本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ]% C, i6 L ~0 C
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 {5 K8 T2 V+ R: l7 u8 j# D) L 2 a3 Q5 |: \* S! g: \5 W7 {例如:! i% O- i z" B' L! E( q: ?; q. W
! }# u% ~7 E( U( c1 @( m1 FMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 Q; o- S9 p' g4 `) \+ ~- E3 m( K. `/ A" [* Z, X. T) Q% i e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' @3 B2 D, M- R/ K8 P& F! _ . B0 a' x* q+ q* y( N: [This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' }3 J" d0 w6 Z* o+ M8 O& n# i+ J8 R7 h1 r. e# E0 \$ Z' T
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 {6 A- g; I2 C* Y3 U
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) \+ y# ^: L! c7 x : b, E, h; [( WMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( o1 G Z5 u# }5 U$ {% C$ X1 p' ^' j1 ~0 Q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 X* W; A0 e6 ^1 f2 ]9 J, }$ i! u# U- {! i
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 F9 d' V, C" N; ^. b' q
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , U3 M+ x V- p' [, F/ z: I8 ~# a- a9 }
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; H$ b9 Z" { F7 a$ @2 @, M h# `/ D% j
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, R& M4 i+ I/ c, B6 M& F! j6 a
% m- \/ C) f$ h8 I ! N) H0 V) G6 l, \" [2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 C: R! l' `: _9 }% v, W/ i4 o
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例如:: a3 t. r$ n" ^
! f; ?0 D5 _9 d) Z: R4 bAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ r o3 ^; ?' Y/ f0 ~; `* @9 d: k
# ^& [/ }% W2 Z& uDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , k' A( X" h# l+ k! @" T" Y8 N. Y" C) D3 B2 h0 ?; I* ?0 g9 U. I; D
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 r9 y6 W5 o% C% F; x5 H5 B
* g# v! C8 d+ g! X( OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! ~* ]. _* S, X 7 p+ E1 _% p6 J5 ?In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). m" C# A! y) x2 |
- } S8 P& U% F xShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : s$ _0 l! x9 m) j; a ! n) d/ U5 f6 y4 PI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): b5 U' W$ b# c& R4 ~
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# t/ ?6 `# d+ m, |) Z4 I
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 r5 z" J$ @& C7 n+ Q5 T o1 l, P1 t1 Y( W @The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). K* N& R7 b3 _ v' [3 ^
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* N1 F( w# ~3 @
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' U) m( v" i) g$ v% r. C
4 c' |' ?- z$ n0 g, t3 v% }* ^: g; uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 R4 X! L! {; D& V; f8 @3 w; G1 S9 \
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 [6 c- N. B$ ~7 p2 O 6 A, ], l! \, j, ^4 L+ ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 k: q# S% t9 s
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " o+ E: l# J3 `; F8 x7 F( b: S' ^3 p# n9 Q* p& c
; M: O! t+ z+ y* V. i7 U% A3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 X& b' k3 l& k% [3 c- |2 X5 O( U. x# D4 W8 j; _' K' G
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- j5 D; N3 x* Z, |5 R
% X3 \! ~5 {* f) A4 w# pManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" S8 `1 G5 m( T2 b' B6 }3 \
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& J0 g- a$ p( w+ O5 q' n5 c
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 s j- I$ N* D2 E( Q% C8 C; O5 [
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! J1 |$ x2 t+ {( R 3 m9 T! V P- t1 B% APolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : E; o0 C3 B: ~: s , U+ G/ Y0 r: b0 ^Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 N4 Z1 ^/ v- F0 t' I- p1 Y, F4 l
6 s0 `5 m/ h- q7 @Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) |0 @. T4 H4 O% k Q/ X/ A4 J. n8 K 9 K, B9 y+ n' d4 p. J* Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 Z& Q6 f$ J" Y% b) c/ ]" ?7 K
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , [0 \8 v/ B+ e/ G9 c- J / |$ G7 {" }( D, S6 X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 3 b- f( ^' o+ {& e2 V6 A3 R3 ^% X$ S8 ~0 E# U" B
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;1 e+ K# ~0 A7 m- L% n1 I/ ~3 R
# L" X; j2 f- @: z; R对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; L: u) h' Z Y+ j1 c' q # C0 n; a6 p/ f$ y( Z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; A$ f4 A, O, k5 Z& n6 U
$ U" O! q$ B4 u8 |$ D+ G至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: R% j1 ? s( d- ~( F
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 G3 ]/ ?& `, V+ r6 ^+ v. F# m, b" ^$ o& [ h& n0 ~, e
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 B6 `. X# w- [! X, a8 `" E! o# Y