本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # v8 m( M$ c% o% N+ m/ j1 Z3 S6 x
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % ~" \0 R; U: {! v9 I3 U+ j: `" x- f& N' M8 {" e. \
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), m" K1 U* [# t/ ~
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 Y4 K3 Y7 m. X! I. y/ r; v# G5 I2 K
3 C* H- p$ S. y! j% j6 uThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 ^# @& Y: q5 P* d% a" G* P
& h/ x( C: Q* |% [/ {$ ]/ fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" w, t& J( @ B0 I6 {4 u
2 Q+ O- _2 o, i9 j) X0 WI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- t- T: b3 z2 V- O
: A* Y! I, C. n4 ?3 ^+ y! k' O1 aMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 w5 F) S9 @ m2 o$ W, }
6 I4 g* u; T' V8 E) X' }( d3 eWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 m U( b1 z* ?' Q' `. Z$ {
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * {+ |. Y$ h9 U0 }' w9 q7 ^7 y $ E1 Y, i# h, V( e- QWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 v- K" z$ F ~. Q% |' _3 G7 w
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' K: K2 u n8 e2 f+ w3 D* ~# m1 c% X5 m
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! R9 D5 n& @0 i! L& a! i, k, P8 T" n5 P2 d# y. v. x' L% A
5 I2 X7 U( b! Z1 `( A0 k例如:. b! |/ A, R& {2 t6 l/ w4 F3 r
4 W4 {0 h9 t4 D" j" SAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' O# v0 U8 t# C; `. B! U; D' v9 f% p& w- m, H' K! K: r7 d0 n2 W
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & c6 D8 z# H2 U! O* u: W {9 U" h7 w n9 i
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' C7 M3 K, f( y. L& G- ?* _0 r3 {+ B! h: ]" c5 i5 }
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). i1 G4 ^2 n- `4 B2 o F
f( K1 H2 ]5 C6 ]6 eIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( J. o% I& B( k9 j 4 y* {; q# i/ O j% UShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' E9 _& ^3 L$ k" H% \. I% f& \& B
. S: P. B# U7 C: D4 v; hI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # o9 ?4 p/ g) S4 N6 [+ o* M( P* ]3 M/ Z1 m# |' u
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' X* u7 | n% ?3 S. P4 C& @
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% _' t w( |+ i) @' {
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ v4 c4 _6 [, A, ~& Y
! m. _/ n& g, s0 S) QHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 u! E# \4 ]/ ~! B$ o ( `7 D; {5 H$ x. b& L4 |) hHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 h+ {# _% v9 u4 A5 O; x v
7 u% L& ?' X* Y9 XWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 h9 ~$ f, S/ r8 b- M$ a' \- y0 S2 b) G7 h" e
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# J/ B7 i2 U: h
: X7 s/ Y% c5 q/ W$ G' T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' ]! `# H& v+ f7 U: Y5 _, l7 ^" ~. ~! T' Z5 t8 A0 }: N
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 h# y) e/ E8 u, Q% r! ^
( W: h& [ X Z7 R% u* W4 c2 ]7 S8 {5 `# _+ _: X: a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / I0 z; A- h2 A" i+ I, F1 e , a8 P4 |9 ?1 X3 L例如:/ b* o+ `: i4 S! C$ H, ^& }( `
) K3 X# o; Q( p8 s8 cMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & {% `. M' r, D6 H4 X# E7 z 9 ?2 }$ d% U5 uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - ?! I' v4 ?( h% _0 W2 r% G+ K6 r# g5 D6 y, K7 X
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( M5 z$ d- K1 m. \
, k+ G `% m; z. Y/ q6 r" jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 _. S" `$ d+ B5 `7 J* s$ v- C- Y % k9 X: r$ h- t2 Q5 k2 yMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! w% d4 z5 i5 L' U 1 `6 d1 r" B A# S. f: ^5 ~Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( H: l9 [, u+ D+ C. \9 Y' j 0 `) h/ c( ^, _- O7 `' CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) : I" R5 r: j8 @0 v4 j7 C! s: @ P- v8 {$ T d/ P
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) }* r. N q( M6 s* ^! |/ D& X5 p2 j% G9 c
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。: D$ A) X' q6 [1 v
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 |, `" Z% V/ Z# r9 s8 R9 F
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 g- ~* F% i3 C
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - o& l7 I' P. x8 a, V$ g/ u7 A% `$ U d+ ?! f
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 A6 `- R$ }" N
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- H9 g7 B2 q/ q( s
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- S9 W8 P$ ^( V! s9 ?2 W. T, q/ H
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, s9 [ S, z5 _* k b
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 ^" @6 d" G3 [+ _