本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + J! P1 R8 c: v! @) u% s
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / p, S' |* p+ h* d2 P5 l& k: ? ?
例如:: ~7 ]1 h3 {. a& l. K
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 H& `3 F- x) P1 @+ R( p. E: c ' c) I6 |* Z9 K: ?Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! O) x4 c: q3 e5 K! e % P2 p) R1 ]' d- ]. fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % O, P% j1 U; Z% [. Q 3 [. _2 C/ w3 j9 |& lThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# C7 N$ l. o4 |: }7 w" C# \. v- u
! {! M/ t9 |& B0 f5 Q: kI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 W- a# Q% R7 ^' N N& L3 m) n0 c. U% @+ g! w2 }) t
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 J& V: P3 Y% \! x) g: d0 ~
, Z, W/ g3 c) W2 M* c! c: c! C# WWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# n/ I2 L; ~. `5 I
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : |( N( l% I, L# \0 k" o + ] Y3 |1 v3 VWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- a% _9 P% F" Y' E* q& a* w
1 S+ j3 a4 \2 A+ [Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! f% b l2 N" V! C* _0 {; o1 s7 B: x5 f# A# k
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) d ~, i. y. p l g* ^8 f. E4 v$ i) A( p5 M" E5 w' z4 K
% D; y2 M. i0 C( b& Y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& G6 }5 }; T; G+ h' u6 l, @6 S
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8 v9 f* Y, S6 L) D& ?+ ?& [At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! E# E- y3 X: j8 u4 V# I( s. w6 n5 i/ Z5 _5 n) R" G% p! K
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): w+ ?" {: E, v
) u% N8 Y; a2 ~/ G8 }& FI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" w7 ^) P/ L% k4 z: h
# [( v9 [9 }5 J9 ~8 l' nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) p' |4 T0 s0 d" }% C$ m
+ u* [% h, H* U: _) `4 zIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ U3 K) ?, s5 ?/ x; C( q9 E, [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 R. J! U: ^* b8 F8 X: _% q7 C
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 b1 k! i6 W. ~$ Z, }
5 m9 G, u, Q+ O2 G/ h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 J/ P# L& a1 M , E( k$ G; b9 H2 n+ ~& {" ]/ FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( a. Y x- m) H: E* Z3 q0 n7 L& b/ U, X9 r5 Z* p* r
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . ^; @: v. R1 `# z. n# R! T 5 k! w: [6 K! I1 v5 `He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) [2 Q9 I& ~' Y d
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & L" ]$ l9 N$ W, J1 e5 }2 v; e& A8 H m9 g, i+ h0 w* R# m
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 t! ^9 R4 }% z. d
7 D7 j: L/ v" b/ n8 s0 c2 |( }# {Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 S5 z: i$ b4 K4 w8 R. g
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.). G) V9 r T& g: i& ^
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; G# o: A2 H$ x$ O: N& | 5 _2 w' e v6 k. C# p6 n& M% h1 X; {, T' H; ]# ?9 p 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + M9 H3 n3 o& W0 |( f# S9 q6 q" w. e0 i
例如:; ^+ Q# p$ B) z( K3 o( T& Q
3 R$ {) ~6 n' Z; {' ~# p" \3 [Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & ]+ b4 Q: b* b# U n9 N, ^$ M" I
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ B4 \$ b3 K' p* ^+ f7 r s7 ~5 |7 X0 ~/ Y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 r; C/ q, V s4 P0 c 4 c! I4 O9 Y# v4 m1 oHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) : Y1 k9 a/ ~& X+ p 7 G; I* A3 V1 a' ^Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 @% b1 f% p1 P! C/ d. |! \. g; k2 z5 }5 e1 f6 D
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; S1 S3 X4 I, y5 @1 J% H' Q3 M, s5 E
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# N: O2 `, \( C
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & W" }" d$ v( ]" T: c0 k- N7 ~" q, P
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 U% N: s: X, |1 H4 h* z
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 z& r, e, ]# ?& y; V# c/ E( n* p5 D
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) N5 a' G x! i' u1 S: O3 z
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# b& F: |* }5 m, V! A
: _1 L2 ^ V p, `对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 i6 ~! ?6 l: O, D) Y/ U
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ T; W* d) ?& W' _- j9 v
' _6 D0 ^% u: L7 U) Z% A3 `2 W至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. Q z9 z; X/ t' q
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 t( _7 \% n P0 a' b8 A
7 w- K/ ?5 ^; |; q7 Q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 M" f/ X. O$ G/ O