本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 n+ ?) Y2 F5 u, w , t9 O5 J9 q2 t& s$ H& d4 p转帖 ; f# q) F0 u3 u) m" u1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)" O, u2 [" ?& S: k! C7 u2 j1 [
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4 V! A! w2 R4 d* v6 CMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' L6 D+ l3 C: [7 P k. t A9 x, {6 K/ U: h+ R( }. f
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- V+ E) K5 e6 I
7 T+ p& t; g: b- [& k# a; RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); c# v9 s- {* c/ e! E; ?
* Y6 O0 B9 r3 W n' LThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % t# t8 S9 Y9 c- E* l$ i$ \/ M. h/ l
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% w- A8 c, ]# D: E; D; ~8 N! g+ W7 a
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 M. j/ J0 }6 i8 W2 D! ?: C ( I2 R; r0 p# K, N% |$ ~7 mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 g R" K9 D1 N 9 R& Y9 Q L0 DThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 `; J4 @! i; q
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 D4 L4 `) P- X% s; v( j9 j/ ?5 R# U- c
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 Q4 f4 @9 T# P- u' m$ D / ?( D% k) E4 w+ ]$ r9 S# e0 W* O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" `5 m6 u1 A! S& c4 I
* t, b0 T9 t J6 E7 {, b& h, o' R$ k- | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " o1 E" Q$ @; P \2 q/ D% G% u 7 d: h+ ~% w$ q9 e" L9 x6 V例如:( R3 t& A3 `* `) g
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* M0 X m3 C& Y) e9 p- ^7 u
' |" v% C- R4 j) R+ H, w$ \, m! ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - b9 H/ g9 }) ^" H 8 X3 L; s/ Y- e0 _7 sI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' u( y% I, F4 f1 V - A( T) Z, g# u* mHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 @& c5 e: S3 ?- i3 B+ @8 I b$ H q" a
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 X; \, x& D J" j& R1 i8 O6 ]) y
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) U, K: E+ `1 E
- O; H5 g, m! _. C7 C; a$ m4 xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! }& a6 q/ Y+ f" B' r
1 |9 N* D+ g) w% k5 }8 ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - D$ u/ x- t& y7 e3 }" v; M6 w4 k 3 g! k4 g- Q0 H5 f# g' u3 A6 d" mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 P2 e2 v5 b* N; H$ ^3 D
, W' ^1 _1 P1 X2 h1 ? K \The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ g; D, z: h9 B9 a G% b+ k+ L
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 q- V# E" Z* U! Q2 i" k: J
5 ^2 ~4 H- j2 z" M9 E+ H" Z9 MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 Q3 X' ]6 X3 O# S, b& ` 8 e' m2 w, z+ D/ W6 A! ~We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# S1 A; V5 P1 R4 r9 H, [
, o# {1 e7 M( @9 X% aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & D5 a+ w/ G/ [: ~ . @" b1 s$ L, v5 ^写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + f2 M' Z p7 b% u, F( e; {3 _$ n \' X
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 z8 M5 D/ {) y$ O+ z # f9 V+ Z Z3 u8 E, |3 ` - X% ~7 n Y1 @% }& g3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * e8 A4 b) G2 `' J 6 q* Y9 v4 N a# J- }/ m例如: + }8 u: D' E! Z5 f$ C9 o+ e# ^3 B1 K4 b6 [( w/ G0 m& ? A" @
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% f# v* @2 }# K- [7 u3 Q
+ H& b: ^' g. M+ }; c' @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , l% N8 ~. P" D7 d! i& i4 ?, p+ d6 `4 p8 Q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 [. a) g: r* G8 R
1 Z: z" J8 X! D a' D, U4 @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + \. j, m+ y6 l/ G" M S" g8 |5 m6 F: v6 c" M* r! \5 T
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* Q/ L' c, t' W6 R; _, D( ?$ P+ X/ [
+ \0 q$ g ?. ?7 R/ B, xPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" T8 y: |2 O2 M/ x9 ^2 ~$ t
2 p" a( N( n& Z- o1 i, @4 Q0 \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* v7 |9 {9 ]" q% q
H0 f5 {6 ?/ F9 E3 MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + s8 g2 A9 T0 O |& j ! f0 X/ z) ]" [& @% ]8 d% y5 ~! Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 K8 \+ A6 u0 o1 q+ O+ L
0 ?$ N9 [' q% h2 Q6 Q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - b2 P8 Z* d7 U! E- @2 p$ q2 `6 J% M4 p) t. H2 ?+ U
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % h+ d& Y% o0 {6 S5 u, D% a1 c2 X, J v+ J3 U
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; o4 a5 o* x( a/ a
. X0 T2 s' `& R4 w1 c对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 G- _+ C. ]) l) X& f% S* G% n1 S! E6 K
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 M" @1 d0 a* F) @
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, A" X2 q2 t$ q$ \( K
! ^# g V/ W8 D u3 F) n还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , G0 ?8 ]5 `( K) M7 P* `$ J' W; g
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 [; h9 U: J3 A: Y, t. J