本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 I7 e' l% c+ {% W. h! c: _7 P# q & Z# O/ S$ J& U( n/ D b( O v转帖 . ~" Y$ P" D9 \3 m1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# s/ h; i6 W1 Z+ X1 I
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # C- l9 I' O4 ~* ` " Q% _4 a3 r+ O' |! h7 eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ Y: I/ q+ ?: J
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 g5 d& J* q5 w2 J+ R x" L& r- Z; h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- {; g5 C! s# X! N, \
/ V2 @& ?: p5 A& @4 JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " R4 h: ~) ^9 w* w B e K ( |' {. e0 a$ i& Y9 k1 qMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 ^. v- K, c* r+ k; n: W5 B' ~ 0 D y* _. o* Q7 Z( CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 M# a' i0 r1 _8 W/ f ' P* g1 Q5 s/ Y: X) ?# yThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* D& ] M! Q% j0 u$ U% V0 [ ^; Z
8 H) A6 ^7 I! F, G& m$ xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# O! f) ~- v* T* d, X; J, n
3 t- x( ~1 U4 @7 UPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 j0 W( I! j6 m/ r; q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * I9 U E/ k* \2 x3 F( g, b/ T& ^) h M& I9 ?1 E) j' t
8 L7 }, A) {+ U# Q7 } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ k8 i% N% M0 ?9 X% ?. \5 r+ v: @
7 S, T/ J" z' e r! |, T8 D例如:- g. g# B, ~% r* @) J3 o
5 c+ M( E% t f; E: c, o8 ]At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) q; @$ h6 v0 a: M ' U( d ~4 i# x; [2 XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / j/ ~( t9 g5 a. T2 S+ J; }+ O; q+ T' s5 [6 y5 ]
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 v ^0 \( k+ t+ w: t, p
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% Q" h! [* N( L3 }, w
: W6 |+ [8 z2 D5 z# HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& t, S3 y4 e0 S
- I5 h h# W2 |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ B5 A, Z6 ?$ L& W7 b2 L
' }6 Y" [. V1 I2 O/ z& `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% q( U+ z$ U7 c: X
) w) n& ~- k4 V3 n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # N( a1 _* k6 k+ @" h* l # t9 x3 W, f( e: F, U- G; VThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # Y' S) b6 f( L! g% e3 N, ~3 j ( n+ V0 H$ d% H- ^/ IThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( Y# M9 j( {0 i- |4 E * T0 d# f) `' zHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* x( n7 d; ?( D" K: b9 o7 G8 p
( S+ q8 J8 i' f" h9 m- ?% }, SHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 K2 P+ c3 B& K+ ~1 m/ r6 g, O$ i' K+ {+ r& F1 S( w
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* M* L& K0 q. L& F7 x
# c2 N& R9 P4 R* NEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * w0 J+ b2 E* D5 d8 ?4 g. c. N! h8 P. c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) c; X% M* n" V, y" K
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ p6 |( D, p+ H- P) }" p; c / P+ `0 c. m1 @& n3 [" U2 P/ P8 M" v$ N, I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( U) m% j# R# d
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例如: , E% i! z- z) e a % k9 ~" l' _$ O8 e# IMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% j$ H3 ?: A, }! A
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 C2 y) f/ ]1 G7 V0 W4 g+ u# Q8 \
9 x+ |$ ^" x- K& q! @5 ?( dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 X& M3 Z$ h0 p
" _4 j- D% O! |* j. @3 p$ b: YHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 |$ v8 p0 U! @0 f" w! s
) e2 K0 C: v( j, Y0 ^Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 x4 J4 K) U3 C# c( q+ T7 X
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 n- A1 Z1 b# x; l6 o3 d
4 x/ M3 M2 H7 d3 {Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ x' m" A. q* H/ H9 Z/ [
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). g7 d6 ^( O0 M3 [0 y9 L+ \6 x
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 g, Q" ?6 K8 y, X# @0 t) o
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % r; K+ h$ P; E) i# K7 s ; T# }$ O7 O( U! _" X0 A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 O( Y% M5 a l- a, |2 h& ]) Q% N& l% b# u" X7 K9 S" ]" O
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & N; S6 S/ x8 [0 V! _) N1 C) ]+ Z5 F& T; `" W% O
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( o( r6 q7 H# y ?) _6 C8 G3 W& j* K' I8 I$ m6 V
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 X$ f0 E% l1 ]# d8 I" @
4 e, t) Y$ J3 V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# R3 \- t) ?# b, \3 c. u/ i% W
4 L% W7 E$ z) [+ R, x还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( } l `, N" S3 p
+ r8 S |( H9 d X有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# B4 H; d+ M I