本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 N% \/ @! w% C6 p$ B& {! x8 L( J' ?" Z3 Y 转帖 ! |: j% p$ s8 q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 P9 J& z1 H- q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . o7 X7 B& r$ ~. y' |6 ? z' Q& Y3 N) F- Q a6 g3 d6 l, N$ H% c; q* ?
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% `: S/ _$ P5 q/ o& q' g2 z
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - P8 q( {! @, J7 f/ X$ \- z2 ?# j6 b7 x" O; J% A3 L h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 \0 i5 C6 Q. H) e: l" n0 `1 x6 Z4 S# d
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" t S! R5 K; j% A' w
& v) n( Z* h' m; e* a1 b) }7 M. u2 SMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : Z4 J) T- I& A( x5 I4 V' n 4 ]& H. @) @+ S. V6 {! v& r$ fWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 f$ ~- l7 w5 P& p1 a7 R: a
6 K/ P* l* L2 F, AThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 s% q" F( r. L' p( l p: ~8 o1 u* O& I! [+ J6 x- D
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 u: V4 M2 y3 u6 G! ]+ \9 E- W) y & s9 p @( G2 H; BPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 V6 f0 c9 b Y6 a! I1 y# V9 F ! ~5 z8 K: J, ^( A1 T这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . C( x- y" H0 I0 F+ O. j0 `1 M: P9 i4 c
7 Z6 p6 z |, L- c* C+ s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; {% {( B! U. r4 I% ?* h) S
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 P& Q: Q4 q: Z . Q* S! p5 L$ q) L1 j! V1 CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). p% D! d, J5 O! M0 o- W
" u" t# n3 t, c+ { u& NI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # q( p( V7 ~/ r7 S/ t" X* s* O6 Z1 M( d+ L
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ @1 ^" d! I8 ]! f% E' r
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 C# b" p u; V% s5 f6 g% b
3 T$ m6 c, |2 s6 t. W8 UShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , {, P% S, |, b1 g/ O% w$ k . r, e9 `2 a3 [4 e0 I# B) OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# U1 G1 h" h1 ~% H O
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; @# N; H# ^3 [6 Z5 k
8 p! K! C/ u( d) J% B% x5 C" [2 ZThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* a9 { B) ~; I7 B8 J" `8 m
/ o4 P" ?$ d6 Q( R8 w! CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 h( H- g. Z, I/ h9 V
y! A5 g- f) RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / _, d" q. j- i4 D: ^- s4 X4 ?/ m# N: C+ n/ `" Z
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ l' \$ D4 t* x1 P
- z8 Z! r6 ~$ ^$ e+ f0 ]- e+ g. MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ l( x( W" |1 q+ d) ^! b* P+ E8 ?! M1 L$ Y5 d# R( a# ~) ?
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - g; E' J9 ~& l* l 3 n6 ~8 |' }$ r5 t" \4 N$ G% K写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) n+ z* ]% R f( s; o$ }! F
; m5 M; j" q+ m4 s) |此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % ]# i) A$ _% L1 t; w: B; P , V [) v! n4 P( c 0 `# f, w) y3 D2 k" Y5 M2 \3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% B+ s! t3 b0 [; ~8 b
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 S0 i) g, y. [8 ^+ ]: C- i; n ! i9 J* s* y. h" ]+ ^Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( i, K% v( W+ M
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # n- ]4 {' r' z9 D% e# X * v3 Z x* v! i1 ~He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! f; U1 ]8 c& z1 k
% A( C8 x7 }0 E$ H8 KMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : [0 H# H2 M1 l' c' r " A. |7 b' C& g! T7 ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : s! L( l3 w K+ [& _ M# i& B. D! z% y/ r% `9 M& Y0 G L
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% j5 M7 A" [& t" z9 {
2 I' s' A$ H3 B% {2 KStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) i9 C5 G1 r' H4 M" c9 z) L7 l, W" Z4 R2 O# f3 T1 S! N$ r1 a$ K
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & [) V( t) X4 M5 u+ W4 F+ W9 q# d1 Q' U8 k+ E/ D H' i
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 ~0 }* H/ R# I2 U9 N3 E- J/ }0 L- {3 p1 h! V2 [/ l6 Q- t U& C( h
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 L% n+ }$ o! w: O
' D d; T; y9 r+ F! k1 U3 e* g- ~对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % `& j% s% [; @: K) C" E3 o1 Y. L6 C , S4 s" j" j: u. B对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) l% X0 w# Z5 F1 ~% p ) P" d% v8 `9 p1 `. y) Z r对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: G4 l# \ ~! j( L6 c
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + @4 W6 }8 [" r! ~+ L& Q 5 D E9 Y- Y) \: h9 Q- Q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / c6 t$ A9 P& M y! Z ) V- q h4 H9 b* _+ i) N8 G有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ s3 L* x! |( f# R n9 I