本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 ?0 H3 Y4 E; F* z $ \" M1 Q8 c& E Y转帖# P* a4 E* v y# ]' A
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 @9 K8 Q/ m8 \ X$ K, [; d 5 h f+ r& O: \" j% I例如: - G7 O) S- ^. _' d; s5 ~$ }2 [7 x: U9 N& _
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 K5 y% F" t6 \. k t: j1 K+ M! l4 v# B7 p, u% Z( ]
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), |$ S2 P7 l9 _7 L
! ~; G/ ]' D7 b4 }; i$ wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! Q) u7 y2 e' b( D
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 t8 _0 f. V3 e" s( N# D
7 w8 @. b$ A' s+ D' t4 A. x# CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' C/ v2 @; x4 E% a6 j/ w5 ^- |
3 i+ q k/ a. D: uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 a: O0 |0 R/ x# A6 S' y( W/ G* f4 l$ c
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! V; G( {6 Y) n1 e2 ?, `) `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 G$ k* c7 e# t P, k5 a i1 D6 x0 v/ }8 I# ?* q Z( k
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # r4 Q* d; r/ p* P- d* G 5 C0 D. ^1 |* BPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - N& n" w5 ?3 ?, b" F6 ~. T 3 u4 q+ f) H: H. X; \9 i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 U1 i% M! Y. Z w 1 N1 H# B- }! r; J0 U G) j; f% G 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 Q+ v- I! _0 V( Q
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例如:9 H( z0 p" ~* V, r4 B
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 b/ w Q! x" S2 ^ + O Y- E% Q2 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ?: U3 y$ T) k; P- t
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 b' m# }8 O. Q6 ~, Y; g# T
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% ^7 u& p+ x% ?3 T
% x' b/ V, W. Z! l( j& rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* E0 ~- x& m; \1 y: F
3 e, i C1 L. t# `! ^5 l0 M& oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 `- z4 c# l- m- m8 b2 H) ~) H! j/ S- M7 R" ~' E0 V) P
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . \# J3 [' H; l. \ \! W- l( o9 d1 s7 R/ e, c7 h* m O
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 Q. r7 C+ [% i: X( q/ G8 ]3 M5 Q, H9 ~2 R. f
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); s0 | L% g9 I+ L
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + B, K( g( J! r& {& I. w 1 A& h( I- A' f8 P, m$ u4 dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 [8 T% l7 @8 k2 K6 A/ c* e
0 U' j. q n0 `4 v: |) ~" V6 w( IHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 C. H0 _( @" l) u/ C: ?/ f2 U4 K- n9 Y" A }- J4 s w# V
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 e1 l# }% e# t" M. D
7 y. T1 f: }" t' G3 E7 l/ |! i% e4 SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 W1 y% K- d7 i4 N
0 q( H' s# }6 O1 \- N* R' M9 G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 V5 u! i( J3 C T, T! R8 e* V+ ]3 b8 L* x |3 C
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 u( M7 C4 |# r6 S1 q
' b) P( l! V0 v, T9 y9 R4 Y+ c4 {8 v) v' e0 J% c* r( E- v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 f- Q) e& O0 M9 J. ] $ O/ S6 l4 z6 f! _: X C例如: 1 L6 [ H- w4 W* y $ Z# K5 |2 H- i u# R: F, Y( qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / M& X# A' Q; K9 ^2 m' `# I: x1 d6 k0 D2 K* h0 N7 M
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( z2 X4 j0 h3 H$ }9 }; P2 K$ I9 t # { H" I, y8 a: c% vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ U. v: B4 ?, W" j- y, s
, b b/ n5 q* p$ W7 NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 s: u% w+ p" W# }" R' ]: s# s0 _, E* Q0 y9 t" Y# I3 T
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 g) D- E! S. \0 n
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 d$ z+ Y6 B8 m. [ 4 y1 f& `& f" R- c/ ~Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 m9 M7 W8 ]% X z0 `- f' `3 [- c0 @$ r0 ^! p1 X
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). N% \7 z/ s3 _' L0 t, k1 |
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' r. _$ R4 u8 [- C0 @' c