本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : Y, z4 S5 ]) r& w
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), W1 L4 j3 q/ h
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例如: ! j+ t& F! c9 ?' W4 i. M: t0 y/ Z5 K6 i+ {/ Z( Y9 D+ l8 e
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" N7 T, g3 u/ u' G1 `) O q
" X D/ o1 G$ A9 cThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), P- C9 b7 N& }- x4 H
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 H7 a5 V! Q4 s! R " W7 M% W* o& K8 ~# o1 yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% f8 x; q) }# u, r
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): L( r* E8 s0 i5 u2 @
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 N Y3 c w# \4 ^6 t) ~8 b
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" m8 O" n- ]$ T" N3 @# ]$ |
- [: q2 R2 m1 @3 `' V% d2 O* f8 [The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , T. c) S. `3 Y# ]6 P . x% P: X* g" N; b* E% \We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ w0 R+ h( d- N5 ^. T) J% V# ?
1 R- `8 G3 P6 }( _* d1 WPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 P6 f5 Z0 o3 H# i7 L9 g: q% M' H' C7 [! _- `6 J. I# p
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' V# d# W) N6 [ r ; w% K1 R" V4 O! k5 T _1 F# X) M# G2 B9 G9 @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / b& \+ T8 {7 `- z& s) B4 \/ F( Z; E! g1 s# e# |! P# ], |( p2 x4 ]) |+ t
例如: 3 ?; N0 ?' U9 \5 N& h 8 a, D" L% }" ]: `At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , n4 z6 l; f- Q, Q ) B& n5 [7 ]8 M7 f) W, x' F: xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& o. U8 v4 M1 ]4 E8 W: e3 i3 I
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( z! O" Q' d4 Y5 M ; B9 X5 ^0 K+ x4 K; ] \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 d1 K6 r i' j& P1 e% s0 r2 A( g 4 D* A1 n' V4 y) NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). v& M, V3 U- b2 ?
+ e% ]8 d- f" p, YShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' k! m7 Q+ [/ A9 A: A' [
, |% ]" Z& k1 v, T- OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , C' d0 @% }) r2 Q( Q# ^ 1 R! T& Q2 F( K* r2 v; k+ f. L; _# e如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ T0 V$ E8 @# U, d0 y% x S
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 S- q$ c t4 c* n
! p/ T6 y, J% TThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 d; `6 X( d3 M3 l+ T* @. o- P- ?/ ?
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( k9 _) W6 R3 H" U . e1 z' E' a( s8 s6 zHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . Z. D9 P7 w+ R# ~! N7 S* z 8 T4 a% @& L: T0 U+ Y0 E- eWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) % F; h5 q: M$ S/ A# g5 H4 q- y5 |9 B6 [+ g% z9 V9 O
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ! S* S0 ~2 @2 ?# {" W. q* C& A: `, {. t7 D$ O8 U, j* x( P6 ~
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & o$ Z4 r; a. ?" M [6 [7 U3 K/ d3 Q8 D6 |8 G
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! H0 @+ ?( d5 f5 B" k0 q
( E$ G5 Z o" ] U: h / p# i% D" ~: ~6 [3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! f4 W U0 I1 y4 t L/ f4 p# ]$ ?# q, k% t
例如:( T9 e4 c7 v" c7 p+ H# u
* m0 O$ m7 Z4 F2 LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 I' ~5 B. X- i$ f) |# y2 }' j+ @9 _) O. D* d" d0 Q( q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 E2 G3 U9 ^2 [1 e# z: }! ~ ( ]/ m, ?, g3 rThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . {; C2 A4 t8 N! p2 V3 @" L# R0 a& n! W( H- o1 _
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & X( n( w0 y8 ?& f& g O/ @1 e3 h6 C- \
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 { N# }3 ?7 L+ F1 X* c
- x& ]+ e) U+ c* H. KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); L% Z1 ^) W% \' `% o
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ \' X) |$ e- L/ o& {
+ v/ G9 O9 K# u6 e# XStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - `3 W: r7 h5 j! }. N ; j. C2 H M' q! w5 C同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! \& G% e8 r( F( G- ^! A( D6 V( y0 k9 ?8 E5 F
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% Z- k1 I N4 E0 M2 F9 ]' c/ K: x
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; o, U2 Q% K) ~5 V5 T) G7 J
5 {" a" x# z* V, T对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " r, D& X" O# ~- R8 R6 c8 ?. C% Q) ]% M5 R3 g" k
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) x0 ^0 i- m+ h* I0 ` ?1 t& d+ D5 E, C; [8 w) D! }$ c/ F
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) K; x5 U* B9 a/ z3 y6 w' s. v & m7 m7 K) Z. U' V7 U2 z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # K; T1 T- |4 R9 T; g0 P1 ] " `: X% u9 b6 W6 O4 V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ {1 ?- p" t( ^
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; A0 ]+ l( Z/ O" H, C