本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . o) `/ ~$ v: O. r
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 u% O. {) t/ m/ L$ L
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . a3 b# c. i2 j/ B7 o7 e2 Q: @9 \: T4 a, F
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & Z: h u. S1 x# {; n: s" f5 i/ @% p9 t; ~0 ~' Z' R2 r* f
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - M% J- N: d$ K2 z. A8 w J1 `( S: }) D+ `) C: Y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( r! l; r! a' S6 b3 g! k6 R # v5 }: f& g' F# G6 J7 a" gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 ]; p( j3 @' o3 [, q) h/ ~0 k
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" L7 x: D' L5 \4 K8 W- g3 ?
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 L9 P5 ^- M% C4 z* p* K / x: G: B( u# z( S2 ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), ^' ]4 u) v! @/ b# i8 g1 n8 F
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 j& d. _; Q) A" B* U' k) l3 |& E6 ^/ \$ }' z. j+ b3 z* u
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# O/ |: {. M' G* i. R$ \8 T; f' c
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & C0 g+ m2 G2 X/ i + i' F, p6 q8 J: L; k( R( [ & }6 f! |" A# v* {1 p2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 P. M. Y' v) i0 R
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例如: 0 W" x* x) w* W% e* z 8 C ]5 A0 U/ x" q" Y! qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% l$ S3 q3 x2 Q# n+ b
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! j1 ^; x( ], n8 ^; G, }+ p+ J
( h* Q5 k: a* i' w; z5 rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% q+ P6 R6 f' i# E
+ P" v5 T/ Z8 g7 b" eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 T/ J. H; P& K9 @
* ^3 a0 g" m8 Z; o4 K- f+ }( XIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 a: h1 P0 e( ~! g$ f6 N( b ; M/ {: k+ `3 B* V( v5 x/ |" SShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# c0 q6 V. U/ z
( Z u$ M' G a1 {6 ~I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& C4 r8 d" e$ a9 O; X1 N: W
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! K9 |! {2 u: B7 i7 d6 s" G- y
0 q) G; [3 C) | ]5 Y7 l3 OThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) z) a6 g4 g+ j5 f9 {' C. y! V- Z* i) z/ U% V- D
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 l: m* T4 w& V S: ?! z( w3 W) f, A/ I$ L+ i( z z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , v3 U1 h, U& X% W : b Q1 a! k/ v- |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 C) s) ^2 [. R3 M( {* e, _2 C! M
, C H$ G% x, s: l/ L! {. v) AWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , _- M! W7 C! u' p* y! H4 X& D B7 i3 V: Z4 b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( \3 r9 C( D; y1 \
2 T0 I, ^) M- w5 k# B9 x写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! D+ Q1 W2 U! z' B5 _# @3 _ . o$ Y+ z- a' j$ `! l5 d% E此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' ? e% u! z+ b, `% h N3 g9 o! G' ?& G
) P" L- |9 [* y- M) M a1 hMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 A1 h, X% `$ w6 Z3 d% h; c ' e! s! X5 I9 J/ |! eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & \4 \1 ]' q" I0 v' J- ^ 9 P; P- ^- S$ q3 J7 eThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- U, g& A& T5 i, h0 X. [4 X8 p% i
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & q6 I4 l3 g8 R( S* c 7 Z) d! @% D3 \ u4 M6 } lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) B7 B, ]& L% J3 R% @
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 `( _( y) p: j" K' k% |8 I$ E- f& w, E! U
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ j: ]! J: c+ s; ^8 B
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" y7 _, w, P E( i. j
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 u- P! g- g D. R$ L) d* `6 X4 C
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, Z* U- r! W, @' H4 g
. M, G$ E. l3 F' J0 D3 N) T; P对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 U4 h/ `' h' e# e ~8 G5 k
0 ^- P D, Q& x- k4 J" n; d6 J对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 x2 o9 F8 _$ n n
O2 E, Z8 z" k: c对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* j ]) I; Z# f' l8 p- L$ \9 p
' E6 y4 i/ K" ]9 @& n `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" r7 g6 ^. y/ D0 n( I) v5 s
i( h3 X& W, C" w, Q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - e- s1 D! Y: b# B6 X2 Y4 K+ |% V, H7 N # B) ]( c$ J- |# b9 m还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# l8 ^7 e/ l( j* _: }1 k: r7 @
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 A! |+ O+ a9 k- L