$ t" o0 I5 J# A5 H4 D例如: f9 g0 B0 e$ G" H d2 t- G7 q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 P% t, W0 g: D7 u k1 h' Q- d# d
# E4 A9 T# n; ~( W/ f. H( h' C6 }! h8 s& KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 S6 l: E" R* A' P
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * b" _+ @! [3 N& R. v/ ]' v3 \' _$ D" M( I A# L' y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 s' q0 e, o! K, s1 Z" i& Y6 q/ `, S $ a0 j. A. a0 {9 N' pI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & v' E/ l* P0 U2 t9 M& W& V" Z- l/ {; k: f- e' d4 t' Z* ?
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 k: S. G& Y: T
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 ^3 s3 {. n7 z1 N# k$ y ' N/ _1 W5 n. z. nThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 u- D& F! H) G7 v
) y2 S4 {3 N2 x/ k# o. ^& eWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ Q* }( B2 u# B5 P9 ~9 I
; N& m* h t& j' {Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) * m0 _4 n6 a, g9 E* a7 B+ y$ | h) T: H2 |
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, U. n) { V+ G6 H, N$ {$ D
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, k6 Q; E! v; m2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 |# @& f K1 D1 A; m( ?% @
& h7 b/ f. k9 w* R, t) e例如: 5 n) {9 c+ g& I$ ~+ H$ C3 _ - ]' X% c& C- W( qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # n& x$ N$ C1 o. u) J # T" O6 ~4 Z( D" YDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% ~8 a0 A0 ?0 `: {) n# S. ]
; D) R" m+ l1 N! c) h% qI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* i: D! ~. M6 D5 {* l% q7 A
; S- a* K9 d& ^: G3 u. CHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : {* D9 c8 W( q" j9 n* L0 t- E$ V* E, `/ U5 q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ N0 R4 P8 N- w$ U2 s: g: e% D
3 d7 ^ p4 l9 d$ `+ r8 ]: i- u) W" rShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 H8 h3 }$ }; ?& J# K6 ^$ w
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); @" p0 Y d2 }$ ?& `
) z$ t4 t" i* }/ \9 d! i C1 W如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : U7 T7 K: _+ d4 z3 V8 K ]: a; t* t3 R
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- c1 W Z) E: b
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ ~+ E4 a9 F* g) Y: M
$ E7 \5 M4 \- ~& CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 W( |: Q' z% b( I" _
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " n# }6 y4 @. j# M% ^: ~ 0 |6 i7 y& i* |0 q, L# TWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 U- j- {6 @* `+ n0 _! O ( z! s. ~4 L$ e6 |! }! _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " ]' X1 r% J+ A9 O! r F$ K u+ Z% Q9 u& q0 V& s: u+ i
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 @7 y7 C! f% S+ B
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) r% |2 Y& Q2 r! G' n! H 8 u! y1 E) z) D # t5 L6 J/ R2 G+ z1 ?) G4 c3 D3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 |/ z/ Y6 E5 E, _" C2 h- o
6 U7 a! F9 N" Y8 X例如:* I5 J# a2 N9 C1 F
/ }6 Q4 ]( v1 c3 ~; {' E5 @+ WMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), j* P, t, |7 Z0 c' w$ M$ g
- W7 ^6 O$ ^ d: E' E9 o: t9 U8 eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 c( m& J: ?5 B9 n3 b, |/ Q* j2 p
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + s8 `. e# X& B* Z4 n # g/ x. d" n4 V1 O3 _/ G9 bHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 s& F7 q2 M. }, `+ M
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! c; T2 D% W6 y- U) q0 n& t/ n, F6 W" o! X
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 I6 G2 s* F# u4 d, L( Z! F) H/ \+ j% h7 T6 `0 T
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 c$ }$ B8 i3 p$ V
" A, { e$ J1 W* eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 {# a4 M2 k n- i( h) m" V$ H) J8 }, v& P" ]# n9 F
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 x6 D. i0 ~% |6 b( T$ c& n + j; U) D" j$ z; a: {: w0 L2 I' L" M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , x% V; q; J/ T+ b8 y, N: N' \( l2 r. R f9 @6 Z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 Y. S7 N% t& q
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( \+ r& [" q# x: k; j$ R+ E4 d8 b0 D
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 J9 r) p# Z |! ^/ [2 u' u: t7 v- p' p6 ~
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 t9 S" p+ ~1 k/ T! h
7 B8 |7 e: L H% i* y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: G" g+ L# P+ u1 c% O
! `; B0 F$ c' U$ [+ n' u4 l还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 N1 g* |! j( Q- A 0 b v7 C8 p O7 F1 z$ I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) t; |- v5 T% ]# ~9 z# K* N