本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 H) L- V' V; ~( d$ I$ f- l$ n- z; m+ P: ] 转帖 : H: F. X5 l, ^ T1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), [+ `& w8 i, J3 N B
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例如: 0 h/ c9 ~- h: Z) K# `" o - T0 N( J' v/ W4 _* [7 G" SMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). k$ D6 g( X' E4 n
' ?6 P; B, e6 U, g5 J- WThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ) m5 `3 O- v; P# {& O/ Q0 ~, x( R, W- `, t4 ^
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) b6 w( f5 S0 A2 u
3 l/ |* k- O) `) L# IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , N8 S( D: v+ U T# f2 a9 {" E3 K- w* V( C* X- M+ r
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 Z4 B9 ]! f* P7 }# \; N5 x6 c- I D& | @$ t
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" e2 x, z3 T$ B
& R9 E2 H9 k: O" E3 m5 tWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + i5 \$ f& V2 X6 g& @% c1 \0 w) f# R) _; q: P# E
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). L$ h" o' u$ r R$ S
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 u$ M7 K' B2 N# D% U) Q ~ 0 a; o; G3 m) v# [7 m3 o+ fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); O; s6 f2 n6 ~$ P" t# ^$ C
7 J$ A6 Z* F8 i4 P1 t% O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* q$ M4 S0 V3 y6 H: ^: [0 Z5 e
' v8 D. b; w) f' v: k- T* D2 q( K) M& \1 @ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- Q, D- ~1 |% @: y- X3 ]
* G( E2 M; u) f, PAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , {0 N M- N! z' |8 M1 E 2 U. R, f% X/ T; o" U9 ~" q, sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " c& q8 ?- ^9 v/ N2 |7 u% ]+ j1 l. C0 t, v0 E0 [
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)0 n( s. S0 c1 o7 v! Y# S
( h& E/ O& b6 E# p4 o# LHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 L5 }/ v& I7 t) D# T
1 a6 z) A7 n0 q! G4 }! lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ D. [5 W' g9 P ^8 S* O i7 Y4 O" J% p; @
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " d5 R4 |6 v1 K) ]6 r* Z1 N* b& {& ^0 q5 B. o/ l1 C/ Q
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : c6 G3 g" h# r% O5 u5 ?% R( S: s( B$ F* ^
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: V5 m! S0 }. ]: l5 `
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) W9 y H( Y/ d4 T @* H' @: _: r6 G+ b6 X# Z+ ?) e/ F
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & L: k: Q$ y S `' U * ^; ~8 U8 A- P$ F4 EHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 v' q. O$ Y/ b/ s% w
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 G" d- r% ^9 e8 J, I , b' s4 u& I9 uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & A9 w! }9 d1 V1 n. {6 L3 o) s) T+ F# t# ?! o# x" u
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) j% D# p: e% q% N% d% J, z; a. f$ j1 [$ t. z5 i
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ n4 v6 C" r! ?+ `0 y6 j3 \
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 u/ e3 i/ }& q `' i' I- z3 ^ O
) q1 K5 H$ B3 o/ L6 v9 [( ~' f/ Y: {4 e, S4 N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & Z: x% {' L" Y" R! e; Z9 l/ B3 u+ b; f
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ d, G; {$ h# h5 O1 ]
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 e Y" c# z" l
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % _. i3 p, X- ~ j 0 I8 ?' v$ |, f- I6 \7 mHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & {/ Z! Y- y; @6 Y4 d * [- G' \) L# q g8 v: y4 EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( i4 m+ L$ h! r* C# L0 h; R
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( P" T4 L6 w7 T. g# o * D5 w% r6 r, s" H2 iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! ` ~5 _4 [# z5 r F y1 U* D: b& n9 ]6 ?, S0 K& C7 g
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 f4 j; R5 M2 p! [4 b
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& n: ~. Q/ o' L, R+ }
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 x {! s5 w! f9 @9 g5 V2 {
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: @; f/ {2 D; l: N
9 ]8 Z k) c, J) u& @# q) l对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 d1 _" f, D& i, A/ F+ g5 K
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 S/ r; h! \- [; W2 X
$ s* c% w1 Q+ H( T. }# s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % ~" Q1 z G- [4 ]8 h1 v2 V& a0 a, G- P" e
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: o: f) ^1 Y' P% I9 n: P5 a6 E
9 d# O& W/ T( I& |, g) x3 s还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 q- y8 t- }0 @" D
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! M- q: G& s( L