本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 ~! {$ Q! T. }- p' K
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 H2 q' `7 e) [, A+ o
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 O! |: t, V& t3 P , s& Z5 @( \9 |- V8 P9 }) NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 C* U, g6 }2 p* C; p. W
% D- f- t0 E7 `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% U% v5 n+ ]# }+ `
- ~ [2 R7 `* m8 R9 SThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 }2 S1 V l' j |! X1 u3 A! [ 0 g, ~# R% \$ C; zI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ P" P$ B6 v3 K( G. N2 p' u- L4 G5 g . P$ O8 \5 ^+ U ^# s' qMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 P7 A, B1 K( c/ C- y " B( O- L) z$ m, ~We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* Z( L- [; p1 v3 @. r! G5 ?- q
! D7 \* z: d' w# [9 M) NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), l$ Z* F8 `: b0 c7 O
2 Q/ J& y: z+ ]5 WWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + L& B9 u+ t2 L5 m R( }+ I. T) ]$ w+ T: |0 p- T1 tPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 O( ^0 {8 F6 ~! U F5 w
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 R6 L! K9 x* i4 ?' ?8 a3 P 0 M! F! S2 Q1 x1 I T) `) X- x x9 Q7 K5 j 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& v. y2 ~9 U7 y. n
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; s4 _0 C7 \ p& F1 D& Z; ?* m ; o8 @7 p5 r' j, G' H; }$ F2 ?& NDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# r S9 ~) S% r9 }) G8 l
8 ?$ s4 z: \0 z5 H2 W; D1 ^I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " W, d s; ?* |, |# `/ T. Y0 u( J B* B( l7 C
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ t! S- C5 o% ]7 [2 b 2 {$ I$ A' u i' M' YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): Y% W# U" w2 b' B7 C' b9 N
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& I B3 D- o+ P% u
4 d+ g, p3 t7 D8 O* e+ @! xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; d9 w y4 A3 K" Z; T9 j6 `& B8 t! |& {6 h/ ^: i9 L
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 d5 _% {! p; _6 F& e9 V; O4 B" q+ l5 ]% z0 `# a( [
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 d1 x R0 I& Q; T) F( a7 z- g" }0 _6 q1 _% C# w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 z# V% K8 x) Y& L2 V % w1 G6 P* C C3 \. J1 mHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / |( T" T1 B. _: h# b2 M( m8 } - _5 ?8 H: n. U, fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 ]$ e6 N- ]9 i3 H6 Y/ l , D2 l9 Z1 b- o) A. bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 S( L @. \4 X/ j6 H
g' X5 j; D0 X/ ^) xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ ` `6 S" k K' h; f# q6 Q% f, P8 F4 h4 N
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + \" \1 U$ b2 O& A( c ; f9 T H7 S+ |: A, c, T" T( p此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 E7 d& w$ }9 u3 {2 w9 [' S2 s6 `
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5 g, E2 t" Z0 u9 g [ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 o: N- h2 d u* R; L
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例如: 3 l6 i. K( P0 ^' J " i0 z2 y+ D# F8 R y% Q% GMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; h$ J6 ?) @3 N- w 3 m) W3 k3 b0 K$ c' T0 CManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ G- l6 N1 z8 f' \' X* X% Q( e- A' l
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . u! e6 Z" M+ v) g: S" h ) n! L" m4 w0 j: T4 GHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 x2 j L; U, o/ c# b
& t$ U5 h. E8 W4 i$ z5 v3 U) pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" W: \% A H. @& O* k
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + h; C4 K6 I7 \/ }* H6 ]/ K" ^) M( a8 e$ ^: m
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 M, h# {# P& D+ Z! B0 m+ f6 O& G* B6 ~& L, a4 A) e0 _
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 ^# \6 t; t+ r4 b5 V! H" J5 t1 u# l2 Q
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. N% r0 h' K- e5 B: A9 O+ z/ B
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! f7 d+ B6 a7 c! U" r0 o 0 y* c+ K- c. c; q' k/ c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" e7 `- E% P7 b% i
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , G/ g- t" P w9 C* r" p' E& l* E) r . f! W! _/ M. L$ F) c' d对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, f9 H. V, A' A" n; I4 L
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 m6 H! m3 n6 o- U) B4 u
9 Q+ s6 n: K; E# R至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 W, N, m3 \! I' E6 u
0 U# u5 e% [ M6 c K9 O6 k有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * S4 w0 j" y: F4 t