本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - P4 o" o; r8 Q8 K9 h6 N! l8 c3 ~7 K- F" C: C# U 转帖 7 a3 n- z" l" E) h1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * j: d4 \) f% U4 b; b* F m% O# s8 ~ _/ L, }
例如: ( L6 Y$ t6 F, J- @% k0 e+ [% k7 n8 S . L6 l/ Y [% O T* M; m3 u# oMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ M5 y) l/ W4 o! _. \
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ }6 A9 L( m; ^& }# C/ y) I: q% e. [
- z7 z1 k% K+ wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % |" S3 W! p7 r6 ? G) b' U( B) e8 F2 c Y5 _" F# L
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * n9 ^: L9 C. S! P) S0 n4 S1 G7 y7 X: b) U! Z5 ]0 H0 E* V
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 [7 p/ l8 t' i4 }) t8 o* f
; P- a+ m f+ u% AMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). M' L5 D2 b/ O) o4 `4 q3 I) S$ f
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , @0 J: i7 T6 r% ~# |/ x+ @# M8 i' q c5 E7 [2 a
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / c2 O' u, F. {7 ]- T " B+ B8 G8 u: H" e3 p$ Z5 hWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! K( h) m& w+ q' O, e/ Y* p * r# v, n( o6 G: J0 ~Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): p9 ]! [. x1 m1 K
. c6 N* ?: M% C) i& L; g8 Q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 R7 j! I/ S0 \+ r( o( @. `
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' P8 D3 Y. F, w6 t( N1 ` 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 ~8 `! h, a) W6 Q: V5 t, `8 r9 i' S" R
例如: 6 _$ B, R2 e2 E$ I/ `& ]8 W6 @7 z& V( a8 y4 u( p* a$ l
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 O) D( ~, L3 T
2 M) @; Y3 [3 P, b6 I; h8 sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): v5 ~ t5 C- M. X7 j0 x
" {, T0 \9 `6 Q% t! y6 ~% S! w. B8 B4 DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ @' g: _: Z a' F4 ^$ _+ [' z 4 Y" y) I4 U G* F7 p+ V' fHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . z6 V; S. M* O& C' `0 U( ~2 x' J) }' l& x( Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * z; X: Q& s, z/ o/ s+ ^ 1 |4 B9 s6 [ j w. GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; s4 d, r' e: N6 k/ \* g' L7 Z6 {6 x' h3 {/ m
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! |3 `1 ?1 K+ t+ z
/ j6 D" H& R3 Q1 n7 s2 e7 O如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + p2 P% ]: z8 W5 @: s3 S. \" X$ ~+ F6 u& }6 Q; h5 p
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 ^5 h0 v T& e! ?5 _0 C; |' a' n O. P3 u) X& ?
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ P" I/ V; n6 y: g6 t
! h+ e$ c0 ~; j" k& PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 p2 Z9 X, _ p0 t( j1 f; E' o% a6 P5 H( `& F
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). }7 D8 P& n5 D% k6 R1 U
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " F& }7 P3 V7 y1 d* g% k X# H5 O$ S
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 c' @7 M, T0 ~" }' Z+ Q0 M {9 s) J# u. h& C/ `
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( C9 C5 Y$ c- |
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" W* O. G) M- I. R
$ G8 [( Z, E; f$ G % K' l. S/ X$ g3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ D* b: Q- H3 w7 X9 e3 B
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例如: o2 g& o& {! t" [$ N5 x
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; G% Q0 W8 @. R9 L- A8 o1 K * S3 w+ ]8 ]* Y8 ]- C1 RManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 s2 T `0 _& m2 A
) Q) }! } @# t6 C( c7 y& z: l" FThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : {5 h; R2 ^. S* [& t& p: j( T% ? g& \ W! ?7 \( ^* G( ~3 [
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( }- U0 e/ _4 q. L& F2 ]5 d; Z; f( Q1 ^2 O
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , r% U! U8 x" H) P( V3 }$ ?$ @* K( M- h7 u; Q! o
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 i& f0 O7 ^' y3 J$ u9 e4 H3 w+ L
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): D- \% F7 r7 s* z: l" _1 {( S
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * B. i0 I. k+ o" v ! b7 n5 i2 g! W; P同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) \; u9 @0 f6 m5 @: c+ f p1 m+ [' [9 i8 H) u4 G! G
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% u" J! b( l0 B
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + p$ _" n& @( K' L# B: a! J* d5 b2 n# H# e; N/ h5 ^9 ^
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 @# @3 X5 t% f9 T3 ] / s6 s6 T& Q x( z1 Y) t对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ }9 U" [4 `$ r- ` 5 y& |% k5 h$ R对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 `% p- @0 Z9 b. f5 i1 z6 ]7 M& o8 r8 q: D& Z% _6 P1 j
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) `' L7 g% |% C5 _8 Z
' m% r* K; i6 s/ Y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ l$ C. y" P2 ^! _; I& ]. S" M4 ^+ M0 C6 @$ t
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : ]: R0 Q1 O& }9 r