本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 X# \4 f" h; j$ [$ B; ~; j9 D 2 c; X1 A7 |3 _! W7 o转帖5 u/ U+ J* _0 ?2 I# z! ?* `
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 N* V% M! b2 j2 `: v, F4 n3 ?
% O! E' n% j/ I0 X
例如: 2 w2 Z" T/ }3 u! h8 ]% r ! u6 d# I8 [' [1 NMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 @- h$ ]; W* o - P& O% o4 y8 R( Z4 S8 sThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 e2 K- f2 i9 h5 p ! H: C/ s- p: H0 o7 @* o* w8 |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! t& l6 i# V. o: T4 P0 D" B3 e) W d4 t A- K3 y+ L8 e, ]8 {The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 ~% V H# ]- C. `6 H 6 {+ F8 T% z1 J0 ~7 ^1 }. Z9 @$ t' WI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : |) k# G- E9 s' z1 L . K6 f% k m1 E5 @; bMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + ~. H: z" {; U0 J; _5 V8 `2 J# K0 ~2 l
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 G% i3 X, w+ G. ~) G7 n' Q) E: W9 X. T$ U8 ]
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% _) s+ {( q+ J% `0 T
4 K6 E5 N+ Q5 J4 w0 l" c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 g- j* m2 u* W1 z4 ~4 a
$ W% {5 O8 F% l# H' B4 {
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 K" y/ j8 a+ }2 T; r ' y6 o/ ?( D/ V N8 V4 L" g这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; b L" A- R5 e* P, f
: X c4 r* N8 F$ M* D% H' VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , {, C7 H, M$ n; z- E H4 |0 B # p6 j6 R4 i! I9 mDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 z5 {1 _; f3 k( Y : K& u( S8 y6 C3 a5 P/ JI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , }- | R$ t' \) V % K5 O- X. O: L* I- uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) I1 ?7 a8 G) h! u
% F( R$ s) d5 b( Q- q( E) ~
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 y1 [5 a ~% A4 ?3 a0 O2 I
, X+ i/ y5 }6 w' d# f3 v! DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) i1 C( j; q& i8 [# M/ s+ _
0 E# I$ q2 o/ E; x# AI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' h; i/ c2 ]2 g- X+ w8 w+ k+ g( o3 k; @" y3 L8 D
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 L9 t9 n; [2 i' \' w
# x. t1 W4 x0 C0 K6 L
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 H9 s+ B, m# z% y' _) x
& u) ]7 i5 ^9 [+ y' d3 X8 e
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); H( j! a5 B/ D' n2 G4 E
: ~. w: u& U2 i6 `& `He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) l. q' k# W7 S8 a& Y
% n. A5 x8 E8 u/ q* ^( H' BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ o: X; D, X/ }" H
" o" L% R* ~+ {) E: u' LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 a6 l8 v# H/ O! B * s y) B# n. jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 s. T4 A+ |5 A$ J$ T' M 6 d. J, k5 E$ p0 U5 @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ [; n ] ~) x2 |" _( {
" U2 J# @; a5 U, I0 Y$ g
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 w! r2 @+ b/ m. X; Z' V 5 E( G/ G8 |, h% D6 I & Y1 |+ Q+ m, D- q5 ^3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 , S8 ]! @0 `, L) n# ] , }9 a" w: h) X' R* y" j例如:( E3 L' T$ c5 e* O( \8 p
7 H7 s. L+ a: Y8 ~
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). W3 B I9 {" v+ c* `0 ^
0 n; E8 T: B# @1 ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 P1 D$ ^4 Y/ R E; P3 a4 m
6 w% a. k7 p4 \- \0 `8 }2 t$ M
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - q& t/ ^( F1 D/ H2 s% v0 E; a6 r( ~5 Q4 @6 _; |' A4 c* `$ V
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' c1 v/ ]: Q2 Y6 {, M9 q + F. f b$ }# X, EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 r8 z- K, e4 K& {! V/ g; @1 G n, C% m7 g5 a
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + \$ i U1 C- P" h9 k7 F $ Y9 @9 i6 u% j) lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 X3 @( H, a4 t5 B9 }/ w7 r: c; F3 A" o3 m8 s8 T
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! N. {7 ?: e7 e+ x8 v
2 |$ p' |+ H3 r" o0 ~3 M同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 ?7 i0 F7 H3 I/ _1 P
# _, C7 H- D5 i- C) c9 z. h当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. q/ p) X9 r$ L. B) f+ g5 [# _$ E8 d
2 x/ M7 a7 W+ e( Y
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + R7 C, Y. n8 q; Y" l3 h : \/ x! p* u8 S- n) d2 s* r5 @, _8 o对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; + F# b, L! c9 `# `9 x . k1 n0 P" k- w: J* ~对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 O0 r K4 A( X3 h3 q4 i. v
2 \9 E9 c2 ~5 H3 @- _( R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & n3 s6 H( K8 L; e4 m( u D$ O. Y C 2 h) ]! u- v, b9 U0 F9 U# r* i至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 N0 [4 n# m. M! Q$ c) p
+ w- {1 a2 H, I" K4 `) h
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 A3 ], F4 ] Z2 g' S % O& _+ `' n+ Y: t有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! |3 J$ b. H. H u% |. E, [