本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 z2 D: B( E" U2 @2 \# Y, d
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 ?0 k2 v5 r$ o) t/ O; g7 {
6 w$ r% a" M2 ^" h例如:0 v' n |9 q( i+ ~" J/ ]. i6 @4 l
, H# ^' u) q( w9 YMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 l1 v. T3 W5 C% i. F
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 J! W' p; [# `
" s* N& C R) t2 u7 |# ?: NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + O, e6 u8 p/ X2 g; _4 [+ B; z: i
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 b, \# Z4 s" v 4 M$ d" t9 S% \3 B$ M, uI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# e x) [7 r) U8 }* H
# k* |( `! z. M8 U$ fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # o" M7 b! m' B9 M! L) a & l8 L* `: Z: c e) `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - H( W/ G7 ]+ \& A! [$ p' R) h/ O( S9 C; Q" {/ l! H c
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " p* U3 @/ Q# Q 4 y }0 p# p+ ?6 U( h7 h mWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; | c! R% p4 D0 |6 R' i8 E A! ] - K' G! o1 {$ i; lPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " J* F' A. k2 }# z! C- k W, \& O* h% f% u) Z9 U/ q% c1 y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . q: f- [8 y7 k. j4 Q( c( N/ R0 U$ H4 g5 j3 y+ i
( g1 i. A6 }' e2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 n q9 D3 G- R: B" x7 a b& S; H
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6 z. D9 h* R* w: _8 I0 @At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! }3 S/ p( J8 u/ q5 U# e
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 {( H9 y* I! u" m0 u' U; X5 V( a5 {) K
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 K6 F. R" C% d+ q3 V& O4 w
- G2 Y4 Z; u/ n+ g4 \; kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 d/ P. U: d& I: e) N
2 f( [% T- i. z4 G- FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 ^* D1 f+ U/ w3 O- e! u* T, f' l+ S& z; V. n
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 Y! m" c! U! M6 C7 J1 t' H: S. V4 R% H; i
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 L; I2 e/ T8 Q* W9 \
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % C: z9 j6 E& O+ W+ K5 L- |. n$ }& b9 b3 s* o- {) }5 C1 S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 a+ G6 Q5 N6 x) T) ?- z8 F
- }$ O& q3 k& d, j4 K( O- ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ A b0 a, b- V! p, R
' l5 R& d; A! g- gHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" L1 S3 m) i: @$ ], K
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# j( r" }+ L& X
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : s0 ~/ X" f0 j" h3 q) J ! S0 z9 N" W# iEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % A7 Q! V* r% P+ S$ V$ t- O3 B- j+ u' a
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 \% t ?! x# {4 ?# x# |- R5 ?: G" O4 o* F- Z" r
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# k7 x f8 D2 z2 V2 |" \
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- P8 |. m5 g# h$ A# U3 U9 P3 g. P3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 `6 U8 I1 M! J* O" M
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例如:1 i9 L$ e0 ?, l9 \! Y4 a
4 O G2 Z: d- q# O, d' Y0 b( s3 {0 e& Z6 LMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 J5 Y4 N( R$ Z e9 X; `9 h , z5 l+ u" X0 r' U% wManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# G' h1 O& W, s. f: ]+ y, o
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 ]& `, j3 I P( M! ]
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * ^2 E' \) k- I + `9 O5 \% T( |6 z* A% uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) ]' c* H5 Z: b( C" @+ |
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 N1 e" ` F+ F5 B$ b" q5 i % s, s; _; T7 `0 z' ?2 bCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 q' U$ U( }/ e! n5 @ 0 s% m% F2 u) }4 O' wStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 J2 _$ s" n& k2 z7 V: \- p, {4 q e$ T/ l& u$ Q6 O2 n, I" z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 ]) J; {6 x" L0 X8 c- u
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 k2 @! F- I- q; C+ N9 ]( R! C' ~- `8 {+ ] y1 y
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 B/ z' y5 X3 M1 Y" X2 M0 n+ h3 c9 K: N! \
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 |8 z' ]3 p' u0 K& d : m- h- w% j0 Y) K) J3 K# Q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( X$ S7 V$ P: p" K- I( } I( {
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) o+ B+ S, ?0 l% T6 A
) f1 H( {8 D3 Q: Y& L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. j. m& a4 K/ N$ X
* @, H! X, Z, [; C& F还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 a% c" d4 s Z2 r7 h6 E* o& u5 a" ?2 ]) l" _5 @# u' G; n5 ^2 |
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# r4 b0 `3 F/ V