `1 B& p. D. l5 }8 e) G+ ^ " B: K% q7 P- X& A* q4 l对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 _* o) W6 s1 W( C( d
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( h2 x6 E% t+ J0 ?! v* _3 @3 n
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 g" I( G6 F5 h
3 H q( e- e& @0 n还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / h! d# o- w4 h. ^) K' O; @; h: a1 p& @" y2 L, r
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 X' I1 i, H% m4 {