本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( f, J9 Q! E4 x% q# U # b5 ^ o) h+ S转帖2 A x( B& t0 P/ H8 m8 B7 A+ y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 R- u9 d t# V0 T* Z, U* ]+ E- L0 G0 q) z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 C) ?- w* u( r; D, F$ S; u% } 1 ~& N+ Z/ k) t' z: BThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( l1 {8 Q! J) p6 T
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . b( z/ S' X" V6 V ( f8 z2 S J/ M ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( K! G7 u& y+ Q
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 d O* I! ~7 ~# C6 V9 k4 E5 a
! W7 N3 K7 m- Z! c4 lMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 ?/ L; x6 t( m/ {1 U- B" _, C, g+ p( H0 a
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ k! y; V* |8 n0 n( i6 w
; L7 r* z+ `* n" ^% cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 {! ?- d8 h, ]. Z9 P# @$ i9 Y% ^& u1 ^& n$ @$ T N7 D
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 D3 {$ J) C0 K. z4 A1 }2 r! Z8 a5 Y; Q5 B* c
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % e. m- [/ N# V( E , b# ^" e5 s+ J6 n: q% b' S' w这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 Q* O; H0 N! r0 K, u( e& T; J : `; S! @, }' Z8 p. B: ~: U5 S( }+ N& e% i 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) `+ J. ~: g+ i- x9 _7 t
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例如: n9 A4 a2 F8 e" t$ E( E * T% Q$ u0 b$ y. fAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 Y1 v9 f; j( T; v8 O1 m/ ^0 T; V) v: d( x; m. Y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 h/ k2 T+ K' p# r, o2 ^ Y* c" Z+ b" T1 t. t- iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 K9 y4 Q8 I2 }, j3 s' v2 ]' W3 |2 C/ W- e- ~, Z* f* T F2 R+ W( u
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) / S$ K5 X3 k$ K7 w5 d& |: J- P% E, {8 i+ A4 Z! W& q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 {! {# z+ G9 o4 f: n8 a ) O9 U. a, u& R# b6 G* L5 LShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 e6 Q" j; c) _( ?, F4 O
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 |7 L( F# v) {' Y
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " @8 v% N- t- a. } ; w1 g$ R( K1 H% j" [9 T* a$ ?The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' X! I; {! [' W6 P) r+ [
, j e! \6 k. ]; D8 {2 S" fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - w' N- p' h7 e' \1 B: {' d7 p) v( H8 ^) l
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - G/ v( A8 X" j* G! e+ q% P% q) Z4 E4 u" n# ?9 J
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); B$ K/ d, E$ S0 K- O* {# N
# a$ ` k/ R: hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + [; @+ W9 M# [0 \4 t8 p2 @ - A2 |# \( k$ V# \' t0 K3 h6 wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 p0 L+ \. X. X/ D Q9 u / a9 a' P- k9 S7 }6 O: @$ P写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! U% Z2 v: r. W6 F( _
6 H" P& J/ Q: a$ E3 u: X6 w此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 C$ N4 c7 n4 H1 n5 z# h $ ]% w% f9 j4 ]" R; J, [0 q! g9 ]- f5 G( ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) d4 \6 ~8 D! G& f2 `+ j. o5 ]" s: W# r& Y$ \9 k& j
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* \5 s' M8 N4 V5 Y. g1 U
- g4 m: v4 c: j' oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 f! C9 ?5 Y+ [3 v7 d0 H$ ?! C 6 C( E. x9 t% I0 w. v: K, d0 gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # p6 }: D6 ~9 X/ ]9 c 6 E/ Y3 b/ i+ n9 q! DHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 c1 W1 h+ P2 O! p0 v# p+ t% K* @- _/ E+ g1 V' N7 ]* ~8 n
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % t4 ^# ~ j1 p' x1 s9 Z ! n" r6 C! J2 Q+ GPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 n0 `5 |% ]5 k( D& W
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! S0 J/ P* W7 O
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 r% t6 [# ]* D l: s/ V; Y$ E2 P! w8 n5 x
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 |( n9 E$ F* S
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , T6 d0 K2 J0 m7 n# z* |8 {: h! D 6 S2 b: R3 ^3 U# [. `% R对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 j X% _ S$ h2 E8 E b2 J4 D
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. G, j( L0 N$ F1 [- @/ m4 R6 r
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & v+ e0 r6 z+ }2 Q1 [6 [' A5 Z7 k1 s% N- y. x( x7 Q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 t3 \6 j+ r+ p7 [ E- L& W: |" {6 w) s( u0 ]! @ j
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 K9 u1 C6 Z# ]+ ?9 [. p; ] ) z% [7 G3 f$ p& V还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " U; i8 i. ^, _6 X8 `2 F9 {8 Z4 N1 f; w9 W( z' C7 y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ C" L, \1 C V% U- o4 M- m