本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # U% G( u+ h6 O/ ?, j5 r' L 5 p8 a4 F, m% N" K转帖8 m+ q& z: O) W3 D
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 C' f9 |5 `& q: `: z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); i. `; i0 p7 x
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / ?- N0 M6 R! r, R" v/ w* i7 q* @# y! ~6 W% Y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ I6 ~3 m+ R% l% G9 c0 p- b, M! ] ( p( ~! p& Z% B) W+ p/ }! P9 ]5 H5 BThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)& S2 g3 a. p6 l: U: `2 w
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ o B5 v- ]! E5 \
* G3 e' G1 u6 Z- y' d- pMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) k: w( t. E( i% @ $ @' z+ K& F6 v" g* W/ hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); k8 L) _& s( Q; | |
- R( x" J+ H0 t% S. OThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). c3 w. z+ w& X$ }) A' y0 [8 ^
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# ]/ ^* v) ?2 G& r; ]2 G
6 F w" R4 b4 u3 q0 cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( d" P- \4 z# _5 _ 3 Q0 M- P. C- r `6 D( o, h4 a这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 G# o, h9 d" b6 n y$ l5 S" a- T" }( r$ C) m0 C8 S/ P# A' i
4 ^! Y8 w4 a) K! J2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 U, b8 h1 K! |' {' ]- y
7 V" F- e, ` [% O5 j/ d. x例如:" `1 O8 x. G% |! H& o9 H
* z- ~8 x) [0 j+ f' z! LAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 z7 b- P2 y# e: t
$ Z+ A0 @% v- v/ Z$ D/ ^, R" [* IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) l' j \+ k P
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 O# \( \( K" U+ G b
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 g! V3 o' U* H' X9 u 7 [$ N% G& ?3 n6 JIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % w9 a' Y( I+ ^6 V! w0 V6 D% }
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & }; X' S6 |+ T; D( L- F! u& u5 l, L2 e0 b
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 d a1 x7 G* I2 G! ]3 C+ W 8 r$ ]) F/ ?1 S0 U+ ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: v0 g0 I2 p' R" i9 m! G% j- U* K( j
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % z' V3 x) E! g" j. F 5 b/ y& i% ~5 A# ]+ L6 AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! I- ^& l# }' t. X
( s, _) E) e q4 SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - l6 w' c; u# k3 T, R7 I6 w6 L' t
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 O, Y! A5 ?, ^
4 B& K# W' k9 |$ y$ UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 i' m7 o4 i" G1 t& ?+ S
& I5 B( C+ V; n) {0 UEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# F) I/ c/ T7 { s
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! D$ [/ l6 n/ g6 t. O/ U: y% L2 q
8 L4 n) s& y8 |7 ]' X' L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ Z" b8 F: f/ c2 Q- b, R9 c
9 ?8 t% s3 Y3 [7 p/ H8 r8 y) @5 t- i# F& k1 f9 A. v+ @( S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / C' }6 c7 T1 |9 [ ( G9 H2 D: `* Q8 A# D例如: 2 ^# |9 b1 h1 c# r X( U 1 h, i. M. A4 G. D+ a: h& u8 ?# f. C2 sMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- L) H D& V7 ?& M7 t! [7 V0 Y8 d
1 W V; b: P5 X+ Z" M1 ~/ |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & W K' X3 u* A- y- W8 |/ C3 u3 ^+ w2 M
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( s1 v0 ~, j! |# g4 p$ W5 c, V P8 x ; f- `1 d7 C5 p& C: |7 f4 LHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 Q/ O: R1 N7 `$ M& [ 4 _8 T# N+ ?0 [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 P+ _. a1 L x0 ~+ [( z " _- g0 d, q' h6 KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 |# Q# D% q3 h
3 J* h5 K2 x3 tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / G" W" a) q6 H3 |! I/ H4 P# u, T0 a1 M/ l
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- W+ y+ U5 ~- X1 Q. C8 ~& I# Q