本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " u& o w/ O3 Q# S# J; J8 `! K 0 i1 v. ?0 \5 F9 J& L4 A9 u转帖 & q4 x1 q6 W- A' ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 X2 `. M& \/ Y% s4 F k3 d7 ` {/ d/ B例如: + f. B; O! H7 o' T9 |2 z - h& |# F3 \: F" xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 k0 z6 q% Q6 C" E : ^; h+ N' m& D4 Q; C. PThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* k$ o, j9 h: r4 u
+ [) k4 ]+ q' F5 S8 DThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). [" m" N! U: z% l9 n) j3 Z
. T! O* B- O/ T" S9 @4 nThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' k5 Q/ n+ u1 e( ~% \$ u / `' K) o1 b$ j! A' D# nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 u" E# @4 A m
: y8 o& @' w+ P5 V: m( D
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& E1 W! T6 |, }( S1 Z, \" v
. g7 y/ ~6 z0 Y4 Q- r- }& F4 {# {We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 L" s6 H9 ]3 W ! ]* k; O# {& fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); ^$ x: |7 G$ a+ [# V2 m) @7 }
6 U( v8 |' D9 u) d6 D4 a# jWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 ^% ]0 P$ v* {4 o- k% v4 C/ |2 N9 W
5 H% w6 B8 j( T$ A; y' ?
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& ^- ]8 F5 Y8 f2 A
' o6 \5 h$ @+ V& M$ X$ s这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( u( y9 X- _* J4 t- j. |& P9 f2 A) y+ y6 U& X1 Z" C/ d
8 e; w, {7 N; d7 d2 u, s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 g h/ {* @5 J! M9 H$ {2 x 1 E0 Y& ? G) G6 a+ x4 x, i Y例如:+ W) `8 b% R% i5 o6 i, q
; i+ i c) I* ?' @8 \
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 {" e3 w0 B6 B% ^3 ]" u1 F6 W: c, a, l0 B9 l3 a z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . n# k" Q* u+ j* {7 F% R" o7 O8 b0 F, y V
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 m' @7 M) e( N6 D
( `9 N# L& `8 U5 N3 V1 r& ~7 Z
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). |/ W, @) Y+ x; |- t
, @2 l8 c9 x% `) T- C2 K; W# QIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* h. T/ B0 y) Y: ?2 g/ Q
$ }% J( P: C" e2 z2 G6 e9 E/ m* r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 P5 w. }/ e* g0 O \3 ?% A( P: k; U0 z% D
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . z5 S! L3 K7 H6 \ ( y* P2 c' G0 p; m7 e$ ] {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 ^4 P8 V& r* m ]; \1 j7 }9 N
7 T8 k1 c' P6 SThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! V o9 X$ _7 F& J9 _0 @" q0 l# a" |& M; T
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' `( n) t% J, \* |3 @ - k C8 {. Z; i4 l, dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ S* z% O, z. Y. K7 m& B- e
- V) K& j4 V, y5 NHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ t" Y9 Q; e, x! L 9 J9 h2 K: G7 l, T, _3 fWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 o4 h. {. z7 D4 @. {3 N9 t, k* G ) }! z7 r& W! ^- Z. t( tEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), X; E: a8 K& O# K: c
q& R& S( ^" L% ?9 r6 Z: d, M+ f
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% p/ @+ G! C8 Y+ U, ?3 H; Y
, j: I" X! c2 ~' G% F' L, Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 U f# v9 M1 B0 d3 g , V- B4 Z. ?* _6 Z $ k- c! O# x& V+ ~/ F) y' A$ w( h3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 c9 A5 X/ E& M. O4 N0 P- \9 A4 q; J6 ]0 ~' F- j
例如: ! f3 t6 y# A+ [& V* S5 a; ] 0 [: J' i' h5 Z* U7 eMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 ]0 N" }/ j7 X* d0 D, f1 g- X4 u6 s) ~' V. u7 s) {) L0 n
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 N+ A. ]: G& [. H% z
* |" h; t" o; b1 N, b( n, Y, `) u
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- U4 C5 @% Y! \. ?: _0 D
: V' ]" Q% ^2 a# B: J; R" Q* LHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) X5 f" b e, a4 |+ P0 X" V1 o, \* B8 S7 ~( L+ Q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 W- k- ^+ n( W" J' x* q3 z ?$ k6 f9 p% O7 y" [2 QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), ^- v# S" x+ |2 d6 K9 |2 b1 N
) | d0 l. n% D tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ z+ |% {' O _
* b1 v3 f5 C" b
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 F' L+ j; W* I+ p7 x8 a
: R6 K# \4 ~; \同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) y$ w3 {/ V. C( P: Q- \ , w1 K6 O( d: _+ V! h当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* ~/ _0 K% U1 y6 T3 U
7 x) g7 G+ N b) J/ z+ l
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' K0 D( b# @6 _. I9 A
% N+ D& M8 z7 G# Y/ M对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 s' r" T% p) V. B2 p3 U# M+ p. f% m ) K( D' z( G3 o- Z' K- ]! d对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ }1 g' m/ V8 J1 t' B
) n" W y8 s4 O$ ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 o* S, L7 I6 M/ b, \, m" p
# x2 t* o1 H+ @2 S' N- {. g7 Y# o至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * R' @6 }3 |0 s' G5 o9 I0 M. m5 V# O( _6 h, u- g8 t9 V
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。6 T- l3 \. \! R! a4 [4 o
6 S% b/ Y, I% W# I: t7 M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' J. [+ ]0 G/ i7 V7 A; ~* y3 S9 y