本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 G* G# I% \1 ?) `1 K+ y 6 D% X \- [( G* W9 d% b转帖" u: y: R% {- N6 n/ W
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 o8 S7 F' F X9 U N% ]
9 y. w( Y( P. a2 U! X& U例如: ( f1 O3 M: A+ O7 r4 O5 I" P 8 [* }! A5 S9 ~( Z- V: W( F3 ]8 r- BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 U" D0 f0 e) V1 j, w! I e
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ F% }$ }+ I) b' k9 K$ `+ O
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# ~: K" q1 s7 Z4 k* I& f6 d( E
6 v6 ^ }" y, v% \/ YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) W# [- C U( u, p# e) m: X+ C4 O
9 \6 w- ?/ E2 o2 y8 a# K8 oI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 Q8 r$ D) ~2 I% q3 R) Q " O; r2 ]: S3 \) K; mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); Y! a7 ?) B2 x
* Y. h' c$ H# h$ \! ?) x/ E2 S" hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 j! z) O+ Y# e# A8 q7 Y % U. ]) W/ `6 n/ N) r, g/ ^( fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " w/ ?% ^) u* D* d) d, r; {5 ~4 @) y8 x/ G% c; J
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% r0 ?2 X3 a. F5 W
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( a/ X3 n- a5 w0 h, u, D6 F' A2 ]" P1 t- `( [
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 A5 M1 H# d: N. H- H. U, c
: ~0 Z" ^- G! {9 ?$ y 1 [; j. T( \- p- Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! A Y2 L! h$ }+ h# J9 s; q
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- j% G" v' _, D# C2 aAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( p; `3 B) X/ `9 a, e$ b4 z, M
' ?2 A. E2 n1 t2 P6 O4 W/ `4 r/ DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 q, ~# O, X0 _3 O 1 C! b# x. g0 t6 x, `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& D4 H9 `4 h. u1 C5 ^. X
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& ?1 \& j% n8 \* @
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " [) y2 m' x, a+ O* W# b4 J+ [+ k# m- E0 W
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 f8 G( t5 m! B# v
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # j3 K+ @2 f! T" X" s. i, l1 C# I+ d
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* w% t' o0 l. _/ J* u
$ E! U0 \4 P2 R5 ^, z! Q( MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / h2 }" [) d' r' F6 M j6 I4 H% g$ a4 o! |7 l9 @- Y+ w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) u# A) q" h$ S( N1 X
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & g9 h k7 t/ G/ ^( T" g4 l% w0 q9 V% L0 z9 c) ^
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - l" p# T E4 f 5 C- g5 R) v9 L) t3 n" @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . w, O' ~4 S9 C% U! ]0 l % A# H( w1 d2 k# HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) _- h, e4 L9 o- A/ d) {7 u 6 w6 R5 A: d. M$ K+ \8 v写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# x0 _8 p( L3 V6 f, k- q* z
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 m9 \& z# s$ S" { 3 V$ V# |1 g: a6 W; x8 o+ j 9 n! a3 k* a! D% k+ I3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) `& ~1 a) n3 |" T$ m* u0 l
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例如:2 x# Q8 {7 L$ I& w% [
- w- ^* e+ }5 ^3 B6 l3 `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 [, t g3 _! J
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# Y9 v$ ^& n! ?' x& _' G
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & [/ `: q1 ^) @/ {" B 6 ~+ d( r/ o0 i7 @* DHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 R( A- X3 @' N% G4 B' G% Q5 U
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 B5 `8 @1 s! o( ?. f; S) g % D( J+ {9 C! aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + w; J) i s$ j 3 {9 g& V/ ]+ o" vCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 E8 |% ^1 P$ x3 O4 U" H8 W4 }
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), O, G2 c5 U+ Z; V; f2 f' m- L
. M" \" }1 y0 I同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 [& U- ?! \9 Z" F8 Z& e1 C
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 Q; z+ E$ q3 W7 m; e7 L & o. M: u$ y4 Z" S2 H' V B3 O* v, J对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + P, |: f- F6 T9 R6 k7 u+ f 6 V) I; A5 b3 Q9 H9 m, d对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# S1 P+ ^ l0 w* Y6 I& j* D; K4 H
9 Q. j7 D0 @$ |+ |' z+ {0 y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * q$ G& I4 n# c' N! H, o' I: K# w" C/ Z1 |/ _) d
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! e1 k% w0 O. K; F/ G" c( c ?+ _2 c4 i9 H+ a8 ? Z* S- `
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: w# g5 H. E" n/ p5 V) S+ Y% E* L) i# D4 g3 k/ `6 g* i# l# {
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / y2 i' g7 Y9 T$ ^1 t+ z. y s. v; f3 T6 ~& a8 M& {
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : Z5 A# R8 T1 E7 k5 ?