本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # C1 [7 r3 C6 O& W" K& I5 Z5 N
3 g1 D5 ^' X1 M/ G$ N1 j: k转帖 % y% a: e9 g" [1 |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ s, K& q0 `: \4 Q1 r 8 f. l7 Z; r6 `例如: & h/ K) b. b2 v# [- o e5 v6 N, ^) E' p1 m4 V% D4 M
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): |' w, n# V4 M; C4 F" R Z
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# Z, J/ O+ @6 _9 K$ h5 U
/ g/ x" c7 y( ~7 [This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 `) f1 w$ W7 j. W$ q
3 W7 z# O; ` m3 yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & `" d/ D: p" J1 j! w0 Q( U( Z( a# v% Z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * R4 H( K4 r' u/ [" S7 d& c z& G$ o4 p5 S
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 E) i4 Y7 Z* C z 5 N9 Y4 C/ m0 GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' b2 T; o, T9 E; V7 x ! D8 W6 n+ R4 a6 q& a+ hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)! J2 j6 b0 B: E
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), l* m( e" a: Z7 M
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ v' [! ?) V' p5 n# J3 B6 E
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) Q! P; F( y" `8 F" n" B* c
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2 c" W3 Q, P# C [& j 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 ]& a+ D; i: b
( B( ?% `8 @& f# g) b) Q6 F例如:% J2 m1 s% _! [* K
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , T$ {# G: Z0 S) B - C( _6 B4 L- d: A5 a2 Y& `1 XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ X y* _& c. \/ {$ I ~8 |+ J M" l' J* e' m# X
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 Y- n# T% Z! M1 [: Q) \, c ! H6 h. U- K/ r: y+ P6 I% oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 \+ ^9 K3 R* P! _ e Y% e- H! ]+ l% E L" D8 I( b6 H
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 I8 D2 J" K; s- ^ N. i9 I - i! M7 j# F6 H, s% KShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 A/ ~1 }" A0 r- D% e+ B
; C. W5 q0 A# U# a1 u' OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* ]: ^7 j$ C8 `
0 b# y1 U* T7 u% a0 ]如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 s. T0 t, s2 ?2 o/ a- v
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ ]+ q, O0 V$ j, a% B1 Q$ A9 Y* u8 T8 q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 k" }) z8 R- y L/ R) J$ ? " `/ `1 D% f" W. s7 SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( \7 W" {. H( \' d' S
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 J9 d) ]) A8 s3 v" B( N- i0 B. V4 v& ^& M
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 ]% i9 Y9 \* x$ r8 Y ^( m5 Q% r7 ~, j, }& r5 ^6 w+ ^
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " ~5 x* U' e9 H2 o" g5 w" A7 H# Z1 N' g# [9 `6 h4 M4 i
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( y9 d4 L% U' q' }; {, J
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 z3 q) P i& b: v% B* s
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9 ~0 ~. Q u0 u! f2 l" s: q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 t3 i0 M& g1 A& M" n' m$ h, ]- S8 _/ H2 Z
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8 W+ m7 }( n4 W3 X! p' Z$ j& vMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 h9 e; \5 H4 K, i
1 B$ Q. {3 O: @2 x4 `* v- ~/ ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 X) N, I& {2 v, k2 t+ q# b
- s' c2 n0 j' M1 C7 s& A4 ~This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- Y& m3 L: T* G8 l1 j
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 O% T* z* _( e9 h) J " N3 z/ q1 d) S6 N9 R: s2 rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 a* v+ w' i1 _+ h: u( F
7 d+ _' Y6 R: _" mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( m# ^3 `; C, C
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ [! V+ N2 S/ \8 C! s6 O0 d
* L/ e3 [7 w# O5 U1 R( U) b! G* KStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 T+ n, L) V$ w8 c6 Q/ C
+ v$ J$ I; ]* {7 Z0 N+ N/ W" U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & o `0 J( z+ F, M% G `- {: W% J& @6 }+ x) H: a; E9 l
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* U+ p |$ ]& T& v* r
( Y. w Q. g/ t7 X! A& f% Z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' n; J/ J4 k7 _( I, G8 k1 [
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; J7 s5 I7 e% ]: O8 _0 x
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 l/ L% \1 m4 W
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . ^, n. |9 |" T1 Z4 [# D x # ~4 K& J) a2 ]! E/ z' f3 D$ ]至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 D7 k& l- n9 m% j! b0 ~ M5 m( I- i, P. ?! l) v
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( u# m; _( f Z) G' Z
8 d! V; D/ Y! q1 M8 W" H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 H# V9 X/ c( U/ p0 _& N, D