2 ^3 }+ o) @5 S! E6 zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 G, f$ t2 j+ G6 O( }5 Y
7 g5 P" N7 H) D9 B# t# R& k8 [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" ^/ ?1 }( T& _' B
: X0 \, `; E9 o* G2 ?) rThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- A f! x) a1 q: s
, `5 C8 V9 _3 o5 ] \ t7 sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% x* x6 n5 r; w" `, W
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) o* E0 Y; u# y5 ~6 G, H, V
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); F- p9 n$ m) Y! R
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 ] T" g6 J! J+ ~9 y9 R
3 Y- P8 [" s- OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) t6 _2 ~" L6 k: X) j$ _- ^
/ S9 ]5 H# Y* DPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( E0 N% x( Q3 e, n9 g( ], _ # v8 X# F' M: D2 g! z1 q/ n% H2 Q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 a7 w* c0 K" a% ~* ~3 t4 m6 y+ n( t3 i6 z; ?8 \4 F2 A
6 t( E9 k% Q, ?6 _0 w9 j* W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* ?3 C8 \# J+ y% e
6 \* V: [5 _5 r; }7 c例如:/ S% b0 V: N& c5 p# O
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " G3 | k3 r9 F5 J l4 O " y- ~# o' g1 Z- HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# ?8 V7 Q- {+ h; ]! ]
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) g% _! D+ g$ M. ^6 y" {
) m% J4 T. b( t: gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- S- p1 S R5 u
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): n' c+ X+ M* |" [) E2 o
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% b, ]# J7 S% i
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : f& w8 h! i* i- }5 e8 s7 ^: [ d, Y ; m" z/ E5 z( A/ v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : S+ Z. A8 @: n" ~5 z7 _; A # a" i& c" X3 h6 i* |, \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) j* y: n& ]% v7 f 8 e6 T; @ Q$ w* Q. C4 [/ d# |The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # i* r, K# |; F* d: p( @* S1 Y 4 Q9 @2 G8 j* x3 p% l s2 hHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 [3 }9 T5 K- U2 Y$ e0 l' h9 h0 i5 Q! L
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! W2 C6 d( n r( X4 \8 _4 c
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): i* f C. y' T4 Z+ o
$ }( d/ F9 Z' A# O5 b$ LEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ! B% m+ p& r, i( K3 @; U( J( F2 s' _5 r4 t. X6 q" s+ t, R) h
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % w* J/ { b* d- T: q ! f1 b: e9 y; j8 u1 r' I! G7 p此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: R' @* N; t: _ x7 g
3 H1 L1 k1 p( c7 I8 c4 M " J. w0 f+ h6 J# W9 p& ]8 N3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 R7 p. m( M3 G3 H
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 X" G; D0 ]/ O/ p- e$ h6 C `' k. W0 p
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 \' \5 ?5 w2 J: r$ } , X& _( q8 B4 M+ S; OThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 n" f8 y7 R; _0 t( B9 U% Z5 {8 z7 b! G' y2 e& [, d2 s# G x- E
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , Y8 x$ `/ _ i& G" _. B% g1 {9 r% q/ u0 y. `
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& k" z# H8 e8 k- ]2 ~
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & [5 `, O& [: h7 F! }- b 8 k9 I) `2 t2 h7 d$ @& E* ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ U: @& @1 R5 h: ]; z& a9 ` l( ^0 M4 z9 Y0 H9 @1 DStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # g7 C6 a3 y2 E8 Y( L" D+ t 5 b$ e2 C. ]5 `. H ^6 y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & |0 ~; d2 N9 x6 o9 N( } G& Y 0 D0 w- Z% P5 j, j8 B. D- g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ `0 h) S; l( B" o6 D7 Z0 k
9 M' u0 D* L! k. }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; e5 S+ q' u7 O # ]8 ?3 Y- A7 A) b; ~对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! c. {+ X% G8 j; C/ a/ ` 7 R) Y7 ~' ~5 O对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( X+ i) [9 o2 S% P! B
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 B3 r; [( d5 S6 e* b3 W ' D) x8 k9 A& w至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( R: c3 f0 j3 `, f2 x
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. u% D2 `. Z9 \+ ]& d, d+ g6 w5 G
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& J- Y3 q& W* h4 Y" M