* s5 y# ~! t% I& ^) T4 m xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 w' K; J1 D* `/ t- \3 a - A0 s2 B- O- u3 `Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( f! r5 d, @$ E
8 ^" K U/ i. x, }+ mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 |& D" H# t$ F k
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): @0 n% M+ p" m2 q! S7 B
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - u: \- s6 g# w& L+ e: [6 I6 t9 I, M7 {/ I
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 a% R7 B8 t- E) _6 c& R& q$ ~
1 y0 Y0 K, g9 M5 \1 hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 j- f5 [$ C e: j( G& i+ D
5 y' D. g) F0 A# T cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) m- p3 e4 G- F2 b
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) ? W4 X$ h% w D 4 I x7 y: s6 j' T( }8 L2 u4 b; ~这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! r+ i6 B$ h+ u/ y% R; f1 ^; M7 E7 r& G7 F4 b9 _
, Q3 e0 q6 O$ R8 A: c; a% {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 v) {5 |& i8 `* z" V; ~8 y" r; G1 y+ w
例如:- X' ~. p5 R- P. a8 T! ?
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 h$ f! X$ b5 l, s3 I9 ]" }- j& y7 L* J9 p# X
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 `1 C4 g5 q( @- `- J5 q 5 ]) L+ I0 \) rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ R3 a) y# u% Q" j, G, v: m; h7 _; ^3 o! W' n; T
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 @& r/ w3 ]. K
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) _+ j" |7 _& y, d1 E! @/ w8 J; q& r& Z
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* Y2 @# l( u8 W( C5 o3 E
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & G' O4 d# z# R* | ; n1 l7 G& C" B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " h6 M& H+ K H/ G; j ' g* S5 @, u) `/ f# ^The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); I/ Q# v1 {- V. J
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ o6 Y* r2 ?# U% a# }# P4 m1 Y( m# J ~+ l5 g
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % w) ~8 z1 N* q9 m/ \! n 0 m: p* ]5 ^2 H& H1 `He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 L0 r7 X7 K6 Q. h4 J. ?8 M8 u" j* B- ~. E6 ]; H
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), E) B9 C+ w; ^9 ]- z
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 M: {9 ~7 ]* Y7 p' g3 W; H; ~! Z8 D {, [
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) }* V ?! ], l$ v- U
- Y m5 K6 B! m9 x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. \! s5 o( P/ a7 N7 f
# T E2 j# B' ?. R2 }9 m / \2 H0 k& G0 |& Z: ~9 N3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ q8 T8 m. e" [) L: B1 l % x) f) y4 E- K! ], b/ c9 P例如: ' g9 }. b2 _, n5 k$ S! A* s6 c% {; i9 g9 i! Z/ u& U4 P, h6 [
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 Y B. A8 g6 i2 D6 Y 2 ~. ]- [; R+ E! ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" \! `4 p; J3 u
/ A9 K9 {) x/ @- U) YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : t f5 l2 P" ~! j* I6 S% u/ t2 {( k! U/ a" c9 M1 l, W
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * {% o. a& `5 @4 h6 Y# Q. `% J# `! ^. z2 a; ]% ?
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), u( F$ @: x) q3 j
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; h( [( y$ i$ v& k+ X$ r , T' s$ T* p; m5 N3 ?0 vCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' Y) x6 G# j, P; u7 N% a/ u! e1 Q. s) [$ z
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& i& s- @; \: O4 b" b J
5 q9 `% a V' i. {+ {8 d2 [同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! J* _. ^4 p( f
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. g0 B5 u" ~# @: D& X/ P
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 ]$ }( ^0 x5 M( V' K4 C; S
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% }: `2 o( f: s! K S% R$ z
2 |' |, s7 A- s5 W* U8 N% J对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; _9 o1 @" n, m
: K! v# v' b2 o2 H# y对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 X( ^3 @& Q; ~7 e7 D* y% a# k; a6 A) o& j. R4 {0 l4 d5 r2 u5 d2 g) \
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + \6 I$ J( p, l7 Z' ` 7 c k7 b/ P- D+ @. q7 Q) f8 V' y/ m, o还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! O5 {% M" e$ |$ P Z4 \+ a& U3 N $ n% h2 v: Y- s, M" M* }有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 z% M& S' {5 ?! I/ O