本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ u# X( Q1 i4 F
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 f# \7 q* \5 ]) C9 x8 P7 \ [
% M5 v' N- _: g& p& B例如: j. [" {' V& @* h9 P+ Q' n - i8 D+ ]1 B9 ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # {& ?! H Y$ v) [, I8 F) i% v7 c5 g- q9 U0 F- J1 _
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' c$ `2 p3 h" u
/ e6 u! S! j0 Q7 q* aThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : F5 |, e# V7 y! g' {1 C1 } F2 x, |6 `9 ~% C. oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) c+ t% {6 F* ?. C
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 p* x5 A( v+ g8 ?& N8 h) ?8 p " U8 |2 u1 k( |" uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 \8 _- L: U; ] t7 i$ ~; O ! j8 K" U1 m( i" a9 PWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- u0 P5 h( J! N" Z
1 A, d+ M9 b6 R( _$ O8 w0 cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; a \9 [8 l7 H9 C, e9 c i7 M. @9 W+ v) K* l. z" y( U
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 j6 a3 ]8 e8 `4 n1 p+ \1 D" q9 n" V* H7 B( k* h: U
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 Z! q2 }) h2 f: u
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # V* M- _# f `! Q1 Z8 d* k " D( X7 Q4 ~8 W3 v/ t2 p+ r/ _9 [" Z4 p+ Q( c3 n: }; I' l 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' D% B' E# V: f, o0 o3 i
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例如: U7 J' W* m, B7 n2 l! f; ~9 B, M _$ c) _; g$ J
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 R8 u5 m7 z0 _4 k7 n& |/ \, e5 M7 X, ?& a
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ O. Z4 a+ w9 y" H+ G
& e/ f& g# ^- P. C' S) N l+ ZI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) k/ q# A* j$ ]+ H1 F5 A$ J! L- T' U
2 d: ~/ ?9 X) m z: [) oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : x/ n) a$ F c$ J, I# B2 L3 C* F& Q" t3 e% p" R$ [% `
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ @+ w; P4 @5 U5 {
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 {& r) g/ Y9 r, j( ~8 _
; s6 Q! F- e. f; `6 C0 oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): k% B& N0 c$ B( ]0 F: S+ L7 N
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * W; U/ U* u7 U/ B$ e- ~ / X1 Z+ ?$ R! r1 }4 |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . I9 _7 B3 W4 n0 }$ @5 p * j8 [& E) G* C2 d) u: X |3 J% n" h8 i) F& xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / A* J& L! R& P. i- l; L7 b- Q4 H* L, A7 z" ?) @+ o$ p. G
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( y! M' d, Z" d" ~& O
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 z$ @+ m6 j. t, I. w) J2 D$ \" c, @7 K. T* n+ n( T; O
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 Q* a. S* S; q1 C. _( N% g
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 h) a; {1 _: D! S) c2 F9 o( I
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- G, a: e) f f- B, H0 R# ]: U
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 ]3 ~1 e; |) F
; [6 v1 B: f+ I: \4 _: \7 Z4 x, V6 k& L 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 F. h( ]! E) B; Q) x2 p! f2 w
例如: ( V( s$ P& [* R4 N+ V( @# R. e6 N A7 U+ C+ v
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) m! ?5 t9 ?1 e5 V1 `2 ?9 F& R# R Z5 z0 U, R9 c9 S
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# P: Q& U" n$ R
* W7 E9 [% V; O* p9 m6 [9 _This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 ^6 e2 m, |) K5 I4 h( h; R ' {1 b5 M* n' x( X9 }0 }He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# \% B, U/ c( o: H+ Y# v+ P) K2 k
9 ~/ [6 r% I+ S: o" B4 N& Y* bMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ C1 K2 w9 Y# ?1 o7 n
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * d. v' ^: [, H0 ]9 V* w 1 S8 k. S5 c% a6 b. x$ ?Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # f! `& x' M3 p( W" Q' E# W" U) m0 f
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / N" A& K5 B+ B( s; _, ~# y, U' A$ Z" O# M. ~2 c
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , y) t8 m( L/ f7 o, g& O d% X$ F
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 m$ r4 f- l6 b: T1 i
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' U9 N! B3 k! v5 p - k; E1 Z4 M3 S$ ]$ E2 H3 d对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 _6 s/ g: F( ^9 M" J( q9 S. \) `4 W
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;# N( Q* F* C' t- { \: K
% F: `( t7 e# B6 S1 h `3 [对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' ]; g. j1 A( @1 v4 ~/ K6 J" U 2 Q1 w1 i. i" G! y1 Q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 R6 k; ~$ D6 ]5 k# B! `1 ]
8 i1 n$ F" @6 p" G还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; U8 h( j+ H( l2 q , o5 v; K; d" ~: A6 h6 ^- w有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - U/ j* \3 n" w' N# M# O