本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 X. E& Y7 h5 w. A6 n- ^: f: e3 } / y' c6 l0 y5 T9 E1 ?+ i% Q( l! W转帖6 Z& X: ]% `, A& z( m$ y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( V+ X. z+ ~$ s: N3 w, {+ P. |1 \* {
例如: q' y- M9 R; ]. w$ u8 F# C6 z2 J ! R. Q( w* |( H: G1 _1 O+ yMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 E: f5 r' j& X; s, Z- ^7 \
! G$ Q0 F8 @4 c* pThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 s* `! |$ G7 F+ l
# w6 }7 @/ r8 H& A8 r; qThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 p3 M+ o9 {; L& T9 z
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # u5 R2 u& k6 ? n- t% g) \9 }0 h6 @# h9 {
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ a6 l- m- W$ `
) n* N' i# N' w: U1 T: JMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / I; w& O' M, c6 k: H6 P, s. L & l" ?0 d- [' QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' T0 N: y5 G; e( d/ l8 D" O. u; e2 V5 J/ I/ l' w/ v" A
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- e% ~, E7 S$ J4 _/ v* c- I
% U) n; ~5 r. F) ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): o) P$ r; ?9 o1 S5 O: Z4 \; }2 G0 q/ S
3 i9 k6 N7 ^% U" \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); @5 i Y! X9 I( i
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 l/ c9 t4 J5 y6 Q# g) ^
( y0 j& V/ }6 ~* \' D5 _8 s% R/ Y- s5 h2 C; W& G6 Q# J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * o2 F9 T/ C7 @* u# {, u* r1 G3 @" |) Q) _* W h
例如: 9 x! b' Q6 Z! \9 L3 u 7 v* v5 p, O0 v5 \* LAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * o4 e( b+ O$ Y! F% h& O7 J ) @% l. S8 F8 b7 E) i2 CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# a( D# u8 @4 e7 Z
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 G' l2 g a$ }
7 F+ ~7 D% @) }: t. bHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 Z2 Y* b* P0 p6 E# E
4 } b8 }( y; n; O, F6 QIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ h3 x" }7 e) _9 W, {7 i% n% `7 S/ O% E7 J$ K' t" o. e
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 v6 W5 I$ Y: S! [( ?: b4 I: n) A, k4 U/ r3 b
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" A ~* M. I: p* @& U7 i4 `4 H
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # {4 \2 C* `( |) C p + x& M) u+ i A2 z" Y% N" sThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " A& u" V+ l' F+ V$ M0 U8 V# \6 u6 H5 H) R. ~; @
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) s! o( ]6 _- B- i7 X
& T f" k( b* X/ h1 sHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 h; Z2 i) F& |4 [! A3 W
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ Q, A9 K9 E4 i4 S! A! W7 ^. w3 e/ j% ?. v# l$ e
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 @! V4 S% F% \9 I 9 [. D; j) h! }6 ~( l5 _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) T5 N+ Z, J- n, ]% ~) d% s* {& \
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % \( f& u+ i/ e5 [1 y- r+ k 1 o! D8 ]: _# ], O此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 ~+ R" O* X9 ^ z; b7 s5 Q / i, C z& {5 ^" X' E$ R* O8 Y" X- X" D, L0 o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 m( }0 C p8 p* v5 a. ?! [3 h" c8 C; Q5 ?5 k! A; w
例如:3 s$ @# B3 v) H- B+ r: c
* O- L* k! H# s7 g9 ] W5 \Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& ]/ l* \3 i! T7 G
3 T2 i/ h+ n6 H3 q/ \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 ?" m+ A8 K$ a' ]0 z
; R+ H2 T q6 cThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; A/ M& ~) v# z& h1 M" a( o0 C( m3 Z % M- ^ c5 j2 v/ q' C" vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - j6 Q+ {- A' e4 N1 `! A9 W! r. |% d1 b" j4 I4 r6 g
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , e9 l: p( s; q6 m$ k+ n: x7 g, T3 E9 m8 S' x% T6 }
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 j: Y; Q/ w# w+ V2 W. T5 b! j 7 B1 s+ H( k9 E9 h v* p$ KCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : Z8 t) @5 _: }' O. v& I 1 [0 Q' S' X' E% z( `$ y! FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% h8 E, i" B- j; x
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. t& h# m) @- s# Z6 B, R# I
8 N$ T# ]9 [/ M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! o: y/ s: g7 J' m