本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 C+ P; K* r( U& X/ M0 b # h! S& X, I8 j' s" m: N转帖 9 l/ S3 i: i4 C- l1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), Z# X. m4 b4 R3 T6 v; }% D
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 j1 O. x% n/ L( h4 |8 S7 L1 N9 o3 s& |8 t$ X
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 R/ @- y/ f& ^; ]! X" Z- q' x* e0 ]: o, L) b
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 p% t# S' H w: O8 V: J
" _. R4 c9 D* {, o R$ e% FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 c! O$ |& W& B/ ]
0 j+ e7 A4 t1 p" W% F/ B ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* V' o4 a5 w, c0 C/ X
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 `& c. K% {) f/ P6 F( B- w
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); `; ~- w7 |5 f" l# }6 @
4 m$ a. |4 u) U2 k7 E. @, t- ]: Y0 qThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 A V9 B# X2 K$ K+ q( N {3 ^' c3 f0 c8 x: X
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( ?' e( d% U8 y7 y. N 6 j! a( |# x: d, ~- c5 rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- V4 `" t; y; y! j( [# B2 Q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# I& K( x9 k: N
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& \- |# i8 ?: [2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ R4 H4 [9 U( l$ n2 {$ n4 ~" N
- d6 d' H8 ^& t) h例如: 3 u' E6 V- X8 P% U4 u. Y9 p7 |5 S, e9 K0 x7 E" L) c: g
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & a) U8 p5 s2 C: S8 r4 _2 l* `3 X1 W8 O
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# L3 y2 A3 B& ?4 w& E% O
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ y8 t- }& }2 g ! u$ I* L1 Z6 f. g5 _0 zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 i) U, V) f; \/ T$ C - X& L, @) z! [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 E- k3 t, x* x# l
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 b& g+ ~. j6 D
) J! Q" J# {1 V3 [0 C PI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - G5 R9 y/ U# j7 W4 ~ & a& l# g G# K0 U如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * `& p1 ]& H g3 m9 A! X/ S& ~: ^& X |1 s( {8 r
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 A# L( v6 i/ [6 a
8 ^7 [5 b, O2 h/ t' h3 K( O/ lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 F; }# ^6 j' s+ w: ?% @, h, _8 |3 ?! H8 {& ~/ B; f
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # e# T2 N. R5 N2 [% d4 @ + T! C" C3 T0 [$ KHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( k/ e' D! r# _; k" i+ L, I
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( A5 P* W2 M$ o- S% a" ]+ j* F4 Q2 Z5 |* ^% @" o: f1 A9 F
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + U) b& Y; M4 s& l3 s9 w 9 r( i* G" r$ _) J, ~写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 }5 q- F# c+ ~# r' k7 \* Z4 L9 g2 g/ l5 {4 i% E
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ ?% T$ Q) A4 c& r. b* }6 I
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: A* {' r/ t! r2 | |$ u- _0 k2 B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; A; }8 H" ?. v% S1 w
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例如: % D: N+ P. o8 w/ Q" | 8 \7 t# _" i2 x$ p P, E" W( JMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & u4 a* ^: L Z& B! Y2 H7 Y2 t, o( R+ O2 w& n: P! B
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 W" o; r* U) Z8 k% V* X3 j2 o3 [
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 O- ~+ ^- f5 X5 F8 f. I! h. |9 x3 Q9 z' B) z. h- O: G) f6 y. f
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), z; m" Z5 ]) g# ^: d
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 g3 w4 ~0 K. l& Q2 u3 _ " W% y4 a1 q" r, z5 u# b4 B! iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( d/ V1 T9 \% d3 O/ u
, e; g4 p+ ]2 d) k# k8 t8 vCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 m% h3 [1 X8 J/ x9 b
/ b. }" w, k% }3 Q( }6 jStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " h! G$ Q B: M3 [ 5 b3 a3 ^' R# h同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( V) R# L* t5 f1 _- t , \# W; T7 Z, D- t当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ U! y0 ?; D. O) z3 n , W: ~9 u3 g0 Y0 c8 [4 ^6 N对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; u( V* ?+ n8 \0 I. ]! m4 V
, S7 O ^" C5 p% Q% |对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . D1 ^& N2 x7 f( Y- R0 y* I0 u: i6 s) d n- K
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ g0 z% I% Z5 k0 n0 h