本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! I4 H! r+ t" S" }2 ]$ S. Z % _$ v* b* Z/ X3 q" S转帖 . \" t }# v% `8 C1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) Q; Z2 I" e3 V5 `, U& d
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* ` @3 G0 D$ X, _6 R4 R7 n/ GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): F/ ]# p9 t5 Z: [/ S$ _
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 q6 |# A7 n" u: Q5 d
+ j# y7 k2 X, r" y2 y1 O' sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 F/ h: X0 M! x( L; E! _5 A9 n# m
7 o7 n X; l( H8 \. w/ tThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : V+ j) e* ^( W9 C. ^ / a& E4 E3 X) `+ KI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 g) L6 `) `! ]& G9 l7 R& j) j% R, k# g
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * D& W0 b7 }! d5 z3 q6 }; x % R+ ?- B2 d1 t1 s2 E% ^7 H( N3 bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' i) a* t. a$ y1 i- b5 m1 b3 G3 n: ]7 B$ i: q: y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 T; R# y4 H9 R& A4 B6 V1 n5 T5 X( \
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ A5 W7 W3 `0 b( }
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 W6 J6 L( F6 W0 d' u% r
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& t: B, V4 K) O) P3 f! \+ g
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) w' j6 L" u2 H, {& G 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 l6 ~8 l9 W/ @) Z
2 J5 \& k" l2 V7 f5 X3 A例如: * M( G0 c, C3 N# |5 K6 s8 o- l% [( H: l5 i3 I
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ y- b1 ?6 W+ F9 X/ s9 \5 i ( Q+ `$ A4 K7 [ ^0 k w' DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( g+ ?5 K6 t* s/ y W. ?: K ) X" p/ \' Z# {- x* p, AI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 g* `' T* n4 P, q. s6 [
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 e( l g; I5 S" {. I. l6 l 3 J0 U& I1 C' z1 k7 M* jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 d% P2 d2 b! b8 `0 Z) [9 h7 ?9 L1 [, ?% _8 I4 r1 j" @3 e- n
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 l% q) z4 ]% L# v 0 @: _* E" P3 Q: X& e9 Y: rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 U. I7 g# c( L2 J% z
# u! n7 e+ q5 T& {% O w6 t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / e% O* G* c2 K5 f& P) K" f1 ~& U! s+ m
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 T- O4 T6 H/ m G( d/ s; ] 8 B: y, d: @8 x4 m% PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # E. u, z% S8 z) Z S' G+ j, ^7 H! W
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ Y% ?, c% x2 V4 C
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ b% ~3 I. ]4 r2 }9 C- S1 E: e
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / }+ c$ Y4 B1 ]7 J6 ^ ) w# d. r1 U/ }8 |# g4 a: k0 o4 OEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % l5 v* q$ Y% h0 |- Q' ?9 A- l# T( e! `8 S' T; H( m
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) D1 H$ T& V# U% q3 a" r; M3 I. b7 `. W9 x. a3 m# u
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: r9 C5 z9 s8 |' N
! Y. E% s A" w1 O) W, _* F7 Q ( U% }) j& @) Z* f! v! @7 N3 Z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ X+ Y4 E4 [0 F2 V, `# t" C9 b; C( l
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+ ]( \% P" u( q6 h" uMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * x& ~9 m3 J7 S$ v: g4 `' a* A5 ?6 {% C! h1 X
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' K- ^5 v i& L1 E4 T
5 F1 v, h6 K2 _0 F* e ]7 }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 j& q' X( w! m# b7 L f) W
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): T5 v {( p7 V1 x* j, z: }
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # `; h* M/ P! E1 P. B/ _- u 9 T1 @3 ?* M- p1 M! mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 f, b1 f8 p7 Z
( s. v7 D/ P" J% W* V' g" N3 t. PCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* j8 p0 g: ~0 q4 A" G- t" o+ V
1 a$ n) I0 u0 T* o* P/ K: rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 \ I+ E; l9 u' c3 @ E6 V. h" J% T& i
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: I2 j( ^$ X* E. e
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, ^2 U7 x) L0 V/ J5 E3 e4 j' }
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 H9 }/ X6 X7 f( F' D
* i/ j3 r/ B9 Q* r4 ~" t8 o# q5 Z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . c. W6 z) _/ f$ P, c 1 D5 B j% W/ i3 D+ v! w对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; ^6 z+ ^: N$ M7 @3 T2 I: l - H9 n( ]) Y, ?$ e; C, K对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; : \8 t8 @) z! m M* o/ y9 X9 ], r' E2 O- t) D* s
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, }% w/ [' E0 j& {, d
* P- S7 {, i, c* W9 y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ {) \% }8 L% t# S& f. h! F- e& S ! D) ]& E3 j4 s3 L9 s N& @有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ ~# q$ P: N4 w