本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; N l" Q0 @7 k' A3 g* ^
$ ]; V1 u, M) C( E6 t! l$ d 转帖 * G. P6 k, H }4 H1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 a) B6 N8 t9 T6 l1 q3 {( b# F0 I4 z$ {6 x2 X) z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 e- x6 B' _( i1 f ; F: ^% c. z- N, tThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 z% f. B9 Z; K$ U& Q
! w" Y4 w1 I4 ]! |, }8 XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; F; [5 z0 C4 l$ C u- r. o# y* `* x+ t8 u* z+ [; a
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). z& C9 q" K9 E5 M+ C+ B! q! Z+ d
/ V) Q4 Y9 S7 ]! P8 d9 m$ t$ k& BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / T9 y- b. m8 a" O% i0 Q! M6 ^ / K# r+ T0 a' q! @, o% R, ~, OMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 Z8 x" _# t; i: L/ S
4 p" x& l: ]+ e7 \2 a6 W: X' gWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : g U# C$ B; f0 c( R! ^: ^ 1 ]+ j2 ? u o. S! y AThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 G* B: Y, d7 \! R3 w3 v( A 3 \' T! U5 S6 S2 ` JWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 R1 j. X9 g4 q7 H# z: }! A* H, H% |6 _' ^; ?8 ~
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& I) ]8 i; q- q$ M5 z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' J( ?% p, J0 a0 c! x
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, K' U8 J- X f0 h 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ O5 q- w# I+ D8 Q
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 p9 y- n9 ~- |5 a1 X4 Q
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 W: K# v4 Q6 L5 r5 @2 A" z , F3 J6 Y o- V$ @3 a+ sI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 k( O9 a: t! w- M, v3 o1 R: ?3 E, l- Y3 V7 z
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 _* [7 q6 Y9 ]% B9 w5 W! {4 b. t0 K
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # I) R# n+ A+ w; M / _+ ~4 z& J! r5 H, P# s+ SShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 ~; F$ y: M+ |; c+ {- X6 ]2 F6 a ]
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 ^3 U- q" P7 ?1 f6 X
0 {: R, A s) l8 ~* g8 |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : v( }' U% m3 r) E& p . c( y, L* Z$ h( KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% v% y$ l/ l3 i, ~9 [$ `
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - Q! `2 t% G, c+ X% B" ?) B" O P v8 j' {4 v
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 r8 r' u2 M9 Y! `$ } 1 n4 f- \2 k2 U7 T' X1 GHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! a: j. M# P0 X2 ` g: J7 F& R. i7 R" x/ _$ k7 x
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ U- M1 a8 \; C6 d( h' l( Y
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), k. g y4 {8 w, n8 Q# T+ c& Z+ u
7 t& N$ y( d, e" c* J5 G6 L写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 s0 @& J( i$ _% _6 W2 O* e I4 i. H% b4 f& N
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; c- z: \) M1 A7 y3 X
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# e& {, H7 G- H( N' I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 8 K6 a& }# D; u& u2 S6 \5 w% n+ M, i4 n' m
例如: ) j3 j* H! r0 M: d+ P1 l, }+ { * I+ k, \& t+ }( k& N( a: bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / H- C( g9 {/ @7 Y- P* o/ \: \ i4 O4 H6 C. WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * e% C: D/ H j; {! ^5 N- f7 l& ^9 E( k1 ]( }0 @
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - ]+ n$ m3 s0 p/ `- n 2 Q( c: Z9 S0 `& {5 Z& }. }He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 p. j& h- Z/ l% r; s6 m0 m, F
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 m$ h! M0 ~! l' V$ ^ x
, [- f/ H& D7 i: @& m. \Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) d3 T9 G; L U) B) W 0 o8 l8 `0 z7 N+ S; d) K( @/ rCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , H/ }; q/ Z9 l& H6 X2 ]% L1 h7 _* h l' E
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" t& H8 t5 S$ S" {" q
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / L1 W/ Y- y! `7 h : x n3 o% |. M" q E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' @; f% a- |+ t
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ e+ ~) v# u) a# s8 E9 J
, h( F' Q9 W" @! Y) @: i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) a4 G+ \# q3 X; k) v- c