本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' z7 N* S& U# W1 u5 _+ ` 3 T2 l5 L+ U0 U6 n转帖 ]' r: u) {) L. t2 w
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ u+ g: |# |" d, H
- A8 |( J* y8 W5 X
例如: 5 k, c& ?3 _, J7 A) o- g2 h% }7 L& p0 B! Y/ V7 O, J- d* W$ |5 Z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . v9 f& @8 b! t1 `6 [( i2 E* p( N! N8 X
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); l! t3 o/ h7 T B
; Q" x( T' y/ A& W+ \& oThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) o, F, d A7 J# C) y
* p& Y& z& }6 b6 V
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) j" I8 |" d! @8 Y8 L+ m( U
0 @/ n$ C1 W( Y" W2 [, ?1 u
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; H6 R7 y' S% p7 ?3 ^* | 1 s$ E4 `$ |4 wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ h( i8 I( D- V5 n6 | p7 U
! i% U# g1 z. p( L9 q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) b& }" [7 U' g5 v5 R5 u; y, Y 2 b( X; Q9 I T( [The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 H0 V- a! k; x. l5 O( ]5 s8 _+ i z 3 B% p6 k+ g& a" \/ r, u! fWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ `; w! |9 t0 b' B
5 g! x1 X3 X9 r6 vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( p* |2 Y6 g# h2 v
. P5 G! O6 o6 C! P: E这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 o& }# N6 _) ?/ X8 |: Q7 b* A! D: q
) e, v( M# G& W, M
' v( ^1 P } V9 s) G, T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( |8 T3 h, F$ f# ^* P+ d W7 v0 g* g& ?9 k) C1 S0 }) b2 b
例如:( C: A/ Q6 ]; H2 \; b
$ _& ?; p5 ?* p) FAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 R, x& |1 k! {8 w. R/ `6 p$ h " Y0 G, ]9 C& e. ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 d- U& C7 y# x, f" \! {
* i+ P4 z$ G# D5 O
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)9 Z& s) `: \0 x
; N$ m( Z* A; ] \
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 h+ o3 k6 Z8 l& Y$ {1 ` : o& g& h }0 m; Y6 v U6 GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 M) H9 f) `5 ?6 W* B3 H- a
! z4 p* c; j9 ~" P4 r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 {8 w; ]! ?/ j3 ~ . X3 |) ?$ x( _9 e# G4 Q! v7 qI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): X$ g3 T% y" I% r3 c6 e9 F1 D. _
8 ?* v$ A- o( }/ o如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* C5 L) p7 d9 V. `* v* o V
8 N. p* G$ A* ]! ~- {. y+ AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 f3 G& Z4 g% E3 h
2 ^* e3 w8 _# A& y# xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) R% ?+ s7 t2 a7 V) {5 K
% t% I2 N, s5 WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" u x0 y$ Q8 l5 e( Z; P& J3 a
1 E( {: L) Z0 l0 d7 z1 ]" iHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- e" g: m0 ?; p" U: Y
/ P& Z* T$ c! i: v) mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & _2 f# p6 {8 i( Q* R 5 M( D* }7 B: ~/ p l* sEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 l" t9 Y ^* p/ S' r' J. j4 S; k 9 E# R A Z9 M, Y; A" c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 B# U8 R d4 d: F0 N# U8 Z- ?. C7 P% G6 B% c2 |9 E) g
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- A- U3 R9 h) [. A
4 H b. j: `5 |6 [
, T2 t4 D" S0 s! a Y: yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 L. v! P! q+ c
* J% ?7 c8 b2 [. h! @
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% k* I! l3 ?5 H! K6 l/ t7 i
8 `! U( Z4 ^) FThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' c5 Z- A) a( d& a, E1 h2 z/ B
' ]! t- d: t. w& a& @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; X# P3 t5 J5 n6 x0 T4 V; p1 }0 e1 P( q5 }0 j. q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 Z+ B) c, j: m6 I+ y% f 6 d. s7 f7 e& U4 Q& f. qPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : N& h3 | ^) x* r0 \ I6 J" r( F! }4 }1 N W4 M; K! A4 D
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) W' M8 P5 S. ~7 d1 b
$ O% p- x0 w; ?
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 O& B! K' M9 R' z
9 s: D& Z. }* l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # z: X3 v1 @! v# d& V, Y5 ^( l