本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * `8 V B7 g/ f ; z# r) f, j) Z$ e( [. i% ?转帖" r) ?' u7 B9 D. G1 Q- [6 q: `: X
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 N6 T i. i7 i7 @& \! s! H6 \ I2 M& a2 ~% Q- A D例如: & \1 h d1 i3 F3 l8 M) v1 q) ]! v$ @) z' m
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 Y% s3 P# {: X; T. Z* w+ ~! Z$ @$ k
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ X E# I6 Q' H$ P) m 9 D& p/ O* ~6 M. g& AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & S4 j/ ~) e3 o# t- a3 l/ H3 J1 V& A# X* A- K* s! z& {
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% r4 q+ a9 |6 Q# O
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 C( @6 z1 L' i+ c5 p3 q; I & e% Z. q$ Z; Y3 z1 ?9 X; O' C) u, EMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): b8 l; z+ L! V% j- w
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' L5 {) Z' N1 e# M5 A2 R
& O( K. Z8 ?1 ~. r9 u5 yThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), C5 E: N c8 P4 E9 x* B" ^
' p: M4 \0 Q& t, n; ^We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 c3 `0 L* g4 x6 y+ d' b3 w: N" d
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# p7 z8 k1 B: l( k: Y3 T% H! W/ L
2 J; H8 E9 T4 p+ h: M* B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ F! T$ `$ b ^/ x- x# x
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6 K2 V0 U8 [. @0 A5 M! }) M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 c, V1 O3 V9 Z7 N1 k/ D# r. {% [' Q) I& v: m1 d
例如: ! x J8 `% E+ ~2 U6 T2 P( [+ ]7 T! C `: v. d( F$ t
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , v+ y6 H) a; S2 C; {% `5 _% H) I' B$ {6 p {' }
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( ]0 j R5 f1 Z( D% s6 c9 N, Y3 F* g/ e g
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , F" _/ F; B; w5 t' x L6 i9 z% K* l& z5 F) U) y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) O' P0 ]$ b- n+ @: Y$ W" ~( | % C+ ^# @" `# b6 _8 \In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 [5 ]7 m2 e$ V* o' |5 U1 `0 K+ O ]( L4 _ D/ k5 s
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* T1 S# M/ C. J1 Q# ~/ z
/ k1 z5 i9 T: Z0 jI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! g+ B+ [* a9 b % L% R: ]. A- m) o! \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 m( E, z- N# Y% a5 K
+ O/ G' _/ Z3 Y5 O0 jThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 Z5 N% ?1 ^5 G+ ^) S3 t7 h) S& R9 g8 C# p
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! Q" t0 R M F- C
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ a4 E4 f9 `) u. e
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)- q/ W$ f) }1 [; ?1 J- W3 }5 U, |
9 i% l) W3 O0 F& ]; u5 h/ }3 U4 vWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) w8 w8 V8 h+ O" ?+ r5 Q4 I) w/ j. p. ]. g1 P! D- w" [4 q/ N: x
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 x! H( ~1 u }9 x7 N, j% J0 D B7 u 9 m N5 A- A( v8 {4 o4 h3 p: V写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* i4 j8 D7 y, |
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & @7 g$ O5 x, M6 R6 Z: [$ Y4 N$ q
4 j9 ?) T" Q' O. }( b" c3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 E: W# K$ W5 R& _8 c1 g
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 X# q/ |. R) l5 _- I0 q; x/ m1 |$ V) l5 W1 n' x3 u8 x' l3 P8 h
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : e" J& [7 r; N- M, { & B$ z7 B! z# _/ f( a) S* g' A2 G- f0 iThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # a- I4 Q# @4 R% M: R4 c 0 X, x: Q- |+ g% AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# u1 E8 j7 R2 q( n
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , P! E4 |2 W; k' W+ T! L - X5 C5 p4 V5 F3 ]( jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- H# d- d$ t+ [0 j d( y; [
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . o. _! H) p' E6 o% J" t! O, c, ]% o0 \1 i3 x+ l
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) u0 T3 _( S, C2 [) j/ b+ T
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 Y* V4 J6 e4 I9 k - r1 l% f h# | C3 t5 E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 O: g; u4 _4 n% ^' p3 U . h- ^- `' u) Y% s+ X( S9 A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . v: ^& J1 Y: @; E L. Y6 c) O2 i( q% c( I6 p/ b6 n+ w
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % @! o; }% Q7 ~5 m* I. G: A* }, ^ {5 g7 y/ Y1 l
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" v- o4 s/ Y n/ U# N4 d; t7 e0 w8 r
$ l& C8 o. T, k% ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, i4 r5 w5 Q3 O. {( ?% S0 j
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 c7 _8 v: l# n9 I9 m3 r, m8 Y% d- _2 d9 V8 f g1 G
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 ^) C) {4 Z$ e1 y4 w