本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % w' `1 G* c7 a
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 X! x& X$ k/ E+ N 8 g4 b0 y# i8 m& i+ f例如: 5 {6 N1 C5 @, s P# t 7 n% B6 r% ^9 IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 w% o& ]. C6 I; D0 l4 L5 M) g* w7 d 0 M: O6 D4 o4 ^, I0 H+ ]1 u& OThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( L* K; r0 @/ v/ T$ X
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 ?) b5 |' k: i5 ]# m. u& V" Q' J+ O0 d2 ^# Y; N0 b
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 Y9 F2 Y0 T: O5 a! D2 @+ Z. v0 [& B% e
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . I( o! I" s) X, ~0 s K$ v' I ( w/ @; F q. u5 K {. ]Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 u8 m1 t& }: H1 r8 i* O% _
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); e! N# v [; W
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 h: n @( F) E
i% a# K) X& }" @) b( oWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' {& E# E- t M' W8 X" @8 S d) Z
% R3 w3 L* t$ {) T7 @6 XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): h1 p, t1 F/ g, i/ w: Z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 @( B3 m2 x9 d" O4 K1 M T , N) `# j* @- ^( B 0 B8 b7 x! r9 C# M/ G; o$ T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 G/ y# f# m5 q( V/ o& z( w* a1 b
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例如: 5 ?8 }" U9 E0 G% t" D1 J3 B! n# h2 f7 ]( _0 `2 f! p' c
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 O( F% n( h R% ?; X, v
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ i3 U. [+ a" c' u3 |& `) H1 r# L
, U9 I* p/ J- s1 JI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( Y/ C' p5 C3 [7 s$ u7 d7 O& w: S( v$ g+ y: E( p
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . c9 b( ^; c. N/ g; \% G/ a* R# k
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / y' o* o/ p) P: D' a5 R' V2 Z+ t3 L- [0 q' H
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 v7 o$ f; r4 \9 C5 _7 u( k" u, {# h ( Z8 C- W+ E k# D# iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , N) @) m6 B9 {2 F& l ( o: A% y1 J* [$ p3 ?如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 v. h5 @$ D2 S$ S T% a% ?$ U3 X . _+ X) R. N% h5 `The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , q" N: L% {* T* w) [$ |- M8 d7 h: t& U/ X% r' ~2 ~
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): D$ h; _2 ]: ~3 ]' V8 u
3 |1 d+ G% E( e: j8 ?" f2 \2 x1 yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 k( o# q# B, d: J+ S
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& {, v( m/ B: M) d- E% D, K' F
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 S x3 p( Q& r3 D. [+ _9 m2 i
1 f) Z& ^9 n" h+ ~" DEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 ?; s% ^( t; C
* K* {) ~. I. Z0 q% i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 v6 a% s2 I u$ d4 J1 g
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: z$ \+ `# L8 ]
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* W! V" d8 d; N' Y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! x. j* v8 f. D' K# e- U5 \, }2 W" f/ J1 l6 c* [
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; k9 d ]+ ?* I5 I: _# O8 `$ C; W( {1 i1 ]9 ~6 T+ c3 G% S- ^+ m, C
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 L% x1 J/ v" K; Q" Q* V
: n( h* Y4 r6 X3 O# VThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 p- n. i ^7 z) D, Y4 s1 X1 }7 A( H
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! ?: E5 ~( N. P- q4 p
% Q- O4 Z& b9 {* P0 HMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 Z' l* k1 J3 }% C U. s5 E: a! {+ y7 n: ^% ?1 w8 n; o
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 _7 G# x* Q, S4 s2 c/ Q ' {7 U( o: `- a# A5 I+ qCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 q2 }/ M: p' d- F- [ ' E9 o. ]2 z6 @3 e3 }0 {6 l8 n. e3 VStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + } T: D" _' ?/ {7 b u% u4 q0 X+ S& T
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , B8 V$ v. r6 i: O2 S , H$ g9 B7 z5 |8 }6 q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* I. |$ k+ C, H, p# c
! \% t) O) n- K- U& |4 R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' R( I0 q! ^1 Y! r8 _" Q
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( T: {0 q$ N4 D& t6 \( i 3 c" `0 l. K) Y9 E9 B8 Z5 S5 x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# w! h6 ?* G. z8 | T
% ~4 R3 P/ {2 g: f' z# U4 E: L对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / Y' ` G5 R* p; b) Q3 Z4 F. B/ q 0 u: X4 F" L# B+ I! w3 \至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 W. t+ p% q/ {7 b2 k$ O. g1 |( `1 r/ {* p; j1 x( _
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + G0 W+ Z9 U: a) _* Y9 f' F3 [0 G1 c: B# B2 t w; p4 W4 [: h) I
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 u3 n2 |$ A0 I: f