' q- I/ s1 F. }+ W# l例如: 7 T9 u6 I* w/ K* H H2 f1 e' f. ^# \
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 c" y0 x2 V0 [5 W& K5 ~3 b
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 W3 J. |8 r }2 ^$ z % | v5 M1 G( {' l$ q5 RThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # H% R2 N. h+ ?/ \ * O% v! _) {0 K! D2 YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# I' H- |) ~6 S( v3 p/ Y
! k. M: ~% E/ Y, s* z6 ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; t( N W' R" u 3 S, J) q" Q6 [8 R0 h7 \Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * l8 d3 ?% O5 t9 \6 r0 e& ?3 e" j% M1 e# w+ G2 ~+ n
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# i4 C' Q- v* C9 L& f! `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ ]/ {3 j( U; ^' Q Z
8 l! v3 z0 X3 ?/ ^' B. bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 F4 S/ q1 M4 a9 j9 R* x0 K2 s( ^; Z" B# c
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). R( p) ~8 D# N' ]" `
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 o6 i0 R+ W$ U: ^9 m9 Z* W
* G* l. F$ _- ]( a$ E2 P0 M8 |7 I. [" Y 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- ~( X, c2 e; L; A. @9 r# S
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例如: 0 F1 k4 f: w/ r: A' ^8 ?0 u! c1 y, p 1 U+ z3 q6 M# b0 {/ ]8 `4 v1 gAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 P9 M7 @9 T7 i* k* o* q5 F
5 R0 V+ b- r* a% E+ H) SDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ M$ l: e% Q' ]
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( C" ^( {9 O" V) [9 S+ J' U F/ G
9 A; E% T* C- s. T- IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 Y! J/ r f( Z$ C8 A
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& r4 k t. t! m/ n/ t
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): J4 i& }/ C5 u) r$ p8 O
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! s8 W# n% H$ y6 B# z" }/ | K; e1 N
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 s5 C. f! e! ^# R7 f
0 z5 k, P% _- AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' p3 E) s7 [! j1 k, `9 p. f. ]- |4 l n- Z1 ~" o: i
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 b# F' U; E- B" M) D* K: y " N6 g$ U) c- N+ t- q1 n1 ?# ?9 OHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 e3 z4 G# S$ u- X3 B
% @. @: j- E- `) R5 nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): ^& e/ Z7 f; U5 g% j# N8 W
/ f! X+ X3 ?! R2 h3 NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). _& f, I3 }, r- {" A6 a- o7 F8 R" ?
/ p6 C- F; ]: Q3 w. KEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). \ F( u4 H; e8 {$ q! B
8 r1 t+ z6 s& T* d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 ^# H0 [; f \7 t
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& C7 g! Y# o" E: j2 D
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1 a6 S, ]: x9 ~! y7 C 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 a9 X6 @* Y$ b5 |; K
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例如: : _; w) n3 Q9 o( g: {4 e2 A4 Z9 L2 ]$ h) b* S
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 u0 S* }0 ~/ S/ a
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 m. `$ t* A* {/ ~+ k. I$ }' i" ]) d
' a* ^5 `' l. \; V; vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 r/ D2 u% s* B
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ O" @2 Q, v8 C" t6 w) a
' T: p7 \# P2 A* a. AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); K* y$ Z6 u; m: r1 s$ _* h7 E
/ D y9 M) Q# ]/ ?& ~% fPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , T4 s5 p7 d# {& M3 p i 4 C3 `* v% l( l' f6 m8 e# ^/ Y0 `Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # g& W G4 a4 L8 u" S' M4 }( u 2 b/ N1 Y3 v$ \1 X. Q W5 |- u5 {8 mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , w$ W# O8 b$ z4 `2 w! _3 y+ p6 v6 N) P( y2 {, T" M
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. u# O& ] _, F+ m
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . b2 o2 T+ b7 r( a 6 Z4 g% c0 |- X7 E对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# y4 c! ^9 v1 s6 W) c: d
5 N: ~1 N: R% F# |对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 w" }4 t% U+ [9 p- O' Y+ d/ ]) C0 [$ M$ N' U4 m
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ k. U- p. I5 j% Z" h
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 _! M" J" J6 w' x# ~
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) \/ R1 r, U9 e* L) S- I+ v+ P
m; x8 `5 k3 w S# E$ C* z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。# X- f6 K" u0 u