本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( _4 }/ Y4 Z' ^2 }8 x" G) G
B, `* c5 u, t 转帖 * M& r z' S, _, H; l# t1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) v4 X# O! \+ N9 {- _' h |9 w3 p; N; Q0 T例如:8 O9 `& j' l- L- M. r
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ \+ D- D8 _* T. q& k9 C1 d+ { , \- W. A& u/ j9 n9 ^* C9 JThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* F: L3 {4 ]5 C
, ?" Y- p: N# i( b8 Q7 i- D$ vThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % ?, c5 ~- E3 C7 B* ~5 C+ n( R" ~! i1 X9 ]/ L
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 T9 e( ]! U1 m: P m4 i" h8 p
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ D& I' M v% h; x. B
5 F( F7 G% `' G. L0 a/ V! vMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 O: w% ]' u1 z/ l0 E2 V# o7 J& Q" n. \7 g8 g
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - r0 L3 D# B F6 _. d$ k: b 3 {: }: R& r9 _( ?5 l% {$ ?The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 ?1 U8 ~) T' z4 m1 l# C% j1 w
4 h* m% l$ J' W$ ?- q2 A) MWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( F7 Z. N3 e; Y1 Z4 V" \5 t; P
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) h+ q2 N% ?- R' _+ r
5 w' q9 z6 @ S' V0 D3 Z, \这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 v0 H7 F' [3 W) S2 v
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& A- B. u$ v5 N) m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " { e' z8 F2 {* s9 E! r% _2 c. b 5 |+ E3 i k2 _. k8 }0 p例如: ' P3 g5 {$ b& r% b& U w1 e3 X2 M. t, m% d. a; l
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 l+ M6 ]2 O: p7 b% C8 u% g# B/ @" @2 q
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / R1 e f3 I1 e" J * v- f% f6 |& i6 dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ H$ s2 K& n: R1 \4 d
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ z) f, T. O- ?1 _. N# B
6 @" i5 d$ L- n$ FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ I! r: N6 `4 {! I' s
$ R- o5 T1 O+ }4 S! WShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' o6 w# a1 c; I
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 a% N" b) M6 U* i* q
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, w0 [7 _, `. X- [
( x, W, ~0 f. K$ W. G5 K eThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ i5 ?% `6 E; w$ _1 b* Y
4 k8 }) [' ^3 _) @6 m* S: \. DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" }" P5 [* t' z
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 i7 _4 i1 j. @" }! o4 x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * M/ c2 P+ w* ^" i1 Q4 U: ?: ]* [( e- ^, K5 K: w
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 i+ d9 S- c2 S# u
: x( Y, }) o$ q s: P) q H+ FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 w1 z; \& }3 e+ }2 @, u( i+ D1 w5 @% @# {
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); {1 O1 [. K9 |7 k- n9 T5 l8 U$ u
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: K& H/ | @% Y" l. I, O* d
7 H1 C1 x! { P) {: n1 h$ P0 g6 a , R7 i& j' P& S3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 m; Q' J" L& g$ D6 I. M9 M
) D) o, M: D. H5 ~- S, l2 c/ e例如:% P1 u- V5 }% N/ v8 Q
) a: y, R& I) w0 ^* \# d$ X2 XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : h- M& i; I9 q2 E9 ]) G8 E0 e2 E3 |: Y( x# l$ F% @5 s1 q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ n! t9 `* \& @0 Z! ?2 E
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了). r. D1 F! T0 X& T& J! n" M5 V
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - x" G5 P0 s6 q- A2 y$ S" a- S ' b- x. l* _' x/ qMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 ~: [: a6 Y7 C6 j" l 1 V) ~" t) s9 I' `1 zPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / z+ {) X/ S* e" z7 H 3 f3 A0 W) Z9 W! e; ?Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 L7 W6 o$ x0 I) A
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( @ ?% D% c( i1 {- f' i9 J' c
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 `6 O6 `5 t# C0 P8 w
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 K& h6 X1 [5 ^( u# R( T8 w3 f* c4 Y9 C; q$ ]
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' D0 W2 {+ Z. b3 V# {8 I* u" O! |% J
3 E! i1 Z! U; Z& U6 g: n对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & U7 F+ c; x. r& s! q# W! H 7 i6 |! T$ Q0 j- m0 I对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 l0 M! {% F8 d3 w) n( o
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 2 W8 A1 J0 k7 w0 f* M* n) q! Z6 o6 ?! }4 |, L7 i
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: v X0 h; p0 V* {3 a
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; [3 A4 t* R- Q2 u4 ]8 S5 l8 f; r0 L' w& U( A+ S1 @- c8 l
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& }# p$ x' L, g* y) z% H# A: b