本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . H- m6 L3 j, Y2 f - Y1 F3 ?" Z- f+ W6 n% w, f转帖 % r* k3 U, k6 J' f L! X! Q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 O. W3 i! h2 I! _7 v) `8 d8 R# [( z' W- L+ C
例如: ; Z8 e7 M/ f8 ?+ o : Z* E0 T+ r3 j2 C m! `9 HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 i7 ^( ~# ] h
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 `; B" q& H- e7 b/ ~. e6 T ' `% L6 s7 F/ `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 B" ? @2 t+ B: Y( I! W: z0 N
) O' \& Z1 g4 g; S2 uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) c& ^1 p/ X$ D8 t
O2 Z5 }* C. {I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) T. ^7 z2 o7 ^! n9 A5 {. ]) m* ~; O: _ O) n2 t
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 x2 Z; G1 q* H0 M
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . Y, ^! _) `/ d, A7 f3 N% J/ Y* m4 C6 N6 h$ s) Y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 @) G* c- v) b/ q# G ; h6 G2 f* c t. X% FWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , c- \# y- Z( Z6 N 0 Q" a# Y9 ^9 @3 N3 lPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , t5 b" _, J Y4 T9 T* D' N# ~$ o+ o4 T- J' V6 m4 o
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' a7 U* X' K; @2 H% ^/ f% n; E, V9 Y* |) u
$ f6 P- I ~5 a% V. m4 J, J9 Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * j8 { z. f+ Y, F) O4 @% g- T. x " j5 [& m9 }( a" Y" }例如:; F9 d* ^+ Q: \ G2 v W
. Q4 k" ?- A. D: c7 s# tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 [1 e A& @* p4 q2 V
- ^, C% o O# m9 b! ]: s* d" vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 P8 v i. j7 j 6 r1 L! X* h. r @- S8 @ l" oI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : D. l0 f& u- |( v* o1 n+ h. _- t$ _ : O) G3 P; `' h( S$ w; UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 F( r7 `' m F; p . I4 ~9 R. l: d4 y5 m$ u7 hIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ O' |! @, _. E# G" i
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 y3 e# V3 H+ R4 C5 B
3 u4 x' u9 @: F) aI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + J0 Y( D( d- m# S : `: M5 O( C7 a" Q( R5 `如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , k: y# N1 R @4 ~2 P0 f- u 1 @% [. w9 B0 A; F# y eThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / ~. m( L! s9 ^" _7 V8 Q O( c* ]% z0 z8 k9 r# j6 d- `' d
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ {% i& k; h2 z
9 m( T" g: c+ l0 X! A; uHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! t5 Y& P6 `- E( J
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! U# V4 I3 z; v3 U+ r
; M* e, D* a) BWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / c- O; m8 e) L; b/ O* ?/ U" n, D0 e8 j3 ]7 Q( s. z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 O3 N, S! Z8 M j6 P% E. c: c - v) m3 }: T f _' c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ u0 n2 T2 U! N( J
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 f) f- \, N2 I2 O7 h* F) b% a# Y! B
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. E \% W5 [) X; i. t4 F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! _$ u. ?( y3 I5 w" e) R& O( N o! p* ^$ F! c% N/ L+ V0 W9 x例如: ' o1 }0 L3 i" k }) p; A$ |+ Z4 | n1 ]
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; | t' Z2 }4 D/ {/ O3 ]) c$ q4 p4 z3 w6 A; \' d6 a! y- r: [8 ^. Y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " `8 S# S/ g" Y0 L6 X # j% z2 h* o8 l- TThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # d: s4 o7 L m/ G& ], j" D/ I! k( D5 r# y8 z7 _( a
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- C% w* z3 ?9 g9 n3 ?, `6 K
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 @8 e9 e' r5 Q! N6 I. {+ Q: A t. Q. O5 }* ~; S
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * i3 J6 \! s- Q4 A 1 U+ O% E* o( K" Q: b; j' [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 U; H8 J" {8 U% Y" e
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % a' m7 W( H8 d" `/ K( e3 O 4 Z8 z$ E R3 G( g1 E/ R: [/ v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ ^* N7 d J" D- D/ K4 p$ H ]# A; A ) }6 s( \4 F( T# y8 g8 {* T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 V3 B, G4 r- n/ G) `- Y" P5 g& ?; T1 }% p9 l* p7 f2 \1 `
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) s! _/ n* P# p" H$ D
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) W1 ^8 A$ b" e' C* [
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" s; v n, _2 p/ ^6 Q* U
* g3 {) n) ]+ Y" s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ T/ T& r( T% s$ J$ @' z! O: _( Z# ~: {. H
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* W" C- `. I! Y; m
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: K9 e# Q$ P7 `7 ]- }
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 N1 j5 s3 F# k, R1 r* _8 I% I+ H1 O