本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : V( G9 l+ i( y/ D, z % r9 i/ p# V+ i- N. Z/ F) \5 L转帖 6 p; W4 j9 u8 C; }1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' B- X7 M7 o7 ] y; [ : [. h, d- K' J& w# |- o/ M例如: : M+ r, _. D! E2 n" L8 S4 ? 3 v6 R$ A0 l c- S @9 hMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); b* {* s2 U5 Y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . R' J# A2 r3 h0 I7 o0 r* i& R$ G3 ~* s- i
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( v& [$ |8 E4 W* J7 ~) w2 o c4 W: a
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ B; h! \ o7 g' L
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % o+ \$ @& W/ q& t+ P" f6 ^7 N ! d/ J. t5 q% F4 l6 m( V2 I' UMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( u* H0 D) }% J5 V' {& i K! B ) N; D, R3 z6 Y" mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 u" M+ x: M3 M( N, O: z7 s1 e % r0 M+ ~8 u; @, y0 v4 lThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : c+ _9 j' b0 O( e : I2 g- L3 o- sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 C1 C# _' w1 j1 @0 d, J `& \# ~- ?' Z! `6 H& B& g4 X
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , ~7 ?% b4 {& E6 ?; g! ~ {4 ]% y: Q % K% X' ?- M9 R& z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; u3 j1 p; N: c5 H' p t ) B* U \, l3 t" ?: C 2 q$ p* @ t" j7 C3 q3 _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! j. \) B5 z/ l- b5 \# W2 C p
: b+ C, ~+ f8 M+ Q! m例如: ) u0 f- M- [, S8 p. w9 n3 g* m + R( Z% U" H9 L" C! yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- a! g9 o1 q1 O; |/ ]" t6 p8 N
$ e' }! Z& \7 u# [, UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& |! m5 T3 r8 y. O2 d/ O
% |# Z) G# H8 ^- q! m3 F- BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 m) Z) t' @ k: L( g
8 q) n2 m5 g: o R- w3 [# Y* y' ], xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 B, ^# C5 ?1 n7 H% U3 V. G: L ; }5 b) C4 O0 I- S9 o( u' GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ l& K" i Q- \6 b* F
9 I: E8 V0 I3 Q, jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 P5 d) R6 ]% C0 K/ H2 h8 [" v
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! o: I3 o) e/ F/ N& m) M/ J j- Q* u v. r9 r+ n
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ B; e/ ^$ w2 c \ s9 A
+ {/ `# B5 D8 M9 e- a- g; d1 d& [The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# v! F+ a! l3 s" I4 w
* H3 r# v+ O: t4 y6 RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' I7 f6 D7 j' l W2 U
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): L5 c( @* @4 X, D8 f
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ m; }8 @: t6 l7 Q3 i: `
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - d- \3 y- e; c: Q/ W. D$ ]) w0 _ H- v
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( j7 L$ j' e+ w) @( t ; c! V4 u! s- \$ F写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . \4 |4 p. V. T2 F1 i6 y. A ' {* a6 C7 F$ ~3 @6 x# K$ ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . c. o \3 g, Q2 h% ]" k8 G5 R7 U! I7 I3 g
# d* R1 M5 p U( f# M' p3 _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) U! m7 Y* R# j1 U9 J' r9 B( X% z
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例如: & K. F9 y* {3 v+ h) [ 7 n1 z- q- i( x( \# \$ K. mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); _% @$ s% X- X
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . I" r$ Z8 l7 V4 {; X" n4 g# z1 q! D( A. L& F
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* }4 h! Y3 `# V9 s1 b" }
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* M5 T% ^6 _. M, X: W* [6 [
4 }! o8 Q8 i/ S+ G4 s) wMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / [% U& F, g4 m* f) l) B5 t. R, F- W T5 x
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) N0 U# e7 s! X" q6 M2 g* I4 T
}1 m$ c( \. j6 P+ f/ zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; W: X1 q) n4 S# o( E/ Y. g; d: G* G, Z4 M$ S# p) o6 ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 ?9 q+ w; e! \6 F) r# Z
7 Y5 u0 o* x: n' h' M5 H5 X- D: M3 Z% J同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 Y8 a6 Y, N E( z. Z' M0 e+ ^: I# a& j1 j$ ?
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ l2 k- f9 }$ n# p/ H( r! A3 v1 j3 s3 L1 Z- O# |
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 t! J' s/ K. m7 L7 u3 r0 \$ z* c
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , p7 H1 I3 s* |4 r1 j" S 3 y/ _* D6 B( x9 Z, q \对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: @ v7 Q- M; X: O; r# U
& F: _: R0 _1 R% z9 U F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + g" }3 a8 l8 m4 d# z3 Z/ v! w