本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 H' j5 s! U" Q' b. D' a, {5 f5 {0 E) F' u+ M 转帖 * t/ j: G/ F* q9 G5 w. H# J+ G+ U1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 ?% x' R, R, }. J( t3 a& v; @$ R$ ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , k: i' Q1 s, J4 q3 U5 J4 N) R6 O. K
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 P3 t4 l; e0 X1 ]2 J' `0 m; o/ Q' f: D
' D$ z' A+ w- _1 n/ mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 l+ \9 s% G; |' d' } $ y2 X) |+ _7 N4 M2 C1 z* sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # D6 h* D+ z% G" z: d0 |+ s1 E, I1 i$ r
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 ~# z6 h3 D- \# {1 S- N7 r
! L& E, J7 v# j. q) e4 [& iMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * v- u# j! K) E# G( P: s- p( C/ q7 c$ k) x0 @4 E8 [5 T# y' n. S0 f
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 \% G0 @ n5 n. l% P9 y) m
6 _5 H3 Q' t$ G; x4 x' T" rWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& ^) v; E Z# y
9 y& b N: R/ mPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 G V8 W' j% Q7 d2 f7 @( X
: e: N+ v/ t4 b6 K! S3 F3 j9 {这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 K \* J/ A l8 `3 E2 D s: M" \( z: x* p0 c
& u/ x0 [3 k7 u! C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 Q, k& g$ H* J) F0 t
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / d" }, y! C& k% u" z, Y6 `4 ]3 ? # c$ X) S; @/ u `4 @9 U+ ~Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 A7 c! b2 [/ v8 ^7 n6 p3 \$ i4 s& G* D( i( [2 _/ [2 C
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 @' a. W% g/ A9 Q 5 R$ o9 u3 s4 F0 x+ z: vHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 `! ^9 e8 A6 u! D
+ i/ ~; x+ }; cIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : \4 s- q. h T. t8 f7 d % e4 l4 l: l R' i; jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 D1 J1 e! @8 i9 X$ I$ B% [ # `( P$ I5 a! A$ b! \I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & s" M9 S3 n9 N: I' F7 N, Z! Y: Z& v2 i9 R, V7 B! D9 n
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- p* ^, Y; n' d2 i
1 w0 Q( E2 }2 e9 E3 X* GThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( H8 @9 H. C& W
7 e; z; Q u/ x& i/ C$ eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 X: }/ p, H+ Z 5 h3 T7 q4 f8 @4 ?9 X9 nHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" S1 K5 X' O" y5 D
1 E1 B# r8 r. V' i; aHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% T) x2 e0 i' C8 ~- F
4 o8 N- z5 @( x; |8 H: Q! W: oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % [+ Z9 ~1 a5 ^+ b% @7 o' g8 @7 \# u/ P- ]& R N9 t
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 e5 K, B4 Y/ O( } ( g- D6 p/ G& q, k4 G( y. b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% ?/ Z+ J6 T9 C& u
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ c T: P0 x6 |1 W, j
* W+ \2 e$ [; z, Y + ?4 i `# V; U7 o" N* Q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 w$ d; J: p% r9 ^: |+ I5 K+ L+ H% f" B
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ x. `) K" C1 e8 d% m
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( N/ a$ q6 @( V+ ^! I5 }
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : @# Q. z% |6 }3 H N5 w& ]8 S2 ^$ B% L8 s) yHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 K. ?9 V9 w7 G6 R+ |0 Z6 o3 ? 4 f, p L, _. y8 u) A; ]Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * |: E$ d2 m0 J/ a, A+ x0 ] # N0 r! b% M9 l% @5 gPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 K5 ?) p% n' J; U5 s. U+ _" O @, ~* P
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) ^- \9 u. Q9 S5 ~$ R3 O: J0 }$ e, P3 `
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % `+ a( A4 P% M/ k P/ O3 c5 I$ b* x0 y+ X+ c/ y
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & a9 y+ @3 w4 E, ]1 r6 Z3 k: {+ B! m% V4 \( Z- f3 P9 z& d Q
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * c8 N Z) ~) {/ p3 R4 q4 i" P" t& ^+ V
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 b2 _9 f( [' G9 e
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ }! b$ p. H, z, Z* \. { ' V7 ^0 o0 Q8 x5 ^2 U$ S对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; k5 B" z) J# z9 V 5 I7 y: ~, y, [1 e4 N; d& p对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! \# C3 I3 t( B2 R! c6 C
+ O `, g% _" k) o8 F. e; O有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * c) u7 f( N8 r: \+ a; \6 c