本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + }; N( q4 [1 C2 S
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ s1 n6 E& a- Q2 j, k9 D : N' N1 `; u: B例如: * X! S8 I4 Z4 x' y4 d( H / d7 @8 o1 T! t# b; n$ J" @Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 D- s4 e' H: ^7 o( G5 _ : |2 [9 k3 g( w& PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 q1 j. L" }, H8 g- F2 G4 d0 G# a3 t3 ]. j/ A+ } M
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) f$ r1 z" i- y- X. S8 n& b 3 E9 ]" D1 A6 W& N9 S0 \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 i3 v2 O0 D0 G' e5 |+ v5 ~! l; f) F
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # ?4 y" O; T2 g( |+ P / p& S: v+ A$ w, U- jMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 y' y% Z: j4 E$ \# Z+ v0 |. O ) M* s4 k1 ~( F4 c) Y" VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 c7 w1 S5 w2 y/ F/ {' p8 x
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 Y; d& B6 D2 _5 P# ?, k
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ v/ N/ j" Q" H$ y
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 ?; H2 z8 [" z' b' B& T) d$ r; W: A. b& v7 N E
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 c" U' D U# u# {+ R: j) \$ S3 w: R: x# S7 f2 `
' d2 B. n, T2 |9 S* P( T7 x3 S 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 K- J& v$ Y4 Y, D. K5 ^0 h" ~
0 n1 ~8 s. r0 c% h6 N+ @例如: 3 z5 z$ ^1 [% |0 a) G) { 6 S+ _6 H% i; O& W1 v8 @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 M r% ]# p% y: J3 }
# g4 I& C* T) |9 T+ u& l$ l/ DDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 N0 @. i0 y/ M# J# t) s: |0 b! }
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ U# Z! P# M8 w2 z0 x+ W; l
' {' y) y. D! n8 zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + ?9 r( a5 B) n" g% Y. r( Y5 Y! l9 p I( L4 i% d/ u
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 h8 V' U+ A2 E- Z% H/ ]' ^
d5 h, @0 W# P, NShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# U% M+ M( N8 U3 |5 k" @& m
' f# z+ a% Y: J9 N: ~7 bI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * b2 \* {2 G4 G$ q: Y+ r4 @- `( t 7 q' l& d/ M0 }3 _1 T) y' S如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) j% y4 w. N a! y$ X8 B" F 3 {% ?! b- i$ hThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / R& c" z' }! R, h' o; h# q" h' s' ~8 X1 V/ B0 r
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% X1 i# a* @3 k
E# I& A- H- q! Z1 @He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 ?# b# _ J/ X$ w6 `/ N, m8 S/ X
# `& Q4 }; R0 A( e gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! h2 w2 O& u/ t: x+ h" r " n2 `) Z) u/ [2 R& k; G6 h+ o5 eWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 s; x* t3 k0 p: {
2 q; n9 N# {0 e3 h1 Z2 u4 n; cEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* P/ A4 s% @( ~& l& {
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 O0 c, e3 f- ~7 g$ }$ x0 u- G
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 n# i# U. |, O- |6 q- l* d) E4 y3 u: C& L0 q
/ a. O' m% d) S6 @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" l8 s- B7 A; A. g3 `% I
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& D3 ?. q( q" d+ uMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- @. k; ^& n7 c
1 @. u/ k$ G% @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 `6 r9 L$ @7 t$ m* t$ Q6 [3 f
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ^* _, b, B* y! a; \. K1 u$ [, ^ f) o+ P
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): D J; R3 d) c' |3 N
/ l6 d. t3 P4 [& DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! E U0 k0 \5 n4 {4 n; K
1 Z0 M( a8 D1 |. x# MPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( o) o/ Y" R$ j# g* K- T' l! ?5 e1 A, Q8 e) n4 Z, \' |
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' H c8 B8 C" f* }% j: ^' H
& N; ^) x- _. p3 g0 ~% v$ f( |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ w2 {& w0 _/ e- \7 o, L$ R" v( ^ O; A8 y, |+ \
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # d5 p8 C% X# ~, i4 z& m4 @, d- f' P; p3 {8 @
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : v# S9 { y+ p4 Q( a( i7 x$ i4 m0 m* r( `/ M! o
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, r2 O2 J! y9 p6 v' x7 T: e
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 T! N9 Y% u; o3 J. }: K1 F- v1 h8 w- T
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 x! Q- K$ A% Z) b) q2 ^; s) r: ~- O( v# X) d% H" k
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& P- \7 G! M* |2 S( C
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * s, h0 S1 o: e3 V e5 Z3 x" u. B. V) d1 l- j4 d
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # f. }0 v+ {# c: P' H- p7 j* h, T ; ?, G& @0 ^: Y: E) w有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ b' F& [1 ?/ @! U9 @# ^& z0 _