本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 O! H8 X1 x2 b7 b, T) w/ x8 h
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 0 ]" P8 w5 k8 z& E1 t - _ u( ?) T# t7 W例如: 5 H2 Z6 a/ ]+ b) `7 ^3 U* ^! _; w' ` B1 |- v$ h4 B# m3 l* L
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 J1 v, s5 P+ U& W% y) \3 f4 \- q9 J( u+ f( y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): x& Y3 ]2 o* D* L
. K5 X7 \5 r8 y; z$ }6 [9 l; `4 T) Z' xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & `% O; E# n* _; w3 a6 a6 [8 X* r$ g# l: e) g5 u0 |! d8 ~. i- o1 Q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 v) M! J+ i* p4 g1 I/ e0 N6 B6 {$ Z / S3 ^; y3 q( B2 A$ n4 H# y0 z ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 f: g, Y' p s+ S t; M" U 1 i$ v" R5 K, C: q1 KMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , _& }( r4 O% [$ _3 a \1 _3 _6 u7 \2 B% \4 f6 d5 m! H4 C/ X
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : F$ n( y x. o) P/ {* B 5 L: n- d2 x5 B2 i# q8 X6 j2 ?0 vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' p4 m% j- j3 f1 d ]/ u
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! R, Z+ K+ p5 ~7 |6 r4 y & i/ {* D; y- |+ @: A7 e7 o! G8 yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& i3 p* I9 _7 B& j, G
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . u7 V3 l) a. W* i8 [. I' X! P6 n! z* q X' j9 Z. r& {
2 V- l& M' i" U) K, P2 |. E 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( f2 B/ j/ @: \' R3 r9 |! W$ n5 S& P" S . p }% a" p, l& r1 U5 \/ f0 u" K例如: ) _# V& v; J4 s" k1 ?, A3 z- |. r8 F( u- a* u! r
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - D! c. E5 t$ {2 P % ]6 O$ X; U4 T6 u; pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 t+ n8 D. A/ e1 R/ Z * e1 h6 i/ T7 U( X4 hI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; D3 Z: ?9 y2 ?$ M / \8 \& I6 d# F! `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' t0 Z0 q# a, Y ! j+ V/ H0 ?; ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + b' ~) u/ d: ?. u. w( X0 t% _9 E( A4 ~1 ~
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) J/ l" |- M6 l9 a' j 2 ^0 W% E% Q* M) G- QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * e- {0 R% i) ^, S0 h X% b' ~* o* d7 ]' ?) ^) k+ _$ b
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 H; F6 T8 h$ z7 w2 d- _
; p( N, m0 y, L- E: m, ~; ]2 KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 x i/ |( l) q9 O& e+ D " M# I4 B2 V9 ?* P0 l7 {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; a* f& ]! X; c7 y3 C 4 y1 m p( D- Z) h/ Q* cHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). y F4 R- J; u# R- J0 b
3 j0 s9 d9 f) ^9 SHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& i0 i6 v( R" r4 X$ e7 e
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / l0 F& s+ W( N & a' b3 B' l5 k2 l/ B7 ^7 v2 @( F+ H5 MEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ r6 Q- i9 s6 p, k1 G " \. u$ e, o* `+ y/ W( x8 G4 @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 m; p7 |2 F; T5 R8 \
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ P- ^# h4 O( _ j# W4 S* }
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" U" h; X- ~4 Z( X7 ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 h' g3 `' t ^# p$ @: M4 i
4 \# V' h: q* {; J; t例如:/ M0 X5 k- I8 @6 p; @
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" m1 E( o: U) d/ h. R$ D
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 W6 S% Y4 [& m! b# {6 U+ N* B! @4 b5 K. v1 d7 i1 Q# ]3 E& S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , `9 F1 G: u, G3 @7 I: F) i; ?9 e v + f- u2 l( M, cHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) F" U2 z, z! b. e; } , c5 X) E* _( s* X# e% uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 N" D! n4 U( }2 t' M8 @$ |" a! x
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 R4 L4 n. V* T2 c% K6 N% ]- T: B+ X/ r
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ a _. ]* J: I5 j: F4 V E$ J* K8 p* `5 C! g
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( ?0 }3 R0 J% ~" d3 W
. l9 d9 X2 H+ e; V" }6 E9 }: i% r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 J2 |/ e+ G- }! k/ b4 q- b( d( X
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! L0 N' x: b5 K+ _* p, X
X: K3 M2 T7 ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , P0 q& n% j1 l0 r4 r# R# }3 ], h- i
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, R" ~" z+ w, [+ e3 g/ M$ r
* C( D) e" N# M8 g7 w( t有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。( }' f! U) ?! Y2 A7 \' I