本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 `. T' N* _3 \; h+ p 8 e' G4 E) v4 U& o& k w转帖 / Z8 {- L1 Q7 v+ K1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) n6 B- ~% p7 f( ?; Z! j j, H- A4 w/ i% A例如: ! k* Y% ]7 C5 D, V8 ~. S# r ( S! V% {3 c7 h Y9 EMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 O+ d& b0 C3 Z% H: e* G- C7 e+ |
$ w N& f0 D/ lThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " J, \3 }. t# w) ^; ? 8 q+ x& |- [/ C6 j* `0 eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ m0 ~% f" i7 ~( l. }/ C1 y1 m+ `
, t' V! s+ P1 _) W1 O4 @The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 i0 {, ^' L( \) T; y9 g- t. j/ ^. L# p
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" p- ~9 h0 p( K" l3 p5 i- j
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( r* y7 Z: e/ @# Q, P/ M* V- \) n
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 ?! W2 D2 N. q1 N2 `* W5 ]
7 H' ]2 v a4 q: gThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 w! r9 k8 @. R8 h ( Q) n; P$ K( Q# HWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; |( T; O. O& m4 a& k4 J B , m E$ ]8 M+ k2 r7 B# ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 \' i z! R3 @ b9 e 6 O3 D( g9 ^# s这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 B- r% w, b& L; N: i M7 i( a0 k9 s1 o/ f; @& y
1 t6 b0 ]$ E' ]' b2 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) p, d3 t, D2 A' F3 Z! }8 G
$ t& O2 O% K/ F9 d o( ~5 m, U例如:: f5 s2 M9 d v) k
" M: ^% a) U' ?$ ^; P. i4 AAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), N1 [2 x/ {; t1 f
, m5 s- E# m! uDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ b: F; P& x8 o1 n! q4 x: |4 }5 b) R& c6 e
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) j) w2 C7 B$ J# z* [
" o( v3 L, ]3 d# e) f$ EHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- L/ R" s# _' T2 X, v
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + U& _3 S# K* [/ X. X, a . z0 x7 R( J( E, |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + h2 P5 Z( _' e9 W) ]# h! i8 i3 r% w) C7 v, j) v
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' m, g, \3 z' W, o1 a+ k! ]9 i2 f1 V/ U" h2 c& W3 g, \& K
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , T" i' U: I( D- i8 o 3 f5 F4 l; r: t8 q. XThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' H; {* [ o2 g, u* L 5 z/ F6 V4 j6 aThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 k$ U' t1 `/ Z, T: u+ A
" o1 M' p6 @% R7 Q( C6 }& a) T5 FHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ Y- f% O" W' p4 i0 K' h: v
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). g6 {# ^% g- N8 {9 B
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; O0 p! A; C S* w) r- M5 M: x8 |- n2 T: @5 F
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , H* H" Z: {3 u- [ 3 m# d. X% l" A! I9 P, ]0 K" B写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : M- j5 _7 q! S9 j; H' T% C7 W }2 }
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , M! D. R& v/ d3 Z/ \1 I* M+ c: A: T# ^- M" _" K/ J, k
0 T, K7 f( E7 E' ~* ]: a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# [: \- {- q4 x
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例如: * h5 z3 ?; x" f+ g$ ?% A" a( J* N5 L# H
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): {! J, d, T# I* A
`2 }7 H9 F7 e- yManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ j0 I8 ^; ]5 |9 @8 o
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). J& \+ J4 X: s4 Q9 h0 t; \* @
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 l7 P! p& Y/ A1 P/ U ! H( k% t% K" SMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( m8 j. @9 S! `" y2 t! J3 r# T! s! m) h3 X `
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 m& Y7 D: C1 F& n # P2 [ }& ?/ l# T# d6 h5 CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); X4 ]# L2 o$ b7 o9 E1 p% X; B
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 I# D% r" I2 i; _) [. @2 A) c N ], u9 t
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , F! ?+ I, O( i/ E j& A5 B: W* C1 p4 n
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 q4 Q7 d/ B- F: ~* o: t: a" p j5 e, c1 ?- u! f- {对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' ^: e8 H6 I' `% h9 X+ _' p$ R
& e5 h% g; H9 s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; S" p/ V% q+ {& Z1 i
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 ?" L6 Z/ L3 |, I; q A0 j* ~9 a) ?1 N$ b6 S; Q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 Y! [; M9 f" I, Y
2 T% H- K1 y) Q, c至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 R0 y0 V' h; |8 O $ K8 u& d( j! y5 C X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - Q7 N7 H6 a5 L+ _' d& A7 l/ m3 o) p6 h, {; [
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : Q! n; a0 r# b- T/ q8 w6 Q8 u% d