本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - z/ e1 {$ z3 s1 B2 i: M, W 5 }8 I w1 Y3 K$ k; a8 q. E转帖 5 z) T! c: [( K' I/ K* S' a3 H( }1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 H) R6 ]; J2 V5 F. |' D/ N9 ?/ j+ p D# _- k I
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . O+ Z; X' e9 }; `3 q( z5 V7 X. `$ s2 _
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * W6 E$ x1 K9 B( E/ U' B* c , H$ }% ~; ^- j4 H3 oThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# ]. ^ ]' t9 _- K" k
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + }$ f' W& `' k" l( `0 R3 y& Y, f0 [' |- U, a0 D9 Z$ O
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 s* s6 l( u0 ]7 W- V5 _) @1 _+ q# ^2 ]' {6 F. W
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 y7 h* g) Z# u& r! ]; M S
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). Q4 p* {8 M } N0 ?# A
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 r( G3 g) `1 u/ O2 t% C. c " W" @# a; [8 C5 |We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( A7 b$ Q! P* E6 b' H( R2 A- W! w& `$ V
4 o9 }+ v# M+ ^$ }7 ?Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) `: d1 P/ u/ D6 I( M& x' K( W/ E3 ]. y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' V% g" O4 M: v& t# | / X. w- A$ ]% D- ]# N 4 c1 I+ v& r# p& T" o% a; G2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / P0 N- C% Z1 o2 x9 t. A ) e& W( n- r* j) r8 a例如: $ K( q4 ~9 k3 }2 M$ ~ $ A0 B+ ~' _9 v5 iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' S8 T9 }) K/ ^" v- \
$ F3 e2 h- r! `Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* c6 j* I+ I+ E4 A
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 {5 D4 `& {. p2 \- k J# [ # J% V6 U' p/ p4 ]7 C" RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ X6 W: q+ M! c) \2 Z, a, H7 _3 | b; ~ `. f1 Z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 {9 w, S- v% u& d9 w" }
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % `/ p8 s( N% t! _ - j' p, _% V( B- sI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) `4 y$ k+ v4 b, q" g ) U1 j% H5 O& Z1 G如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! ^: n r0 K; F5 F
6 s: O& `8 l- G8 B5 wThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# y0 W6 N% O0 E7 Y
J8 i. k6 V+ S# Y. K/ RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ h7 ~$ [# P1 ?$ b# C4 @6 X
7 Z9 H* D4 D |% z. f. ~% _He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 F3 V% {7 T/ Z! W/ q
3 m/ b9 i0 D( ~& z$ e+ nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * x& k' f0 u2 j7 [2 {: F; Y" P' g
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)( E5 c1 F2 q& Y. [* O; t
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- Y* H0 }( d( w F' z5 t; C" R) J" l
, u% [# i2 n; Z3 Y2 f7 U" d$ J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& Y2 f2 n4 _" A0 H$ z/ n
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ t" B5 _% F! U2 C5 B; Z6 v
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4 v0 B* S5 u6 I4 A3 p- v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 d! m( B. }- X4 P; [! W; f5 ~ c8 H" e: a
例如: 5 x' W8 m1 c+ X1 w! M0 \* V 0 Z# Y% f3 W7 A; F& F, N$ U5 zMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - M# g/ v8 R# } 0 e( d* ?$ G8 V) u# zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 s" r9 Q* p0 b4 d+ {* f" W _3 F5 [0 D4 a7 b$ F
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). A+ R5 h6 u9 S+ Q2 `
3 O8 z7 Z4 a/ A& }) jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * b6 z- H1 M& p/ k" s: t9 }/ M, M) F1 I9 j b
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), F) n# X" V% }* K1 E/ @
, j) r7 l5 s6 U. z- tPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' B2 a8 V# D* }$ `0 Y7 E " y1 g) O- J* p6 Q7 Z# c( dCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . `/ {& `2 O. H- D 6 j3 w4 i# u! n. v( N6 S* FStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): _2 P+ g/ C, J" b: d& e
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" t* x8 `1 y- J: t6 O
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* a" [) U( ?; \: Y. W. X9 J
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& {, @/ W' Q3 H
6 |# r5 k/ y! Y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! g- l9 t5 }$ n
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ A: a7 _1 |. _/ f
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! d: \6 V. W. H& L7 F, @& V/ d. M: w$ `1 Q5 L* a
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 n. r& w0 k# X1 F( \8 c1 B" @0 Y7 t. G! m
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 R }8 [* M+ b+ o; s
5 b2 F- Z, z) r; [2 p, R有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; A9 D# H- w5 `# J7 c. {2 }