本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 |& z/ {; Z! Q) L( q : D n* o1 t' \转帖1 d$ Z/ g$ ^ ?
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 T/ G: C. a# z: { |, x
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例如: : g* y+ X7 r" }- M& t# z # c) e( i G3 k+ yMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 o& l9 q; V+ P! F) k8 b! Q4 F7 p" Q
( A* a/ n* ~7 d* W: |7 K$ uThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! w" |. A# P! M2 O+ Z" G( Z+ S' y$ r$ K' H
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)5 V: ~# Q, F) @/ r
9 N/ N* ?$ [( o0 Q, UThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! W- K- ` \) K9 |' u9 [ # R. e# R. o9 D* B3 EI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - H: ` {$ s. N t! i/ t7 F) D1 Z6 v$ @5 u/ T0 \7 h! K
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 r- |# M$ e0 m* Q 0 {# o7 O# m* C% @& J* B' e: oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 J( u* |: o0 N- J7 ^3 ?8 Y# A8 U, q7 X
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) N% P! g( S2 C+ H' Q9 s7 @0 E8 ]- J: S7 s# a3 c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 s7 n8 K; t7 L' B m
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ |+ z# ?4 Q e/ S0 k' h+ K4 j7 j% W
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! N, x* C/ z( z7 l5 `9 o4 O) s
! k8 v0 W( V; t; U9 p3 g5 Y& Q3 d) ^4 Y2 Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % f8 V3 B% }, _5 E. ~ & s- Z ~, M3 j4 X! h例如: 4 ^- G7 _' I! T) Z. p$ _$ M1 c2 u8 @: }( M8 m% C/ E% W
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / f% |+ ?" e) M) C! _8 V; b) c# j; e1 C1 Z' O
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + N" z+ @0 b/ v, ]& Y , t( K9 s, R# M8 M7 d% FI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - K( B' g. b! k$ } ! m$ z2 o: l0 C4 h) xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* [1 T) T+ U! b) c3 Q1 ^8 G0 v+ M9 _
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# O; G' @1 [& i" `% o+ i) V
% m; d; j, m) c" i: UShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& U2 w1 A9 K$ S* P5 b; m+ G
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * E3 \. H) T3 I S9 g2 ]8 o8 f) L2 q0 ^5 Y
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" h$ h3 M+ P$ t+ Z+ }6 _% s* c
: K2 C3 @# |# A$ w9 ^" eThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # a6 N6 @: b, z1 B8 ]9 ~, r) c+ ]# f6 o$ b
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 o0 g. }/ n- ^7 x" X: T 9 i0 s$ g; {# ]5 D2 LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), I S9 {5 o" g
( P4 v0 k. F- _He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' G6 w6 X4 D% W
& Y& \1 H5 {3 E& Q5 `- OWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" {, C1 p; C" d( s
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 c, e& d" @* t0 c7 @, B& z0 P( K3 @9 l# n/ F# L' k
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * @" o8 F3 X8 g2 u4 O 4 c6 d6 E7 F% n* h4 V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. y+ Z8 n0 X; H3 _* ^8 b# _
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! e9 W; C" ~) L' Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 g) X: J# [1 h9 O
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) O' t( C6 s! m6 ?- V6 g( @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& Q$ K- v1 Z. w ~* s
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 d7 J# i3 R; _& M . W# W8 ~2 R6 z( a9 L( m& @* GThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). t& }) ^) @. a/ l" ~% N
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 Y4 c) w' e3 T * }/ X2 [) v- k/ C' m4 uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 m7 U: I* ~4 J; A! O# G 1 E# B" p* y+ i' o% G1 j% cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), ], d3 y- E6 d6 `
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 V; l6 P- s+ R. H! m& S; |# w* }) l/ U- x0 h
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" a7 K. z' ], ]) ]& K0 X7 M
: V. l/ V0 @6 F; [9 p: m$ B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 s& Z0 P4 V. G! ^! ? z/ \; }6 Q7 V2 }& q: E( h
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 w! Z, S& v3 ?% ]+ e, p 1 E* F, T4 t6 t/ M! w对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 b$ E1 z0 u) d g2 {2 S$ a ! ?& T, l: ?3 t A- D对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 O0 ~( \1 V; B 8 b( H- @5 p) K对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - l& @" _% d' q5 K X7 z2 K1 [! E' g) U, b1 y+ @
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! }' ~- w. L. C/ \+ x
5 L1 F8 ]; o# b1 E& b3 r; N' _至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 d* {! V8 y/ s; E* b& N" _. n" [
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 F! p3 N2 Q8 X8 k# m7 u# T5 ~2 ]* q/ T4 T1 q/ }7 s
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( v! f v' u) \+ E8 Y