本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . |# \, R2 g6 f3 h: E& f% k! i E% j, o2 c4 m+ O( f转帖 / }, K1 u8 R& P. u" f. L1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ w: f) L6 _- d, m }3 ]& O
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- u: D8 W3 e5 | N% _
1 F/ {, X3 w+ x. _* c6 U. q; C6 GThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" H- l3 s4 _$ c+ W' V) p! x
( H# i7 Q/ A# n' K4 yThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( u% k; v6 q- }
1 ?: R8 M2 s& b1 a1 M7 ?- \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 I2 r/ _7 s5 P4 M! h
& S1 @6 z" q. e1 TI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : P e6 E7 C( ~+ c7 g6 z0 N: p . I; q) H2 |7 r F( YMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 m' d6 E8 z& I3 Y/ B/ T0 L. C) Q- d
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 I# K$ F: X- _) P/ X8 T' A `! K1 `/ N1 T
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* X5 l" l2 V7 K1 |( b" P u
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! \# y2 g1 H3 k5 G1 d6 c% q
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ V/ u) g+ Y4 w' ]: F9 h) ~2 {. e 4 ?) s- F8 r0 Y: u0 X* g, F4 C这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ }9 m$ q5 M' \2 H: M+ M2 C * d" q% E1 E# w/ y/ A4 v3 N$ z! L0 H% Y# S E! e m! b! @ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, K( s$ d8 _" g/ a, g
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例如:4 c' P% v+ i! Z- u* @8 \% b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 p. O V# F9 a" `9 M % I: { z0 t, D# a& \' v6 r6 ]- z6 cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): b& P. N! A: n- [
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ M( {' z% U9 @8 Y& ~
7 k" i9 b. g3 m% FHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) r. b! u/ g4 e/ b2 R" D0 F! A& J- \. `4 o; q# w
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)9 P5 F( k3 P0 z! f1 Z) T
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) S. I7 T8 ? p4 V. W, k
! ~7 O3 ~9 w8 s, I* uI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( T" b4 b' w7 q" i( x* O
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( K o7 {* I! i/ f
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 {% w9 L" s: p* X6 d( z+ r, Y. \2 m5 V( C% x n X6 E
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! V+ r' J: f# K' B" i# I* y/ B' I5 y; x2 V4 z" v# v3 g9 R
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % L! J, m! C" b; q" p2 M% X9 T5 w/ B& c2 E
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)5 m) n3 t3 m8 ~/ Z4 ~3 N
3 ?! P: H- R; k7 Y( V) H3 dWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * \' l+ _( L9 V$ _: I' G8 q2 g- g 4 u4 X' n7 y3 V6 }( T" VEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 W/ B2 U4 e. i8 {
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 T( b1 v! T% v5 M 1 [1 I/ |0 I# n/ `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: p/ L+ B: [7 D$ t- I6 j/ l" \6 l
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3 B2 u Z0 w- B; u7 U1 R L8 I. H! z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 m9 V# C1 H9 |- c3 l . C4 f$ f e3 y* v3 b2 o5 S例如:- v, s+ E) [# h; N$ p& B$ R
0 J* e) b2 _5 H$ HMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* O! T; g4 B2 j, a/ R1 O
" M7 @% |6 B; e- o/ VManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 v+ r. Z0 N, a! |$ n
2 D" A+ L2 E# V2 B% vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + }% B: S M) E2 w+ o* P $ }8 q. N2 [! `+ UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 ?- m* O; l+ x) G
" i+ \1 f% p, y8 iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 M0 ?( N: a7 d5 t- o: b
$ K; U5 B { [" ~( K2 K( {Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) Q0 ?, K% w& U1 P3 g
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 h$ t; j; e) i5 l6 m) r2 a 6 s$ v) r0 Z' v# J# V/ fStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 c/ a- T3 w8 q _% l# \) M3 z; ^" v# X- S
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : k: F3 F' ]$ O) l! R# N & }5 T9 M9 v$ W7 N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, f7 ]: D( \. U5 D# v; ~
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 h: Q" a/ l0 _ e$ U0 A . r" e' Q+ c7 l5 y$ [* _1 @* j对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ h% @1 z2 k. i7 \! H# v
# S, Z3 i" W. s# G4 e对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; h. u% G( J; K+ {! ?+ n3 R, R8 m( |- E! G$ z7 b
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ g, Y( G+ L7 U/ ?2 Z! U
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。( m1 m2 {' I3 [$ R6 f4 h
x5 z' j' r' r有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , s, ~. ^4 r" c! b5 E9 H/ Z r