" z" e) C+ |/ W. y* ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); \0 O7 p& c! g% y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * \0 k/ t, D# ~2 {/ G7 @7 o k: P4 N3 ~6 {$ n' Z
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( {# u% U C a0 Y- R5 N( a/ D# \+ R0 }# J
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 l; q/ n# C# [! C6 ]$ _) r' i! g1 x5 L3 D5 w# k
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " C4 N0 X3 K( S; k4 k( ^( H% }) k [7 n, P" F4 x
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) K% F; W# u; D ; G& A! K" i [% s, U2 i0 aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ o/ T4 d1 H" ^3 X- s& h7 N. T& v0 v
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), ^! Z0 {# p1 O7 B1 a1 D
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# U* y3 L8 Q _/ V* l8 s
( d5 j. M5 B% e4 g3 EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% S- u& H* E7 }% h- O
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" i! l" t. u6 X' B. X' f
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$ ~7 t. q! q/ j1 W+ `$ @" p- q2 S0 D 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% `! @. q6 Q% V
t1 ~! W% ^7 M; Y例如:& D8 B) Z: k; g
6 @3 a1 Z9 ~! a! ^At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" u# H0 K" I3 N
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). A3 E5 o9 T* S$ H6 c
8 z: v( ~: L7 C$ Y* ]/ bI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 l$ f4 Q7 ?# k+ M0 m# e 6 O3 m# a k, F b) g1 }He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 |! ~2 K- ]4 ^+ h, J
- G- J; w1 y! Q8 f# U4 S/ }& QIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / E# L% n' ]; d* r& k8 \- a- d2 |: e4 s0 I. P/ v. H) B1 ~& m( Q
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 p; l1 d. \( i/ k p+ A
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- f7 G1 x+ f2 C8 y/ m
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, d4 [ r V! a5 S
: R; h% R# C" ^( SThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 Y. H& E! o% x
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' Q( u' z9 k; B$ ~1 n* z , I# g# f# q9 R$ ~+ T2 o6 K$ UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& t# A/ d# B% f8 t% q) @* [
9 m) h" \; ~& L! Q! Z( I% y+ LHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* s+ j$ R P) S
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# ?0 v x# i8 ?* f' w# q& W4 P
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - M7 a- m; ]& G9 w7 p! o; Z - F/ p0 ]5 |4 a; N+ f, H" L写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ x# ^ f: f; ^. Y
# ~: U) J& s+ W# g) \& n- o/ } [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * o) f1 W& v: E$ A, \ p* {3 H8 a2 ]; Z4 X6 o1 o0 C
. P" w- N$ x* j 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & o* P2 P7 F, n- Q! m9 z- z ' x; @- d; B) | Y4 C例如: & O5 f5 N" q S* W! a : f- y: d' c: j+ ?6 Q2 NMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 S Y/ L' B% V- u
4 ~ n2 w+ v3 ^: V$ I Z; ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 ^" _3 ~6 n* b8 H8 F: \ I
9 r+ q2 E- \# Z6 x. ` V, bThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 h$ Q4 O# \3 x: k- @$ f C
' o- R8 O* C5 a0 d% T, `He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; P! {! w& C5 {& a( i% p o) U: x7 h: z- ^# z8 n
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# ~# M N2 J8 i8 A8 P) W
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% [* F; b9 Q* a) C: @$ |& k7 C
0 j5 e% E& R; D( s% tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - I9 w$ ]) f7 h! A& \* T2 Y / ~) p1 V6 s! }. F' g: t& _Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 H- j" M, N O5 C
) _# Y1 S) p* W: c+ c+ {8 U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 t9 D V$ `5 m! l9 d% M, z, v8 O8 p. ^( A" k2 }9 _# i7 N
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 R- W& `# V: c4 X, V6 L: p5 }% x- X- N. h3 F# L, ^
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 V: W- I+ E, K/ r3 n
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 d$ ~% l) K3 x8 c- D- u- n1 Y. X5 @1 m7 L: T6 K$ K5 R
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 u; L- n* w9 Z9 q
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; v N* L9 y3 j, Q
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / D+ B$ l3 d% y' K) R . S7 q$ R* Y) i6 X+ \还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 H# Q; m5 y1 g# U) E; T: d* x y0 a/ G* `3 D8 |( B
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 W/ ]* {& S) d% j8 ^. |5 i" h