本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * Z4 h8 t0 X2 I3 d* f) A
+ L; b5 v, d# f" {2 q9 T& j 转帖 + G, N9 C5 x1 K) J1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! Y3 I. ~1 W4 e# U7 M6 f) k% C3 G- b0 @+ \. G6 b
例如: ; Y$ K% B q- }% i% R6 [4 J ! z( ]3 B5 \) VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : k0 j3 @! d8 Q ; Q0 n4 F! _, d4 @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 x' e/ U0 H: f$ {4 ] + l- E& ~( j9 O& LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# A+ }. K3 V, u) Y: Y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' j0 x" C7 ]& o/ M5 L
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ N. C- w _9 c/ E# U
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) d! H3 M6 o1 M; f! C8 H8 R g; o
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 V2 _, z: k+ Q- S. U+ c# `1 t Q$ x$ j2 {, C0 R5 J
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); w8 I8 m S$ _( F# ^$ P
0 z8 y3 `) h" Z2 [8 @- v% [- LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): U8 e4 X, ~8 s: Y6 W- ^. _
: l8 |6 }2 c9 I. MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 c% b" c6 y+ W4 k* N; U, B. ]! a2 l) n% b9 f' X$ M5 U* {
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , O) w9 X, V! R; u3 T. M1 i3 h# {( S$ s7 ], O% r7 B$ r
" R( F$ x. T1 j5 j6 W4 J4 |2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 P& a& }0 a& `1 H ' v. ?. ]6 ~* g( y0 E( v" p例如: 7 Z9 F+ h, A9 ?8 ?5 b' J2 j! U: m Z( K; T+ S
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 R8 X w: l5 _/ u! f , H, p+ h( { u8 t; C4 m+ J0 J: Q4 \. vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # Y5 T" i& C" E% Z" \8 ? + R8 t; A, @0 @1 kI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 i# f3 h' L H* B0 J) r. ` ; W; e& O: f' KHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 h( s9 h9 S1 S6 R' [! A7 d( [! o& P) W/ b
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 R$ @; e. T, K( M, D* c8 u0 D 3 V5 x; u0 i' Q7 yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . {5 s; |( E& X; O9 V) z0 g3 g2 A: x
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % `* o) u5 m: N6 K% U/ c1 Z v5 E4 g1 z1 Z# F2 K2 t, t j7 g3 q Z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 P: o) J D' X6 k6 g3 I \1 C& l4 J z( `+ N& E! G( X7 S e
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# Y( A5 ~; K. {8 s( e0 S1 M+ ~1 b
- D4 D; i* q, e& \, }% x% t0 CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 e6 o$ C* f9 h# A h% X- p- q3 Z0 u7 y6 @- L6 z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 Q) p1 C$ D# J+ G
1 S6 D/ [, _+ a3 _5 p. n NHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 A- N4 F% O' y 0 f: E2 ^6 z% m) I! N% ?We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* P* q; W* M) [+ W3 r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " w* J0 A: ~" R5 D% U- u5 Z- O9 q& ^+ t* g# c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 O% V2 R6 Z8 V }$ C" D
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 o3 t: }8 [1 S4 v% W* Y
$ e6 h7 `. V/ y : N" E. ^+ [7 i3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 \0 H2 M; F/ a0 f: Z) R 3 n9 h0 L, q T& [例如:7 `' G. s p' v6 o
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). _, c, W: K; ]
b8 e- `6 K! \3 k0 y* X9 i: WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 x6 [, |- b5 `) y+ m ]
8 W& L/ _/ N% B$ q9 |* _3 ?This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' I2 W8 U& G- N6 R& ^& f: f! ]: s1 \8 b6 x! R' r' D
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . t# y( g& z/ A ' H3 {8 Y8 q* L- xMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . H) c9 b' O! \* M! \4 v- S 1 P" Q- q4 D! W( \Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 {- f& G. y! Z* l! {0 ?0 N
' {; n Q- h' t7 Q2 P$ k* WCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# U3 e# z6 X- v. S
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ B3 w- y! J5 |# \* O7 X
- G6 N4 E+ |5 t' J同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , H- @( a' F6 A+ x2 t! j/ e 3 ~* V3 \* h+ E8 E7 X当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - c' }/ j" L$ }; Q/ [0 l4 a' M8 g5 y" g p
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! j$ J. b( Q" _% U z$ B. N: d% [4 t$ R: _
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 O! }7 Z9 f2 n. |. L0 _! K' N
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 z/ G7 w0 `% [' C8 I$ m g
3 m$ w, a: n' D! n' S, m) Z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) M9 `( E$ _' {8 [7 F
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& c8 ?& f, d4 j" j! B, k; T
& B% d* [' i8 ^% x9 ]! J2 X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % d8 s2 ?; F1 r+ ~! t% L' r4 ^0 M" J: }, P! {! ~' {! R' ^5 A
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 t: [% D0 f- A& v: N$ }