7 t& q3 }6 p# R3 N- {9 q3 GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ?; U- T' r5 j }, _0 e1 L " }% Q3 ]' x5 g; j' O. t- T, S. VThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 y1 D# B# `) D
8 j! Z5 v8 U; N0 X
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' q+ | q/ Z1 Z8 s7 E( M5 A* a# K 8 \2 A% |. h* f( c @The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' C. s% |# T0 t6 Y: Q6 S
. f2 Z4 z1 h4 Z
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% L& o" ?" s4 ^ f
, t# n" }) t+ b9 MMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 w6 d4 u& h, V& o0 V# w% q& G8 G' p# ^7 G
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! D. I* B- v5 y4 a) d
5 V6 D5 n4 Z P" F
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + y" u. B+ L# _+ h; w# I$ K: a0 B( z0 D g1 X
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 p% q! ] F4 H9 x# b+ p
) g$ m* c0 e" z4 T8 ^4 WPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . b/ A7 E3 T+ X' y* B$ @1 L) X+ r8 Y- e7 X) R6 E) F$ l) @
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! \& n. n, Z% X# m2 g$ x, ?
$ t' L6 Q9 r8 ~& E+ J/ s
& U# u/ B ~: ]! L/ D+ |0 E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) r) a. B0 A# k5 l4 \+ V* z& l/ l/ _/ z
例如: % T& f! P; K! P+ ?! ]' Z6 {8 e1 b% {+ p
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)- H( S, V. H/ ]' H
: O( A% @# ~5 q6 C; Z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). U2 p8 z, M$ o* C9 p1 S
, L, h3 r# y. t0 v$ V) k, i
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 |0 M4 n; m' q
% Z4 o. d9 D' C# e2 Y+ Q: m- _He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - [7 S. [1 d( w 9 T9 Y5 [7 J, \$ N$ ^7 |0 bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& i3 W. ?( F& {$ r7 \& z9 }
5 m: ^8 a# Z# c9 c! R0 N1 [# J7 tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), Y& R d0 @: G' r
0 f+ h# Z, q% D6 P/ aI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; _) n+ M7 r& W; }$ s" w , ~# L( C/ w$ l0 r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, q/ ]8 b: p) [9 U
. j# W/ v' U' V9 u9 [% DThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。): u4 g7 w3 Z+ x& X& _$ Q4 Y: b
1 D6 I1 T) Q% x/ v# O6 X% s' M0 L' Z/ ?The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( ]0 S, N% K" d7 J0 L- b: D+ f8 S
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( v2 X1 s" {0 e F! G ! U2 D4 G( J7 K* [1 |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , ` ~- L+ w3 m; J$ M, f8 b" i+ s. O& i) s
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 C3 l6 g5 I/ c; K6 I
' i% J! s1 @4 @2 C# O. HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 |0 Q& B9 D3 j/ x( I; U
& J8 f; [0 }- q1 x% g. R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 T- Q& T$ s6 J) L4 r
8 c6 k. D. T: `+ _8 `. Q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 A- r7 z2 J4 N( S+ G' H0 w
+ x3 h5 q' `5 Q( P; L. v9 |6 W $ O2 j2 E, N, I q0 R6 A! _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # C3 e* L7 F# @ f; J/ j 6 f8 l& E% K$ L# b例如: $ g9 B4 @, R# v! @( ]- ^# [* B$ C7 \# k4 ^' t1 F! N) H
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' U) t `4 ?# }! r, Y/ o. U, \" I$ _0 P! e- |# w2 ]
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , Y0 ~% ^$ C- C) a0 G f1 @ + b7 a4 ~5 c b6 i7 V; DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' t3 I6 P9 k& V' C9 V2 d0 d" m7 R9 P% [# x
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & R9 b- Q" a1 L- {& V8 Y" _( X; z: r, ~: s7 r
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 Q8 ^! \( f7 T! N: [& q+ B- a
4 M, Q/ S4 a/ i! I" h6 j+ o
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 q8 I2 J# R" y3 X% g # d" n9 q7 H2 ~" u! A% V5 K6 ZCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ T0 w- Z; g1 K, \) s, X9 j
% y G: {% R0 l7 |6 v
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / L$ B9 J: t W' N8 `8 U0 \6 C& p: h: Q" l8 i
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( n! p$ g7 m8 J0 { x0 b1 ^$ d# U! o
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: W: T0 _9 h: ?& [
! E; I0 m; E* m6 t" h' |; V: N
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . S2 y: O" c* Z! L5 X3 j, Y' Z# w( }/ ]2 n
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ P1 Q U l8 \6 S1 A K( y! j
* e1 }- \7 h. Y: e7 n+ \
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 n& W v$ Q( l g $ a# A2 q9 M1 b0 {0 q/ ]3 H对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 a+ g5 i" v! ~! }8 q4 T3 C
7 G0 Z% X: m' P8 t至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# D' p3 w/ ~5 a. H! e6 C
4 `7 v& [* D; @+ [6 Q; t
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" H+ ^6 Y9 Q# a, f
+ y# i: ?1 Z2 h有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + W) d) F7 D8 `. ?# h2 i' I