( |8 e1 a* \' S2 ?( l7 b8 GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 p; r1 l! o6 a5 u0 H% c! A0 B4 _" [2 b; d* j$ u+ g# _5 ~$ ?
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( _$ O: A9 A% N0 D, R
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . u/ E8 n' Q& S! J7 C$ z8 e2 m5 a4 a5 Z2 F& {# g
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 J4 F+ j) q3 Q4 }9 L+ w
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! T/ d5 L$ h/ t# O
. D$ [; x2 q/ u: H$ ], tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! a9 I& x ~+ x- y
2 r% o% ~ m; y- O! GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , \" q/ {' }1 W- R4 u3 M7 u* G! H3 G3 B3 Z+ o" V4 G
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 p4 K: o$ E$ s7 H6 h/ W7 M! i+ k9 d& j! D1 y5 l: Z
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % H% ?! r% z p$ m & [# e5 [( m& J5 Z# uPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + {7 r: Q9 K7 S2 i* P7 y1 N : ]. s$ _3 [6 @1 a* p# n# x! ~' r这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 Y/ m1 q8 t0 Y
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# A. _/ V2 C# U2 n Z$ ]8 D! E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 T$ M& x `, T5 W, u) A& W / ~) ^5 y; d X$ f例如: $ m) @+ _5 N, ]0 S- X ) W) F; F8 S/ G( |# k& c }At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) ~& d7 x: d" u |! ~7 E0 X2 o, u8 n q! @' p; p3 l
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 J& |8 g' m x/ D9 g
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , @& m& I0 c: K) d9 m n8 P$ h0 ?# t5 h3 c2 `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 j% ~4 B& a1 F# E" N
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- K3 n) C0 x* V5 L
" C- k: H4 V& Z4 _3 b* M$ ~* jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ M0 y7 F( L# B1 N- y& E3 b0 _" ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# v( ^$ v: r/ b& n! m" s6 c" t* z
0 D0 O+ Y& F) Z( j( F: I4 P, J6 F8 v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / C* z b' {' l( H B 9 Q; ?: f2 {1 c' g+ j9 ?' LThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): E% D. C- k0 _- Z* z/ [
0 |9 t2 g# |! F2 pThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 Z- F! |1 w6 s& J* ?, E/ ?
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % l5 [5 Y r+ G8 E* Z& v( Y9 i- X. Z8 l8 I
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 U. S" S) @8 O# z9 C
m9 U1 z8 r5 U8 n$ \We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) r% N/ C4 D) B* [ d" _" w4 b. Z, j; f1 {
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , B; y4 I. x/ J 4 Q o$ l+ l2 {写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 |) R+ Z( D& _+ u
5 E" O0 l: M& y# w" j2 ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" ^1 @; d9 p# N3 ~, Y9 q) v% K
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3 \: J+ D# u" e% p9 p 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( t0 ^8 z, Z+ Y$ Z2 d
@9 N3 N# Z6 ?, W: [& \ r例如: & S3 @- U% I5 Y8 ]( P4 m! Q. n& ^1 g" i2 y2 W
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) u: L/ P7 e& |) N6 A: x
5 N z' G, O# Y* zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). o4 q3 I& z- {- o# `
/ K; l6 r# y' h3 F6 \6 `5 F7 S5 M8 A0 Y$ UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 d6 k0 |7 r% I; u9 u; A1 P, {/ L& r! t( h+ Q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # W5 i7 w) L9 l3 x# ^$ s. c# U( r! n/ x9 J. R9 Q/ r. n
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! ^ s( R, U6 M 6 `* q$ I% X' b8 rPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 O/ Z' b( l$ a0 k5 g! k$ q 7 u6 _! i& h6 b" g+ M: r# s& VCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! {1 f9 v8 n) ~5 F2 i b
# C. I. _5 z$ c* s4 j/ lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 M( Q* x8 u) V1 X3 P0 o 4 |( j! \0 {7 X$ I7 x同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- n5 h1 K& B5 _- |# I$ b6 @
9 J2 `5 { A- x( H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 M" I9 ` J$ x) G v " Y, D9 |* b) Y; Z1 E9 {. T. w对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 Y: U5 f; X I7 W
" t0 P$ \0 q; W" x3 S/ Z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, K0 p. D+ `6 I
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & G; D- {, ^" A: t/ ?8 T 8 K" F% c# M: E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # t. m: \* P0 z1 G: J* E I4 q* q! f K6 e至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 r- J# w9 v5 D" `' e
5 y8 @) |) ?2 B! o/ ]5 X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ) j* W2 L9 |: _3 }! f+ |& k 8 ~' i4 ]: x/ B. A. d有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 P. O4 q1 `0 r3 T