本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / u9 w: S6 \; E8 h* N# W) _ S: `: G1 x5 ?; x I 转帖 : |9 { {! h; O1 f9 s1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) T$ M ~! k4 }3 T/ V" D: e2 \ . @. N0 I+ H, N& J例如: 2 z6 q0 h- t, Q! ?- G8 H8 R4 ?7 H & ~$ _6 u1 P" \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 N5 q4 X, y. u3 H! s. {: w! Z& c/ ]3 P* G1 f
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : A. e. W8 d7 V& w `# V2 k& G! f2 B6 H: ]This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! V& y2 u x+ e" G! O1 v% q
* b2 V( ]# E: \" l: A' a2 \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - D& ]& s. e9 B( J. k# w . A' m% Y) v% G; v1 OI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) m' J+ F- r k! t
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) a/ b6 W) K7 j" I' \
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 ]& Q6 h; b7 E
+ s S/ i5 E) Z+ Y3 `3 C9 X" rThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* t" g3 V9 h/ b6 ~: l- N* {3 O
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). `# w: r0 V/ \, o F8 H4 v" s
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 K' z2 a) e7 X# Z 0 d' x, {+ k: e, V' z! O* ~这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 ?& u3 _+ }8 p$ H$ E- f * p$ K+ `8 e# T1 e" z ! f: f4 ~* ~1 p5 A5 V8 P2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 m( `5 j) N, |( m
( j) g- \, n# B( o+ x例如:. \, P6 O7 |! Q' E ~2 Y
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; v1 ?8 {6 i4 L8 i , c- m9 @7 U+ H# C; m, zDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! w2 z0 l# E7 p
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 c- t( u* ~1 |& R& b
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' U! W" j! Q# C$ L" k9 O* _$ U2 z- Y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ Q" [: s8 N8 J; O% ] 1 ~6 a2 Z3 u+ q5 G4 ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 D; P) j. d h4 u7 M8 e
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % {9 ?6 L! b+ I" N. E) \0 Y Z : O; M, U0 F2 D6 C1 }5 I4 x! J# Q. D如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : p7 |8 M5 N& n6 e( n ; V) {9 q9 e; Q* l: B' m- qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % y- E' M, _' ~8 z5 W5 } 9 Y- m8 w+ ~; q; f/ _, p0 iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 F, D( n% g9 i+ }* \
9 R( A' h7 n$ x6 C0 A8 \+ [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 t5 m% Q, K7 {5 y4 t( G
+ `% V1 ?% Y/ \He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " X, L8 x7 K0 z% I- r. s$ G+ A1 |6 G! f- {& V+ f0 U+ }* r5 C9 l
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) T6 C2 z: A* N5 K7 m' v
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ ^% [8 Z% {* s- O }1 D1 `8 Z ]: @& I0 C; x O, ^' C* t
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& A* q9 c- @1 f
( l5 l4 [& A& G0 E' b: R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 b! Z+ a6 U1 e$ f) N5 X# h ^9 D) q. _6 G. v
! }8 z7 `. _: \! Q( R3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' D, F9 B( H, O( a! I/ j
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例如: ' b% k" C6 P6 f/ N$ R/ h% Y, ^5 ~- K6 a# @
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# U9 {4 r" r4 Q/ P) @' {4 b
" U# [: R+ A! U( e! D7 RManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ V' a$ X( v. ~( M
, N( C# e) R* f2 P8 qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ L6 h1 {* o: j) d) [" y, D: ]; H9 K: f- V6 R1 J
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ q) v: e4 ~$ F4 }% N; c
( ?* N2 W9 a$ @Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( m$ a; S2 H: G0 d9 @$ P : e7 ^ G0 P, G2 U. yPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! i$ l* b$ i" X6 P5 L0 n: W d% l0 Q( J! k, A
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) D! |) R1 r0 v; m1 T# S! C% I- L# y
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). e8 v* I1 C2 a$ W/ K! q4 k
9 @# Z% l$ p1 X$ E; Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 W8 A4 A* `2 ~6 `7 y/ B" Z
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 E6 X7 E$ Z T: ]8 |; I! O7 x) \ g8 t8 x/ s$ g1 [
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! t% i: Z6 S4 R7 e! G5 H" `8 h3 ?1 r/ d" M
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- M& i( E+ G F' G* J# Z
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " z. s0 i9 X& k; j ; Z R3 D' V9 z0 u对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 d; R+ O0 q8 O( E
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: G: Z# e4 a/ k. P # u% H0 v U- O; x3 B还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - U" o( {1 G7 m" |9 c# k7 \ ' v f+ q/ k3 S- [5 c: V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ g) k9 J+ \; O0 y: b; d7 `# D