本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - H. p6 g6 y: n 3 G3 T- ^$ S& @# I/ s转帖2 v( B: j: ~# d/ O( s. u
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + A7 L& C2 P ~9 a& Z7 |% f; k& V # P& \/ B4 A# {8 ?" y( u. I例如: " D1 b, s* f* S* M2 `: {/ S& R: g6 H4 @6 C: U& ~9 {4 ?- U
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 ^* }1 j) R; ~
6 `% x2 f8 w: R( x( r4 \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; g6 k: A9 |; z 9 B& W5 P8 P! R) Y2 J0 mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- @! T( d( |7 ~+ J5 H8 g
/ i0 r# V# j( Q! ~+ UThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 d% Y: ^( `3 W+ h: ~% T8 |- b
7 x2 f9 d M2 r8 M$ e+ ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); y' l2 {/ y _3 v7 Y
: I* o0 m& n2 F# HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ y% x% d# N4 b& n7 ?5 p$ ~
. o* A& s' D& Y8 \7 C/ t+ C& i1 ZWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 }) {8 t5 }% q9 F& k% k
$ u; c) r9 n- _) aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 A0 E1 {' n, A
/ J2 H* d$ o% a; p# V1 WWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# p9 ~" x% N% f/ P+ n3 s$ L' w
7 d+ g: p. s) X4 i; SPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" J! a0 S% Q" c/ }
( ` O6 e- E8 A/ Y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; d9 q u6 O9 d+ \; n9 G
. I8 @5 n( z8 V' m" @' j" j- q; o$ _$ J, _8 |" W3 ` 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * n% m8 x$ m2 I1 s7 y0 \ . ?5 U1 Y$ H8 H4 B& p例如:( @7 d9 W) k8 @
4 u+ W( N/ K9 e1 @3 A: h5 A
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - C0 ?6 P2 n7 H9 |0 R7 `3 l0 ^ , x |6 M( \; ^- u: ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- p5 c5 |) l9 W6 x, E8 a9 x( U
6 q5 s9 }/ l) k ?7 A. X9 N
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think), \8 d* H8 _# }, p) k
4 |: n3 T7 N! V g* F
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; U0 k& z% H, E! g$ V$ M! P' y Y + i i$ X) B1 ]9 k" RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 V7 B# A7 k- U5 H8 O# U. k ( W% U( e7 I( H! s5 O. N" WShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 y( w) V- [$ T6 j
$ N/ j2 y \. C9 a+ w2 z
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# d$ z& S1 r$ j5 }9 E
1 ?" X7 W' X3 [) ^2 X7 _4 @如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. O8 B9 R8 V( V8 u1 d: b& Y
! c* m# d+ w! N: N+ T8 @* p
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) U X7 C$ i8 \, H! l3 ?+ ?2 S5 K2 ^
5 t: Z' x% h7 F; l4 c
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 ~# l% ]# j8 x5 t2 r% D( n7 p
. H/ ?* s0 @% z+ R+ i. c; y( THe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 D; m' N3 N" G) _6 K+ F7 q
" f# x4 E# M6 `# n) J5 nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) z* h+ Q7 ~, o$ j9 h' a' j1 o; n$ H# d! _1 y1 G0 C3 h1 Q$ b8 ]
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : z& d1 q* ?. n9 m1 P+ g! d; p$ Y( J7 t7 j4 r; y2 z) Z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); m" a. Y& B! Z' O( @
) v+ p8 Y# P# l8 V0 a: O- Z8 T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : g$ K( A4 a0 a% Q+ X5 Y% n2 R. v& o* Y! | E0 Q+ [' n
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 u W/ P/ \- Y3 E5 R: ~1 x9 E8 n2 m4 D* R* i# k
% G# X8 ?% y! n 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 Z! @! p: k! d4 a& D : l m/ h( _+ G9 F9 G. Z( ^7 ^例如:! O2 {' c0 E% _
0 W ], @7 w7 r8 v% j; a! u& S2 e2 s
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- X# D& ~; d& e- I
! ]3 Q0 M: i" n' Y& g6 {' @1 [Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( ], t0 b, z$ G6 X9 I . W: B! a( f [1 H+ LThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 p! J: Y* T4 u! _- `0 H - }2 M2 D; q. _# r, V3 vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * L7 o- g ~; a. J4 {4 T, P+ C" ]) ]( _# ~
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 D' {4 j( F/ c; R! l& j$ ^6 W9 E ! F5 K6 I% G2 [, B; f, q, q, QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * V. `# c1 y4 l' s i8 o8 a- _) F- i' R' ~
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 i4 {. o' }2 L7 R
: q( {; @) e2 |6 _* l1 F; v) A# }Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : ~) B; X3 e+ o ; J! R% T# o) ^+ f$ p# ~同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) n# }5 w1 U9 w6 X
5 C$ x7 U v% G1 C8 k
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 R5 I; X7 r8 ~) {1 S; ~
& M+ B0 M5 [" B4 F8 h" Z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 z' h* \4 u4 h. _5 T& z& }& V. t: o3 x. W- T2 `/ d/ b) z
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 w# L5 _ N0 a- u ) Z7 \9 E4 n! o6 p, ]对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 g) Z, C% E5 h a ! m) [8 D% {0 @3 P- t F对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! w! x2 J" e# r3 d$ E F. ?
2 F0 l9 f: X" L; h7 k/ ]
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: w3 X7 O `0 F6 B9 W% A3 a$ n
' ], j& ?( V( Y+ V/ E; Q. ?还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; ]) @9 Y3 ^! k# l7 R0 b3 a! E9 T& ^4 C, J1 O
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / C% d- L$ u! T( m6 i