本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 ~1 D; N7 ^) O2 m2 u$ k. e) _3 c. Q. k+ ~& a- v$ j# u 转帖 ( ]( h; j8 ~ |+ z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 X9 T, ^1 T$ @( @5 u3 W # D+ h( l) g2 m例如:; Q! w' M7 p, k" I
6 l, h( K$ ^. V& d; DMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" D6 U, K* M Q: @: k1 T
- e V+ L# C9 f# D4 U& E+ WThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% Z% A( w1 g4 Z0 U0 v5 ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& D: g7 Z/ E4 r6 j5 {4 V' {, t
' `* ~+ F% s2 L6 WThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)8 ]% i2 t3 a. b% x ^/ ~
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). ? {7 _6 s0 _# m
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ ^( L- d, E! u4 V( o* `
' F+ O1 | }( z, D, W) ~We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); \' u; e8 h5 ?2 S2 f" w6 B8 c
6 ?& Z) K* R: J. `: [We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' p+ B( a9 u" Q: J- M1 R! X) _ 2 G/ s7 Y4 `5 m, \6 kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ L6 F& d% L3 D; c ) R) \) v/ D: m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : n3 ~' I0 i% G- O9 f g5 H3 `* D% t' I" m, l8 J$ w1 G6 J
% K0 F) K3 U% B1 |0 @ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; Q# o$ T( q& l$ K
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) y& N' Y2 Q& p: x( F0 A' G
# x: G' N& Q; o9 lDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* Q* W; i" h3 Q
- [/ J+ \" R( A& y- MI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 K. D$ j8 v$ [% \$ z* N7 \1 J ( _1 o8 e" [6 i- D9 U" H) G5 r. oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % M7 T) T. g0 O8 L 6 R8 Z8 o, f/ ~! K$ yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 N! o& p; @6 V 7 r ~4 ~$ @2 M+ c' CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); n. K- d3 c1 V( C& f I
) b) `3 R" ^5 y( k6 f$ o3 ~ CI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 D2 M3 ]* g) E* W @/ n8 v1 P/ x$ D" [. C6 b, h
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 X5 X6 b- P# S5 {. p; {9 e
3 j" J/ W2 V8 P0 \2 z+ D, H' v+ BThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 o, {$ v, I4 o; l; v1 D) x; O* a# B$ T2 A9 M. @
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) U7 _" |- k# @; c) @3 d6 l( U 0 e( n0 q1 O; L. s; m6 yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & f5 }9 @6 t8 O- W, d( L7 H8 _% H* y0 g* V
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ q) v) w& k) F% ~* Z
1 P7 S' o. V! `, {2 KWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 O1 w3 ~6 N+ l3 S9 ?: j6 u ! G) Z, j9 w) v k. ]3 q& ~Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( J! Z8 M$ ?1 D
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 ]: N' \ g% N5 e% s) t6 r4 d1 R5 B& P" F
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) t& @) @ u# T8 P; i( ` f4 t$ F p2 p, o ; V+ h' }/ i1 O' I 8 E, z( X9 \ l1 l; w/ k" |3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; F5 Z) r; w7 i2 C5 B- h+ [
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例如:+ t2 h% ?9 h8 H* v! R$ f
1 ~/ n0 W+ _" F( q1 }* ]Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! G3 u$ e' h/ l4 c$ p- f$ f( Q% V- t0 |7 ^1 D0 _
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 w$ j; a# o0 v0 I0 i. {$ w , l! l& E+ Y" h& b% A5 x0 {This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) H3 f/ j! V4 w* C+ K( J
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); Z3 _2 t3 O4 T
' G: `/ I0 Z2 u' ?/ z1 YMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 L- O- w5 ~1 b2 s1 K3 K$ ]* b$ f# t( a0 I% \) Q
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * U( H7 f% E5 C5 J# e* e 3 j9 h6 t- r6 z5 y1 R$ E* bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% T) z/ t6 [7 i) b& |: H3 J
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- R* ?/ D7 O0 d3 c
7 y0 N: g1 d7 [* L2 K4 Q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / w1 F0 p( N) Y4 g, k3 F4 \/ o( U) f- d# e/ v
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ S+ F# T0 j% h
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% P' H/ w; O% W2 g6 p. M
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 R, \0 U8 \! z $ L4 P T0 J# C) p8 M% n! Y' j至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ U1 D: b( x5 d! c5 w
. Q) o3 E: d+ O, a# b/ `8 d还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 l$ M1 X" W) \0 x9 K 3 S9 r( g2 \1 z6 M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) w# Y) ?- o; a' L