本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' H3 A& J" ^$ [! v* l" b 7 C4 p% p+ q8 b# C5 Q4 m, n转帖 $ c' O( Y% n: f% x1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; J( E, q9 E( }' O7 V6 U3 s; o+ r3 l8 _9 I2 v) Z" I
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# h! P3 i5 K6 @! u4 a9 oMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : m+ [& E; @* E, }1 O5 z9 U/ U3 ~3 p' n& ?: u7 _% U7 y o# I; k: `
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), J0 S6 ], J; G; s" r) d: N1 |
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( E8 z$ @+ v9 M9 }( P1 b+ v
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 `. W" C* U$ q$ l9 |5 ^( J
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 K$ l) [) c B, ]/ [# l
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " v. q9 i% s$ R6 _+ I0 E- t 4 w" h! u) \6 G) bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- e6 X2 H& F% W" v- e& v5 _
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" |0 y8 ?2 D, k S& S" D
0 X& s# t5 o6 Z6 VWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), v8 Y2 c/ ^; \
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 a: J- X) G/ s+ j& \; R0 V- `2 |5 `
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: `+ ] [7 z _; t
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, l* {* T4 d' ]# C; ~1 f b" u" J2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: O4 r* ]& ~0 i* W
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例如: ) N( O% u6 _0 y4 Z# _ 3 b9 Z* t0 D- f( mAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) i. U3 \0 }1 x# @- a# t" u4 l0 z7 P. L, c$ @- F. J- b6 g
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ l/ K/ [9 V9 N" J* d! i
$ a) t9 g0 R. rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( ~& q( x, O3 x7 j
2 U2 \4 o% l8 M; M2 h$ H4 b1 bHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , k" S2 Y+ H- J% _/ ?0 e: Y, t$ G8 n5 R, c5 \
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* [ L8 w2 |9 v0 q
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( M5 f1 Q/ Y4 G( ?% Y0 m+ K) s ! P' g C+ j: Y7 H- {I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 {. u* V, O$ ~% c+ r
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ b; ~" P9 b; N2 ]' o
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . h- e1 R: L3 d6 [ ) [6 J6 U4 f* V% N( SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" m) s; S9 P6 c3 E
7 r* H9 _& k8 rHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): I" ^8 q$ A& p& [+ G" S# W
/ A9 m. E( B3 N- I& KHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 [) N# G8 s( J( k3 u* Z/ w/ }* \# Y
2 K& X! W7 w1 Q. ]) [5 nWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' M* g1 Y; i+ m$ F
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , r6 v& q6 ?7 B: j7 z! B7 R' o0 T/ J% u
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* u5 U6 K: h3 g2 {, E7 ?* T
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 N, K+ ?3 H/ O
) g( c+ q3 i" H: r % l7 I0 k7 z" v( E a. Z7 V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 s, |2 Y* k O
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 j7 K: t5 c5 g9 z8 c% m) _$ }# {% b) }2 `* @8 R( t! g
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / B5 H: N( v3 T4 e1 n , l/ b* |& P8 X \" O- [This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 L6 h5 j) ~) n1 @5 N+ K1 y2 {1 W, @" q* l
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! p+ D% V3 @ a: Z
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # A. s/ r1 `" b: ? 7 d& b/ m* b) C! m1 L5 r# r3 zPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 b( I. L1 O# J 1 h% V* m, g7 k! z4 F' oCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 N) N1 G; g2 H" ^( g! ^$ s
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 i+ Y1 @# m& t# a8 e! ]1 {
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 q7 C) Z1 A0 c, t2 Q
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 @1 }( W8 A* D3 Y5 x0 B
) T5 C* N" i9 Q. \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 Z0 y4 f8 q7 g5 c
9 C2 q: }' D( W对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: k; B+ I+ k( E: ]
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : z) E6 ~ @" G: K ! K( O7 h9 R2 ?2 q" j对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 O5 G8 R$ y/ J x( ]) _9 d . D+ e3 c# W- Y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: z4 y; }+ n( o, ^
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; k0 P- I P* R
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , u1 [4 V+ y I5 y/ W8 J/ V# `