; B' g) U7 M3 l! j例如:- }0 i9 `, W. K8 e2 S
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - V2 _. S7 `8 R' o% l/ P5 C / G3 z" G( x! s+ C: O' hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); `, k2 ]7 T+ j/ _" x1 M
" ]/ a, j6 C3 g7 IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ I: s) \! j9 b& f4 v
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 x4 w3 P) B/ I: J
8 z6 O/ I6 Q& e8 P# ]7 H& n& gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" e" ?* \0 t2 _3 q6 R+ Q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 z( M2 v7 `7 v, h 2 e8 H: ^4 m& x, t6 r! AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" P+ n' K8 k: U
r9 b8 G1 L; R& pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 E. ^. `3 ?# B+ E. c" ?7 G* B( J . S' Z% l& [* q2 D# sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / m# n6 s# h, o b6 r: R- p* P, r$ S3 G3 C
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 X/ z* v% E F, w- i, S1 N3 H Y+ M
1 G* p" O# d/ f* c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 b: H. Q! @/ Q$ a- _8 K) T# D3 O/ T) t. ?
; c3 o$ H+ n8 r5 [+ t 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 H! `5 ~4 j( Q" c+ E1 G! ^2 C- q9 u0 Y" [+ r
例如: ' `. {7 {) o+ z0 m" C1 C" z" j 2 }, | u3 C1 u$ E( l, L, L4 dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 Y# D/ V, E1 J) ]8 u( f+ r' z) w- J, \2 W# s
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - W2 _' V5 j' t' `1 P& y( j4 y# b% _( ]# @- U: i
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # W4 C. p" z) |. H: d 2 u9 D1 K, \+ S: S0 m2 u4 eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : K! Z( ~9 l3 W/ ~: M5 g: j/ d% b0 k$ b- Y& Y* N- h
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ t9 L: n: B' O$ L4 n5 a 0 M. C7 g! f; v4 z8 bShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 u5 u" [) ?5 K. g/ d& Q, [
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), _+ O. b& @1 k) F
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 t! |) s0 P8 O; o' @* t& I5 H3 P1 ^7 C+ m1 O2 T( S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " M' i+ J. M/ O; d0 L: n, M, `7 {- K) |
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 y/ c# j7 C) H0 e * b! F9 @/ }/ K; t7 E f4 L' WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 h; S; ?) p8 a1 }% y* r8 S 9 u( N$ c6 h/ z% OHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * {# {! i+ w8 b$ B5 G3 x 5 s2 D( w T7 lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ O& o, f0 l- T
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- E0 ]- z8 Q6 F
( y! A! r; g0 p( }, l2 a" t( Y% P$ X写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 x- y+ p5 v# q; k, H S- S1 l. @9 e) D d
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ n1 d4 x4 o- Z7 G3 U" n3 D
. v/ B+ X& s* p' C, j3 l4 u6 l. A ! R Q E4 q1 Y0 p. j3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 \; l. R# b" K" q" g Y# a 0 {* |' X! o, C0 d, e例如: 3 a3 q* T# D0 z/ \3 F( f8 q) W# E7 M, \4 {- [
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) B+ L- P% p; k6 u0 s; T3 X
- Z- @+ D1 _( o+ H! h) h1 IManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' Y4 l+ [5 \9 ?+ A& B, B8 s2 J: e ' B! |! M" H# @1 xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / ^& O _5 y1 R0 _3 k$ l' l4 w! m8 B2 f
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). W9 r/ ?- X7 t$ v% q
0 H$ O4 a/ |+ r' Q n+ [" {" iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- h/ N w( F# C; J
/ t) j& H7 X6 o$ T0 m! KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) O6 P- f4 A5 V( n
% h/ @& D' p& a' L X9 ?5 A0 OCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % z' L$ {7 u+ y( l3 `/ f& p6 l: c& Y% A4 [+ y: O' [" t
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / x# D; y6 P+ c $ Z2 k! I. G1 S2 B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # D3 k( P+ S, m& u) D 4 O( C4 z4 L7 a2 ]1 V- A1 O当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 s- [) l/ m& ]( m: U! b$ s : I. q1 r( ^6 o7 S5 q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 n. n: g/ Y. n {: E' a {; Q
# ^7 t0 X. G( s! i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 Y! Y2 q6 k& o
1 h8 N( B4 Z3 y( q) T8 d: h对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . u3 ~) O! Q4 m# E' V+ o8 m6 D1 B7 x& d2 R h
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # @/ V7 c3 C6 r2 o! \( `2 I , k+ k8 l. m* r' b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ^+ H& ^: e9 p; X; k
' r+ A) R/ D* o2 k$ q/ Q7 o还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' J$ v8 F' O ]# [; l$ t: u$ ]( t; ]
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( _1 j9 l8 g# r