本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! A0 s) q, j1 _ 6 y+ K1 G0 E7 e0 i0 {; H" E/ e. q转帖, p+ y4 X$ a0 u4 B2 F3 R, R6 N
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . i! C7 d3 f* X- } D. o5 X6 j7 D( m9 ]' L7 b
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / |) Y. [( u. q+ `: {( I" Z2 \( r2 `6 o% F* d
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' E6 l5 v/ J, y0 j: d* V) A7 Y : U5 S: ] Y: w) fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : h9 E( z! x* {2 Z& R % Q: A% J; u4 o' M( zThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! p6 A7 U" e! [) k/ _# g: b 2 Y7 L. ~* a; U D& CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! o# B% f- I) z, l3 u: ^+ {: `2 p, |$ T$ C% V
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% S5 ?; o' L& v! ?. x$ m( L
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) {5 x1 Y, |: x6 Q: ?7 b8 M( |
2 U' v, D; R$ IThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ x3 V4 S6 n% p
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ k* b' G$ @# D; W3 S( \1 S
( i; a; W- \, ~* M3 X; m# D- vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! t/ E7 C4 |! |+ f) f- ^) |7 `- A' X H# r$ S' @# [
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! q6 n; E) Y7 P! K8 ?& {5 D
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% e$ L5 K: q8 L S) _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * O# K; P5 \3 g$ Z: I; v& _ v3 Q/ s8 }1 I
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , j' W8 ^& r6 M$ @8 H& u( c. X- F# m/ i& Z* Q$ R8 m' i+ w( m
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 [3 a4 i3 X6 y, L" l5 P( B3 V. d6 k" T- o* W; [. K
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); Y' f% N4 |! o; e
& r2 r. g7 u3 uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 c, z$ _6 w m. h! M$ u% q
5 Z" S6 v4 E7 `7 \- C( K* `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , t; I5 R" \4 l2 E7 b0 \ 9 j. K) t/ F8 ^9 h) |3 ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 W0 b2 w" {9 e7 Q: b) b
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& E) D% H- c6 W7 N
' T8 B% M+ y' D. b+ e. ^; T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 R4 C. y, f, u( q- U
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 y( g, @6 h& K7 m, J* G9 [% V
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + ]/ V( h9 B! o6 I( X 4 c& ?' I" k2 y9 W4 kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( K$ G8 A# j% H$ }6 y% t" X# O; S( s& p, f6 z5 c
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& c9 @( h+ a7 c9 d, h6 v* Z
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! A* e$ x: y! B: J4 E' l
' i0 k. N6 w- d. {* ]" t% ^0 gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) b. N5 D: L. l/ }. F
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + y+ H4 k6 y4 w+ V2 _; M4 N0 w) i1 O) c0 _1 {; I7 @; O
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% V" k& G. j9 k$ V* l# y z& D. C. l
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' S9 q( q* u, v* d# ?+ J3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( J# l O1 C; V7 T6 z5 k9 j3 ^5 Y# D$ h5 `- S; b6 e
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& E4 L0 s1 y& }/ S1 g+ \; b
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 c6 e/ T" U% d% C2 G
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% ^* [' V) L& ?; G8 V
/ Q) s3 m V) u: X! e: m1 VHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ u* H3 ^' J2 T/ E2 c$ I
6 x$ \2 }5 t: Q2 K" G, nMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' Q- F9 `& [) _- _4 \2 x9 R
2 C P# S8 g0 t1 dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & g9 q3 o/ G* g6 P0 A: Y0 {$ x ) }/ t/ u5 g: oCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 q/ D4 g: d7 [
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / L5 a( \+ P: C$ u9 [6 ^0 ?8 n # } @# F6 P2 ^" @ y* d" j同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 z5 A1 i. i6 H$ b3 b
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 _1 A$ e4 ]: C% {. i9 ?
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 z" U0 H3 {0 [ F$ y' }0 {1 P) r" t7 V) i9 K
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, n2 }6 T$ A: \6 F. `" H7 b
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 E h# L: ^. L) F% n; e' W