本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 b8 R( w8 w3 Z- y @ a
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 b4 N/ R0 r# t
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例如: * d5 s4 C0 ?! S2 n; @( k: w! }; S$ g2 q8 B$ C7 h4 y5 o
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& z! D x1 c( z. z: |: q; r5 P
) z0 t$ C' h" s, ~2 }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 N2 |2 C: D& P: J4 \# W6 O- E0 @
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % ^, _* `. h( l+ S 6 j2 e" t0 b6 ]& C/ `: Q, TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! b, W l/ S& I, I. a. z5 Y' F" r" o; b! c- i5 U& ?, D6 e. q$ P
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): p& F1 X2 d ?1 }
* j" X- t; i. n' l) FMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ G" z# W% h) w& c: t4 w/ q' x6 c8 w# r% D$ `% |+ s- ]& i
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & S+ x! o# g6 { ( f3 Y4 D: l7 _) I r6 q* s' T c+ |8 pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! T# }5 Q+ T' w G9 R/ i9 Q d$ |+ }: q6 s" xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 T( D4 J& m* V! ?% o
. i: W7 _- I2 r, b" _Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): a4 Q: ]+ C) o5 |, _/ |
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) ?7 b* M% Z; y, [- p! ^& p( ?2 H6 v4 `8 [- e! F# n
* t2 B; d) I# |+ {! F t 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 {/ G. ?7 Z# W. V5 H5 [" s) @( q" D" k4 Y
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例如:6 P; E X: M' |2 K- ^. `8 S0 _7 `( t
/ y. y# d( m3 T/ Y4 [$ aAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); Q/ g' a- A1 M# s6 z/ W
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # n n; V. Y+ j5 a' i' P # a+ v: U2 k: ~3 U7 R# f: PI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) q; @# s- E6 C }/ ^) g. U: h+ \6 q0 E
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 w& K+ ]- @: y
0 H; N+ B" ]- _; D& b. `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + X0 W; H% K5 a7 M4 }( U: l0 h4 S0 G. B- [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 d: P3 W% x. ?3 i1 c9 H% L
* {% B5 R' A- ]I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . a" g: Y$ n9 q: }5 _! b3 ~3 o1 O3 J8 G" g
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # P, E C/ |/ D9 P& j$ ^0 R9 @3 o' ^) x9 G4 P; T0 M
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % j+ u; _- s4 c; q ~) J1 i) ]5 Q : r+ T/ j7 \' n0 x# |6 WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 f0 D. P+ E. }# Z
+ [' q8 U5 P9 w, u8 kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 w+ i% X6 @, U$ x( q7 d
6 ^& R* u+ Z* e5 y, L5 x6 q8 CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' f% j9 [# h, {% m0 t! B) C9 L3 h
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # w( d3 s; {9 E: S* D 8 Z0 o- T1 B0 P: _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % w+ x2 q# ^8 l* z0 S3 Y ; I! j$ N& e) J) \8 X5 E e写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) k1 N1 D: x6 r! T N2 T- u3 @, w1 q1 G; k' R2 l
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 S+ z( n2 X( t, r+ j3 c 5 R! C( a, o4 x+ Z6 m- F( T$ ^% t' k4 `# D& j 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 U9 w6 Q( s& R B" g/ \, f
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例如: 1 U ]6 {* X1 x( o# @" z' R9 k' d# z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 |' |- S+ k& A1 M
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & n7 T8 d* Y& i3 x( A* {0 S; y7 m9 w" c& L7 k4 y9 T: A5 J
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% }- Y- z8 `3 C$ r- L3 o* w
- Y3 x9 Q, m& C6 z" `+ aHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! X: ]6 v/ x3 ? [: f / P* p, G. w( F% l F; gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! l2 F& ~$ \5 q% K! T. u: n8 z0 I
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 m. j& e* `9 V& D" d6 s# r3 O' W" A7 ?' ^: P3 X
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & l( h7 ?% e. c3 f! v2 H* }, w$ Y9 S# m/ b
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / T+ R( E h1 V9 u' v. t/ f : D* v) C! M6 H* R9 X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 N% n/ b/ r4 |; ~5 b) t+ x0 i
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 g' a# ^% g+ d y
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 o. y# [' U' Z
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' V% ?8 p9 A* q, x' k - ^$ y% y+ B9 e; @: s4 U对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 V: J; v( t& }8 s$ S2 @* p
+ d& t2 y& t1 L- w对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" V/ c9 q _& r# z) k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 @+ p w. m1 |, Q8 a9 S& S
3 u/ u O: C" [- ] Y: p还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 L1 x* Y5 `4 M/ p
, e, u( I* Q# ]# p5 ~) `7 d. O4 |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 V6 M4 A; H2 U8 T* \( g+ Z& b( o8 @