# ]7 v9 I" ^' C- y4 z4 `+ FMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 C+ ?" K5 ]$ K" L- o4 F! \2 e+ l. ]8 |; i1 w. l* L
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 b1 F# \" I' e |+ u5 |
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; j. i1 f- r6 L/ Y, v % C* G( g2 C- D3 B9 `" hThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * \) F: d6 U. K! k" x- O 0 a! n6 P/ V4 ^0 ?0 hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " k" f/ y: ^) t" A* e/ j5 s. u5 z [5 K2 u+ J- X
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 r: e# a0 ~$ Q$ {4 G
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' X# ]8 T3 O8 p; F* K, Z
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 u' x9 l; z) P- G# R/ F9 G
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! b( b" \$ q5 h; D9 P* E9 ?* D
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) z) g' m# m9 H9 p% T) G; O+ q! O
9 P7 w5 d9 B# Q( i$ y6 I" X( C这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- Y) N; I! |* f- _5 O8 n ^
$ _$ I. O3 V c' N9 Q- r# \/ r6 n' v$ I- M1 u( S! Y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + F6 t/ V( Z0 h4 ]) w4 C+ T) ]# A" y$ A# @+ {2 X% l9 E
例如: , R8 j! V7 x% Q* Q9 \ * @, h- N+ Q' b! M) R3 Y5 j) pAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 @* u+ M( M! V/ Q7 w/ Y# P) ] 1 l3 ]9 O5 q9 i% }! w5 S' A( [) EDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 ^% K$ ?9 Y" S+ v) [& R& q$ k 0 F+ X. }4 e' Y+ W1 T [I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , `, ]; A1 y: A. n& t1 R ?, k @) g. w) L+ h' n
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( l; T( C4 O1 s0 k1 X! N
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 S. p; m5 @. m 6 H6 V5 x) Y z- q wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + _+ A, a2 }9 e* v8 C' _ & P) S+ [+ W X4 iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) S" C5 x0 J; x$ v
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + ~+ E8 c# h+ I9 W9 W+ t0 @0 @/ M N( v7 \# o( o
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) o- N$ \+ T# f0 W- L b* D( k! {6 S. B" |
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 t# E! ~, P4 |" c' e5 H; z" \4 b" p, ~5 {; q) B+ W
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& a; F* ]* {9 E2 _2 t. A
- m3 P t: P- b$ h. `" H& ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " E, W, N1 n3 [& w) ] 8 Q/ P+ U0 y! i6 T# q4 V; nWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # Z6 g0 I( ?- ~. x " B; r. R. C+ W6 Z+ mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 W0 I* H/ q5 C
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 e" I" \ a5 g0 U ) i, G9 H6 v9 y* V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; l- z* [* o1 q2 \' M9 s7 V
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9 Z3 Y9 l; X, l* _. F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; T$ s/ H8 P' p6 F
# Z* A: S& a2 L- ?! f例如: ' P; |2 {! W- B \2 ]7 _1 s% K# t. [9 ~. S) V; x4 v! K2 z6 a% y- O
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' t8 L; I. ^ G0 q* r( X ) i: A4 O) c6 T6 l8 L0 `& e9 T0 }9 ~Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ k. ^$ O* B5 o) H. g
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! q! |" i3 e& J4 [) B( {# a
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 E; _# `% ^# ^+ F8 W8 X4 h, C/ z; n) @* v* D. ?4 C& q1 e
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) \$ z( x0 k1 n# U- j& C8 `1 \: K3 m3 r( b; ^3 G0 I
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & g2 W0 i2 _- o+ j3 l! J# ? 8 j# a& r4 R" l4 ?3 Q8 [( xCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 N* L5 }/ s7 B1 A+ [' N: n4 A7 F+ e* ?) W
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! g* S% I! ~1 u5 ?! m8 s4 r9 c7 o# n7 T3 e8 ]2 z, Q, M
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ G$ q. l# o2 `4 h. ?/ [: o) ?( \& D, E% z1 Q4 T7 f
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# h5 _, j4 ?; J2 v, a6 \ z
& Q0 i- y, I5 M# A4 R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! y \0 v. z6 r" r0 z5 M
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 y2 J& ^& h' _' P% g! _- D/ v( n0 M# I2 {2 @' v' P
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, X: Z% F# C8 u$ E/ N
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - Y* P; @& p& P6 }. R7 T4 z! ]9 ^, \2 P) G. a/ V; g& D$ S
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' T. q0 f' ]$ W. V
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( a, w [# s( l5 g$ Z- I! M8 `' h( h' q' m5 x! H$ g/ Q7 W
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 [. m7 B% H8 H- {( A