本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + R/ _ E) K6 a: O8 U) h$ t
0 D) o6 J" _" l6 ^转帖 . k- s. M6 f# o' k1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! r w+ e- b) N" h
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! i) e4 U8 C( d9 c8 a; j* e
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 ~! a& S9 ~$ o8 c 5 Q: |) E/ Q4 r9 O+ F1 t( g! xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 q* M: y" l& m ' [0 X8 r2 a& m# F1 LThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 Z) y8 U6 j1 m$ D u* ]& ?
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / ^( J2 `* e/ K, @ : k+ K/ I- ^8 w4 Y. K3 _0 MMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 H2 b- d8 u8 h" E' P7 c) b6 g/ Y7 ^
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) x" V$ a- [7 H( r
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 h+ R7 p9 a* Y g5 d2 c0 ~
' n% C- {3 Q5 c: K" ~We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" j y6 q9 V/ G: p- P
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . x) s' e, p% q+ ?# |" _0 h1 K2 o' Y2 @/ w0 j& Z; E
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! x5 d; ^# S- E Z' T0 Q+ o2 s$ F/ d& y
- f( S( c& U( o% P L! {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 J8 w8 U3 E) @3 V& Y8 C7 U1 ?6 Y. k, ?. n U
例如: , m- c" `$ d8 ?, k" T* Q$ \3 j# S$ p , u% H+ j. [9 }; J: ^4 YAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' N- o; C0 I* h1 p3 B& i, e8 y5 {2 B 8 V' q! T8 K5 sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 H& i+ V: {& x. [4 S' o! E
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 v) T3 f7 |9 K; C( W0 t: ~: T) e' H& j0 a5 x! O
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 6 ^$ N6 N6 l- q L' K 4 X5 J! a, f7 G0 E8 hIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 e3 t% t) m2 k& f& } 7 A* u* T5 V$ }2 M; a0 sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 r w7 L% v( ]
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 H# f3 h3 e, h1 Z% Q+ P# B 8 g* }$ s: Q2 O& h: l$ q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- f2 i' e- ?3 e8 P
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 ~. q( R: `) p/ i
I$ Q+ H& V) ~. u3 C; p, J) ^2 mThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 _# d2 s7 {0 [( W6 h, {3 p* C9 ] H) v; Y# @- |! ]
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 @6 O3 c y' ^9 N& s$ n- ]- |
4 l& B! B4 u$ F/ H# E9 `He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& m/ k' Y" j8 _
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# q% l' ~+ V0 O2 W7 e$ V
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- i: H! n" a( y: T- x1 F
/ O) l1 B/ W- Z7 D0 c$ {写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), z# @1 K$ H' r5 G2 b/ Z$ c
* l# m& f5 }( F& }& r/ P9 E9 ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 h8 v9 U7 N v8 H" F8 j1 w' x 7 v0 @' M" p5 z) f; j+ Q6 f6 B0 c, n4 |4 Y8 B n+ M 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 q$ X+ l; o. f; W' ~0 k) \0 Z% r5 `5 }/ n
例如: ; ^( _" n, x! ], k+ h5 D - h8 A& D+ g3 R5 t. v: UMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% p* ~4 b- b. t
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 |, L s" d2 X6 R* M# U, u3 T
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& ^9 {2 S6 y" z3 b
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) h5 x0 e/ V6 K1 a2 a* Q- i+ k: G! V6 l
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 ~+ h+ K9 Z" M4 y$ r: B+ e4 c& Q9 R9 q+ {) c
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) d1 Y6 l5 w; N% @/ v& @
1 s2 W" A# W8 q V2 [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ U- c# b9 \) ?5 Q) {$ P
! f5 H% P. k/ k4 m0 ~! o$ bStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) B+ K0 _3 }0 N$ D2 W, k! c0 w0 T/ ?$ z6 `6 \' x( o$ b7 u
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 w; @3 q% j+ o
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( k1 o( v1 [3 d1 _* ]7 K7 u: y
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) d! P% o% s( e" D + M7 [' X4 w6 v$ L3 K0 z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 v6 I5 p9 H# K+ p2 q# d
# p$ `/ ]$ m' V1 ?7 E对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 e# r: q$ O7 {; k; ~- y7 t6 A
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: O3 B7 o m' ~; D a$ J4 k( z
0 l* L% I$ Y8 Y# U; [- P% N至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' | `9 [$ s* L6 I. }& b7 ]& r: l) N" |
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! s6 {% Q6 ~& T8 `' S9 Q4 B
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - H) N# w& u1 i' U9 f