本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 [$ _4 h" Q" L, g2 M$ _5 @! B/ r. v) z" Z4 ?) l5 W% H$ b0 X 转帖5 D& R2 y1 d' k% h6 S2 h- r" A
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 o9 v6 s# g% l5 o' l
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例如: _1 {' a# E( @, k& |
8 l, D3 P1 e J9 ?4 A& D u2 e3 BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( ~, Z" j2 O9 Y2 U4 _- A7 S: ?+ P% b* ~2 [- `, {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' a( W g3 @6 Z0 ]" G+ d3 d1 M# c3 \! H3 F9 s! p
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). b: _, n5 W% o, [3 A9 Y) n4 m
0 d+ s+ f0 L1 r8 X) n) wThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): Z1 b" F; R5 {* Z
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 j! j8 z# q% {) \4 E* L( \' N5 f
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 i. P$ M9 [1 K# v8 m# [
7 ^3 U# O, e( l" R0 a: g; H9 Z7 N: i( DWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ B4 m+ v7 y) }' ^
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) G, W/ Z( r: O# S9 n " h) d. L4 G" h* r J; t5 `( ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ u7 x) ~! }) ?5 p$ i( K$ Z
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , N3 g/ B; {% `4 z8 {6 E" n$ E6 b6 s; J) E( h t% X
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 f1 X1 Z: f1 l% f2 G
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$ \- A7 M7 G; c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ J' K; H* O* M: i4 V
4 u9 a2 q* [' N1 t9 T例如: - @6 K/ l9 X. n; b7 m# `/ @. a
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 b6 a' ]7 I! H. e9 L' a& n
6 f( o- u% ^6 ?3 T/ i4 e$ }1 oDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" j6 v. @' J2 W$ `$ D. \2 j9 L
. a( \0 p9 V% I! F+ D) d% eI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 J$ p( r! k& l : T5 m, n- v8 @0 v* c* b, kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) @% ]/ q' P8 A. y& y8 p9 A0 J( w t3 }% Z) L
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 [& [# b! D, e6 o% _
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 _7 C) Z6 v3 C7 z3 z; D4 d; C' C% }0 V& L$ F# }& M+ s
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) R5 E$ W p6 Y: [- z4 Q D* L" f2 ?. A* v! e6 |0 N( q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, Q5 S$ \6 o" E; X! A
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! K) I% L1 |' J' X- ?& w* @9 b
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" R9 n% ?- P3 m0 B' X0 x! e& n
8 ]) V( R; h& d% V( xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % o/ b. F) Q Q1 G. y3 `& I+ l7 ]+ ~1 g% X
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( c2 ^, M5 n' ^$ t. b
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; v# W8 L* g* P; S: f 6 W, P( J+ J% D Y7 Z/ K" FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : b6 f k f: ^ - r- o, x! c0 E5 G$ z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; s- }, C Q+ g& z1 g/ V- ~$ E2 J8 K* ~
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 j9 V4 ?! e' N( y/ Q ' v* X2 I) r& v, g1 ~ & d( o( H" A3 U3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 t m, K' G& H2 ?6 U
4 n7 R, _9 g) c; R3 C! g& i3 I例如:* @8 V( G" i1 `2 ?6 k$ V* X
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 [* G/ H, X) p1 s8 R3 c) P% A9 l3 c! C) k7 l. n( v; a: {
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & @& u8 @6 A# R3 g9 `7 E9 z# w8 I) y4 C% ], g- v( O
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); c J, Z- j4 `7 r1 R, p: k. k1 _$ L
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), F& ?7 h( O8 O$ F# ?1 e
6 f, {: U0 j! U( K7 r) uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + c0 }! s% }/ t1 _2 j r$ X5 _ * x& L* ~) D( j( UPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 Z& x0 u8 ?* c" O: H
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - `' H- n/ e1 f! Z# }/ E # A% m% a2 o* v( L: e' b) LStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) o" U/ j- G. r Y8 e
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' R. n, f, v3 L
* f! t7 Y! ^( }7 m Y* i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / e# @, d, l ^$ d; o% L6 a" R2 k. @8 o& L% I
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 M4 `% l1 w4 ? * r/ k' ^' h+ d: E L对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 d0 r, @; }/ H0 k 1 k% b7 K; V; ]2 A9 M" Z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 m: h: a2 w* q$ T4 c4 W" C6 M0 O$ G" ~. m
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % @ ]$ |2 m1 M0 k! ? # L2 ~( M$ N0 B9 g5 Y# t至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" v% y* H! K! ]. E4 K
9 p" r! B* B: Z' z! W) J6 Q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 [* R% `% L# g& F. o1 {9 J( L$ u/ g+ S8 L3 b( x
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 P9 `' H( ~) H& ?