本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 F! z( ]) R: O$ l' H! S9 z" b2 s( _/ c7 P, p( Q/ r1 P 转帖 0 r& h. s4 L3 @* K" Q, J) V1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , x8 K* D" T5 L! [; z / T7 B" q y, O例如:3 M/ N4 w- g* j% Y' F! h) W
& x4 x5 ~3 E0 H; Z4 ~Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 l4 q! k! }+ a6 [% F g- v8 R$ a7 w5 F6 `Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " H: v) r1 _6 E5 x, K* H2 x+ v. H; [) l% U: Y- b. k
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 V" Z6 U) \/ N+ W
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " T I$ @7 K4 J) z + _1 {+ C' Y: ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 Y% S% b3 D( B4 {& I/ N
% Q; H) L5 ^' g1 jMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / ]; ~7 |- U% x1 E, y) m" M2 d4 I f( Z( w2 s: Z
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " t- X4 u- l B; H5 |+ v- G }0 B- I$ g& {9 S# p- lThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): H* m4 y2 w, J ^
1 v4 Z: }- H1 e9 v7 i4 @; OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . y0 w) G' }: ^* v5 g( v6 R" S) t y- Z x
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 w- ~& p/ Z4 U, w
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : w% X8 Q$ v- |7 | $ |& `. j3 w6 j8 }6 s, _+ D# l8 G! M% x1 R2 G 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 H2 ~, P* d3 O. U e5 K 0 s* U1 d0 L# A0 p5 O( r% Q例如:5 ^: U5 d5 v0 Q/ ^) ^ S. ]9 l
& \4 O6 \- @1 w4 D2 k, ?% EAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 \! ^3 G# e r2 I& W& F # C+ P/ @. [6 w, {; i' g1 n, U/ B5 o8 ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) g* d3 u, Y4 U% A: w$ R* f: d( Q3 |" X / o& ~: _* W7 z' HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 a& R' F3 d) K 9 e. h; Y" @$ n* yHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 y5 z7 X+ m, i/ a( A" s, {* m$ _ . _3 a9 d6 E" Q) t. BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); i5 `& j: l4 l0 u" Y
$ W& g* l6 I0 c5 h0 G: K, h& iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ f5 [& {& g' ^! j1 Z4 S1 ]3 Q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); A: u" T5 E" G6 a3 D- D2 t: m
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ X8 S& [' Y/ |4 \; V
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % h. D6 l4 k9 e3 b& p n* r9 d- K; k4 G
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # Z3 i) x6 R0 x1 H! J( y4 S" Q6 L# C0 ?2 z( g% F
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 Q G( J& \, e N$ G $ w' e. P! D) O) O3 r, D zHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). d8 H; D8 ]/ {2 B: K
% q5 C# M8 K; z# @! }/ {5 AWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ T& j, P& s6 C0 @+ N/ C; o
) X1 l4 }$ _$ Q3 K" y. `9 o' h8 z; F7 mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 d" l$ f; a; j9 g/ f9 ]. C # y0 U' f+ x+ f m! I5 z, |写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( g" U5 U6 J! |8 w8 f, X$ s
7 @8 `7 L; o5 k- A# W, ?此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# \; Q+ f5 s- e k/ j0 S
2 d" h2 B" \% C, E4 L& {% L; l0 o 3 |0 J: C: _+ k1 \! v3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ~5 r& ~/ M- n( T- i/ V % v. \2 N5 n& m4 O/ a# z1 j v例如:' u8 y' ]: T; m B
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * a; T* [) z: F2 t# S, ?& B/ q% Q( j7 Z6 Y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- `! K' y H5 @# y
4 ~; D$ r3 U: ~; N$ q6 ?This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ ^/ q+ C- Y4 R" w% `3 H * s* P5 ]0 G, YHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) O) r" @9 E7 c7 ]0 ?8 q# w
) G; } m* d' uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) / h! H; [! @( h% {( a) u 2 L4 M3 N% ~! D( p1 @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 ~- u) }& q1 Y2 I& O0 I; Q $ V; J- D; b3 D/ k3 NCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! y5 g" u: l; w1 K1 f/ w8 j7 ~* e: A' b) x! H$ T( d( |
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ u8 A3 H. W! S e3 o6 c' _& H
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) \9 h4 ~* T6 [" U/ _2 N! F. k5 V) \( m# k, Q- M) F
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; o2 t2 ]* K. \! P7 _) \5 O" m
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ E3 O" H9 U8 N( u
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 j! J: s0 V! v
# N$ u1 j% ^. A2 S9 [) H; M至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 r) K, w0 H @1 p5 S' D! q1 h
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & N' {. ?4 [$ J6 N! {& H: W/ O" k9 e4 I, ?8 P9 J2 n. ?
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! ^9 Z% p# [- I/ a3 ^3 o1 m, L