本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' w& t6 i8 A, z4 q
5 R( H/ ^3 M1 F6 N转帖 2 X- ?: v! a1 V0 s1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ y/ L, F% O- t1 D# I
4 t) n# D R! k2 E1 l2 N
例如: 9 f9 I: \* I# [8 ^% H; G0 N/ A8 P# j# d, F
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 i$ ^: u+ u# l( T 3 n, d* e$ E+ uThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 a z9 x B. ^# Z. h: i " `3 y2 F) W6 E7 }8 v2 H0 T% ZThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); o, |4 i( v5 O L/ ?6 I
; H) ?( l+ k5 Z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 w: H$ l, n9 I# U. n# d4 c4 \5 s 4 u$ V. a; x6 w! T) TI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ y% q/ c. q% V6 ^% j1 m / v. ]$ Y. @7 m4 `8 h. JMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 h! P4 u9 d% z- F: C+ \: Y% m( o
+ _" e6 P- G1 e. }+ j& J9 n X" ]5 G3 O8 HWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) S# _; ]7 u: e( O: ?- b- q& O! Z 7 l+ W9 K' i9 m8 r: e5 CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 \; p/ |- S% A; }/ N
e, u8 Z3 V# r! mWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 C0 L$ z2 w: {: v, k1 g9 n6 m4 @$ g ' T2 Y! W1 U, Q% B( K2 ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & P8 [: [9 b, v9 z, u * B) Y# a: d5 E这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) A. M6 }! M. ?7 |+ |& T# Q- c7 I, o7 ^ {( H2 u
$ Q1 z+ d# V5 k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; o1 U# o& ^0 F# E& B+ t6 b. H* j0 C
例如:+ e1 i6 L7 o9 L R$ H' o
; q, U% C' s: k0 z+ w. }, \: N, MAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 F5 k! f/ a" d5 E. }0 i' L0 S, k8 ]5 f. z$ k5 g
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( `3 `8 y: z3 Z( {9 G
$ a& L+ L- b" G% l; U; b4 zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) B3 Y% D1 l1 A5 }% A9 N( z" I6 B' l" f! K6 A( A
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ u! D7 ]0 K" ^( c
0 K- I' p; n# i& z
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " {$ O7 t3 w& l5 w' o ! O/ U" o# ?$ l& l+ \, qShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 O' H# k5 }8 M# o5 a: Y
8 P2 x! y r1 ~/ l8 EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" P: J' j1 E% y% V8 S* V, l
5 P: \- q1 L5 Q( h2 R# W/ t! Z" H
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; H/ U2 r) S" d( ]4 t, o Z
x+ o+ z1 P! a5 i4 e
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) T6 t0 e/ Z$ x4 D 6 W1 v4 Q: C9 ?* qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 y# w) l# j- n5 f7 A) l ]7 _# t6 C6 e
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ L6 ` }4 I( W' M' T
0 r2 I( Q: ~/ GHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ l0 M7 x* f+ X0 \8 C) Y. ?
9 B' g5 ]: f& X: [8 ^' HWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 p& c3 w a6 a) I1 c( n; _+ Z, [) A) ^9 |2 |2 }
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)0 J7 l2 m2 F( m9 V- A
5 F( n6 ]" O6 s6 `8 M' w
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / x7 Q% K1 l7 {! v; e/ t' ]" x / U# g: q! n" l/ G! F3 M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ]/ N- v& O, b1 R3 n
# Q t G1 m5 o, v# Q, s g+ K' U- W! B7 l; J6 y& O1 a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- r' O4 c2 c' W' X+ l9 [
2 b+ i3 Q4 f9 x3 Q W: R3 i. ]$ C4 q2 `0 c例如: * x; r2 B L* c1 g9 Y+ a- Q) Z% c4 _- C9 _& r
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 {4 U: C3 ^* U! u4 |! y + ~" E5 v: h; R& v& R# EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# D" ~& @5 n2 `$ G2 w
8 _0 v' k8 G/ B7 M* X; x9 w- V) z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- |+ f8 m1 I$ J' u3 E
% X( {0 o$ j7 C- N6 u7 HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! D& o! ]4 j8 B, }% C " ]5 T, k; s* j1 L' N; c( ZMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): ]/ {: j( R; z# D' m8 {
" }* ^% j: G* v8 f( {6 X
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 h# T$ {& E e# |
: p% T' d6 Y$ T. i$ r( K
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" T( N; D$ ^- m7 u
7 m1 F: [/ n" e& VStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 R' H& E2 f/ u& }# V3 [ A 2 D! Z; _9 @1 P& S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 X/ ]0 V$ u% D* L% D; [9 `# A B$ J' L! }
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! _1 M5 T' ?2 p& V1 B. f
# D U x" f# O2 }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % d* b, S `. z" y9 c% @) x) }8 Z2 ]+ {" y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 g7 B% p9 s8 a" j/ a' G6 \, l
' `! @) u# h" R5 i8 M3 O对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / D" u. b# ^( R3 ]& j/ \: {$ x9 g! q) [
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ~. F% K5 z: b. P' h) _$ E
+ R( c% W, Q0 `9 f7 F V- B还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- N# J& }0 a9 L
! B" k/ B) e. C5 h6 V' B0 f6 c$ a
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. J- D: H* t% T8 V8 j+ Q