本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 F% x F( `% `2 ^
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 R+ U& P: L3 q* u# Q; |1 ?+ X, J+ ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), \' f* D- k- X% ]/ U
' Z0 h& |8 q wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 |6 T5 p j5 T! U( Q$ G! m4 F1 p6 U8 n w
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 H- u8 N- i y, C5 g0 v% C w* _. h& V. b4 c/ A6 p
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! ~# H$ s! t' w( V
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 ?( o; r. S, k$ X- p 8 O' w1 J4 P; a0 r; S. DMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), d( A$ C4 Z. N0 p+ C" Q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 e3 L- E0 V" Y
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 E5 }. a8 C+ Z( V 7 s8 k3 F$ R b* |$ A, o7 L* KWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( o0 b ]& u7 b- I9 \
# {0 T% s* ^; oPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " n- V" E) ~# o% Z1 \; Z4 N5 @7 A; k* d" u; I4 P
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 f9 ^6 U7 h6 q& L
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7 s' J1 Q' q7 V7 p1 R% f- E5 O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * ]4 d1 h/ e3 U! {* W+ S9 u7 N/ x* ?& A
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( k* h" V+ B: {& B1 \# e4 v9 U, ]
* r) I( t9 h8 D/ T5 ^! WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). |0 H$ B4 L: j9 E7 b: }( I! i9 d
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 M) V+ S7 T, u; c. S5 [ 8 l" F* i' I8 C C; W2 s- \) u5 uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 H& Q) h4 l1 c- {! J( M; S/ u) [
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 B' E' z4 b2 L $ E0 M8 E" P5 C# ]- {0 V }3 jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 y' r1 ?1 ]5 m$ h+ K# f6 j9 @$ i; v2 q/ \- @ U
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % q- O4 R! P. ~3 @) o0 | 4 P! s4 @, V8 R8 K% g如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( ]+ ?8 E8 v2 Z6 Y2 k. X3 y/ X
1 _+ D4 }) l: ^, a, TThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) J4 H5 a0 E2 i+ n5 |
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; G" q0 i: w8 a' @* b + ~4 H7 }5 K2 V9 n4 U- ?6 AHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). g! `+ R3 ~2 E7 |/ V
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' K3 Y: |8 Y8 x4 D0 q4 M2 v
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 @/ E: N& u* F0 x1 d( t5 q: H& j$ y3 x. J' T" F0 U4 P
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - E2 m# S# W6 R. g3 b: { 5 m, [- r( c; z# R; c8 i G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . r. o! G+ S) @9 ?4 e: V3 c/ {/ u4 v* }: A8 D' d# W9 U* I5 t6 e
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' w5 x: {# |( C" v! F; g7 J$ P
7 W) C4 A, ^+ j( s% g' _5 M0 t3 x$ A) d6 F2 x0 d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 V% z: B! x1 \% |6 ` 2 b$ Y) k B+ m8 W9 ?7 X1 }$ G5 _例如:0 G1 x9 c0 n A, G9 ?- a0 k& y' q
! z0 u9 z: h9 BMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 P' W$ H$ @& ^ ' I: h& S% m, A% V/ s- V* Q5 lManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' y, `1 j. [# J0 A- Z
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). y& _3 k( T$ q8 T* w$ s
- l8 m7 a7 |0 e2 a* A" pHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 T) D' U% o' E/ m, S& u* B4 m# F0 ^ b" K8 P
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 \& `% s g: Q0 [5 V ) P3 s2 W' Q" X5 ?; mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' a( S F6 p4 F" v& k& M+ [% X- I# h/ b* X% v' j( [
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 _( y1 h/ F8 y0 X2 K5 u
, Z% s# {( y: n+ e# _( GStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! Y0 v" b% `, s! z7 X3 @% ~
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . O* ?( ~) y4 a4 x& y7 r6 }1 _& R* d! C2 J0 r6 }7 p
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : U& z" t) p( K, P& \, X8 G1 I+ ~( P( V& s
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ ~8 q( x/ E- ~$ I \
+ D# i2 C+ B7 D& |对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ q) r' ~, C- n* g& s8 s
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 ^1 { ^% Y1 ?; e- c1 h6 A) w
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , n5 Z7 a& b- h, l( t' N" d ; L p' x* S; r" U4 a至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - ^; V# v3 F0 K: v2 j; v, R 6 R1 O( F" c% @) [6 d) d还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, N( x& s5 K8 q2 F8 g6 w/ J
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ e0 [, O7 B" e, l