本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & t0 `9 k. G* X4 G' @9 `/ V4 }8 a 转帖 : G: F& v( b: f, q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 u6 }( o% S7 h# y7 g" k9 G, Q% l; p$ j5 W4 u
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . `( N6 Z) ]+ r! c- w* h% A2 M # v& J, v/ ~$ G! x- J9 D" K! wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' A7 ~* Q: S( N0 s9 F- O% ]4 g
) z+ {4 p8 `' `- a2 SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 ^7 T3 p- W% y+ _) [; ]) k- Z! q6 a0 @: a# L# v
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 h6 S. O, w( L' h4 ^6 e
7 _# N0 s: T8 v$ }% F, L# `I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 h$ `/ X( R ?8 c/ B$ r
8 A7 y. h2 [* qMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 V+ J9 z9 x( }$ X l, { : V! U- {, I) c2 d9 I/ [& q( g( cWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- G1 O2 H2 _: S! F2 w. Q
: {% e# I! v0 \" a3 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' d9 x0 k% e6 @' B% C: E7 A* A* S; X
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 z' h/ i, Z% k l) f9 j $ t- s2 S$ s0 [* {5 l4 s) {# SPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) b7 Y, k8 I7 M- n* U! e
8 P, M X. k2 f这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! Y4 b( d7 ?( {+ d0 y" X" x* N% q' G7 K8 n7 Q6 Z
8 _9 x; ?9 P' O g& r _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; \+ l; T% i: `3 W& M l
5 W' d+ C3 }; P例如: 7 q7 D d) |2 b: s: F- C 9 |1 K$ `( o0 O0 s) d$ X* A4 x9 wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! P; Z6 D h4 Y" E! H2 h3 w# g/ V: M; I
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 G. P9 N ?' I+ v |/ j" k: {% D% O9 OI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& Q, @9 Q& X! p
0 V: \4 [ T3 y1 XHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' w, N6 D: X" }$ ]+ ~ ]* f8 Q4 l- `4 N. ]7 H& M5 r0 `9 M
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! G3 n3 d# j) f3 X! Y( ?1 N 1 H9 @! l8 z6 a; lShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) i* Y3 e( z% g3 ? Q0 q5 d
' X1 a$ f* O1 I# DI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / t9 j9 H6 |* d 3 u9 c, b7 c6 B. \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# O6 z$ q- v( t
' F) S# i* r) _, \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 W2 ~9 v9 ^7 X
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / `7 T& c8 e% f8 d* G* r8 E4 c- \ " @ x- \ n* q9 W7 c' ~He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + n* [ E! T' J$ a : c0 g+ ~. u& y4 c; L8 h4 w- FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) a4 f6 D+ |9 | J$ x6 W4 m' t1 D
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 _& k5 S& n" T0 [# D5 O
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) Y' B5 ?8 n3 X" Q; a4 H8 c
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 ^# |* F+ n1 g$ K
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ Z- Q7 `" U I1 U( D
: j8 w6 l7 e. h* \5 y1 T5 @3 ]1 n ( ~9 | ^7 m; Y, n, F1 n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 N% B$ }, d9 X6 I# }8 b8 E , U/ M) |( p+ j" ?! u/ c8 j例如: ?0 ?$ r& ?5 w9 d9 r" B, s; b& }3 o
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 ~) x/ \" E! I$ U R) ^% X Y + z- A; ~# W4 vManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 Y6 i" N7 x1 Z. C | 7 \1 @1 d3 B% F- m1 DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' r1 s5 I- |# l: }- J 5 j, J! Y4 n* T9 w6 A$ d8 THe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / n7 M, ^' q) s, M7 G; Z8 M' D 2 q+ E1 G) [& }2 jMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! G/ p- e* m S7 D
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 g% ^+ B& v* T5 s/ W , P. I G* {# H# `/ ?' }9 x0 i5 T& XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * Q9 q8 d \/ h/ ^; T6 M- N0 }0 b+ O3 S
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ }* q( W$ G* N, H& s" o; ]
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 L/ |' u% ~, w& }
) ^" R% ^) A5 x当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 t' _( O0 k: ]7 P4 h6 z; V" B" ` # x3 _4 E' _+ ]# M& v0 G对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 t/ N7 h2 q+ Y) K7 F% F W1 O
- f) a( P- G' M% d- a% P对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * ?4 x3 O1 D' Y. C4 s 9 I& i+ R- P+ ?0 o% W对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# }: [7 F0 c; s! y
2 O8 X4 P( b/ x5 V2 L6 }' p! A有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 b/ ]6 r- _1 A2 k1 ]