本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 b% B6 o" i5 j6 r: Z3 Y
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 q. b y3 f6 o5 Y$ t0 @0 ~4 q: Q3 B; r/ q; Q: R3 q& A
例如: & Q ?- J; |6 X6 ^! T 2 V4 O1 E) y8 W; D& Y# AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; g5 L j& N( }) B6 ] |7 J) n; T- v( MThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , | J) Y: c$ }% X! S5 L3 P 8 ]+ N5 G% ?) ^0 i3 L, gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - F1 S- v, E1 q* g 3 F" j' B8 ~! U% |% FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( p9 g/ u: u4 T5 K/ v1 { 6 n' u# t$ z" Q8 q ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; D0 S7 Q n( }. b/ \6 j; Y d# n+ W$ g/ e% s+ n7 X. [
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# w( l R7 S- ^2 [. I
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 |- m+ b; e/ o: Y) T. t# H0 C. {& k- p! S: H* Q6 x6 {* Q) T: ]# O0 d
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # o, m; B. Q$ [1 v4 o - s! E: Q, _# X* AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 J1 v" e) L; U/ x
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' j3 w7 g h+ J& G8 |6 Q% s: Q; ], ~ B2 q- |4 q* G
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : F2 g4 S3 J/ F, G; y! {* ~# S) x3 i$ i( H/ h8 h+ z
) _' a" t3 ^# @& j; z$ u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ B( \- a, g0 r) T
6 x+ h. u, R w- O/ E: j/ i例如: 2 y' F; {5 \2 r" V# ~: c |: Q% s! x x# X( @0 e7 ~: C+ j
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % h) a L1 }, L, U) S8 F0 ^; r9 j; \9 b9 D* J
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 Q) S2 `: w; C; Q
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). ?+ `6 O/ c+ B
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 K, q) a2 i- ?3 N$ T6 y% w 5 K$ q( P. y. G0 U. q0 ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), j B/ q8 I# u* l& m
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 E+ n5 d u) N# v" E
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' G+ x8 n; I+ O, y" ?: e0 }, C7 Q ! J' L! ? c. m0 z2 h& {+ y6 [如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. V7 U, q8 ~3 m$ J5 l% R
`0 f5 l; j. E1 C3 [( \: iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! V. d* ^2 `2 H0 c9 ?
/ S# I3 F0 l& K3 z5 m3 gThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) w( }8 }* V0 b% C : G2 M1 m- L, i% w0 T8 }He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & b$ I5 C' F$ w$ g; k2 |9 l1 D( f2 r6 R9 f" [; w& m8 u- B
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ Z" I! S8 I0 a1 Z- h4 h; ]# Q9 m* v$ ]8 o
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! O* r3 G+ |+ G, B+ q& h
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 U( o6 X% F: S4 c2 v+ t
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ n) \) m: |. S+ b* w9 M5 g! O$ R" o4 F, z) J6 Z! E1 j3 ?- [7 _% W, ]
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- J# l' a& `8 i" y' B, z
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, s* ]" G8 H, w9 q3 xMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& R/ g. `: M9 T6 G
4 D5 g" F$ {+ w# e$ a. m# f6 v( iManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% c, e$ o, I: b5 ]. z; _: S
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# D& i5 V! ^* t4 j
! l( Z3 _2 ?7 l& p( r6 S5 a5 HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : }- `& n( k! }# h ' r* O- {2 V) ]# p' eMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 i+ R7 s- }% s# k4 @' u- d$ W: N5 j
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) o' \- j8 K" h. z# D6 j; }; {8 k* Y5 r7 w4 f* x: s
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - S; I$ c' j% j8 F0 d, s3 ?' t. N* F- X% A0 ~- p
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . f5 d) l9 ?! R! N, d ! w1 _2 m4 B$ w5 Z0 L9 l4 G1 h* _/ S. v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " W2 y- _- ?1 j& m c% `$ y/ Q) F# \- K! E4 `& y" R+ u
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* o. K$ Y4 L+ T+ j$ V0 X
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * @. D1 }: z* A3 R: x , |+ Z* p. k' ^! r4 O6 ~2 ?对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 V+ ~1 t2 M& d u- d& N! { 7 q- @ F O) {) X( m0 h对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 E) [& i5 I f Y' m1 ?% X
% O+ k% {- G5 |7 n3 |1 e5 k7 @; W对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ u7 z$ m# A7 g# r- P) k- g; z/ e9 [3 d2 ]! [1 b m4 d
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 ?9 O1 N' v# e, }/ ]( q9 U
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " \4 t( D( s+ N& t( ^, P! z0 m7 `& C- A7 |; C
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' u5 q% i4 A" s( l _6 d! i' T