本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / G: i6 ]1 w( m0 u$ L0 P0 C* x/ C2 x6 g& r 转帖 ; G" o* W% b1 ~# H1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 x/ M- M; t) N; T* t # @ J* h6 x8 d E6 s# x0 n9 L例如: % Q+ [$ u% J. X# `) ?3 O0 f ) X. W$ \9 H3 U4 ~# qMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" X/ `+ Q+ R( }
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) r z; F" U* o d
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 i( Q! h1 z8 F% V4 j* f \2 }# ]4 H
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 b+ U& p% D1 s 8 ?8 J# d0 d0 K: U' wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 Q! \; h8 ?! n, U
+ c( H( e3 N& L' v. YMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # s/ t6 O# U' \, m* G5 N2 F3 f2 r3 M) s& U" C' I
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! u I) ^& B; G. o3 h1 H8 ~. a5 g 7 d6 c, D2 s) [- ?The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * Z. V3 c: _4 ~, v/ u( I4 ] }/ s+ r+ v9 z1 e* [
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / W/ S8 N1 e# h6 t1 X: X% R . W3 j- T( [ y5 x/ V' \# WPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); }3 y V+ `) n6 b! [
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. C- @9 `& d2 J3 E: z
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^. s! C3 o9 G: y; } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * T2 m0 w6 S7 E* r 5 L9 y/ y; }' w& J1 M例如: + ?* a7 {- z7 V7 M+ o: ]5 @7 \5 K6 V& `% [5 @; C: E# Z
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): ], ]7 D% `& S& n9 O, u0 t! O8 i
% _/ @, \! z( I4 z# jDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- a0 V& \9 \+ u% z7 f
: q- `$ z9 m; X3 D E+ {& i+ \I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 P4 Q! q/ M: T# s; ~" L3 N( R4 K/ W& p* c- H5 t" L1 n6 ]+ [# {
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 s6 `% S, R6 A, Z' c1 l, I; B# L! M4 d) F6 [0 C+ q) ~
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ u0 f9 {/ e6 N6 g) {, K3 M+ F; a* E" U3 N' V$ s1 _$ U8 O
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% M2 |' {3 ~; s$ Q0 t0 N! [ g
) j3 ]: q1 E& a+ W" M/ uI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)0 ]( X: { ~8 K }# _! i. S
* k! ]! }# W2 ]( T0 f& `如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, C% B; O f9 W1 h: Q# V
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* _! O$ s$ Y4 H* h$ n3 n
; a& I% W( c9 u. a8 u' H$ Z8 nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' x: o, L. s) ]/ V: G0 E n
+ t; `* S! c5 V4 K" BHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ^. V) ?( G( n5 ~: a4 H
+ K; u/ \! ]2 b- I% tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - H1 _5 @9 O, _ & G# {/ W; I6 \. H; E! ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - R6 |5 z! a/ J) L, t 8 B# D+ j- y! }4 Y7 @% ^% H. R( PEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); w9 z# ^) \6 r; I0 E! {
$ k7 a* U, j+ j$ \3 P% ]: k8 W写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# p9 b' [, L; B0 v; C. C& _
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 |0 ] e& f0 E
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/ o- F, Y+ V. A/ ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & C1 X/ Y! X! H0 D1 d' _8 e# t; i2 k3 F; E, b' [
例如:3 T8 {, Q- I3 U, c+ L: E
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 f" I8 s( q7 K0 a# D7 y5 E) m' U7 B! u
7 g. m5 k0 [ k& X5 `& rManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 a! H" d! y+ E8 I! G6 X" |8 U, K s& c- W" ~% [/ x
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) F2 \! F3 n( u) l " @+ i9 g/ U! @5 h* z6 j6 eHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ U( `! M- v1 _/ k) o1 A4 P, p
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . ?+ E4 C$ s( o' U4 { 8 a$ _% d5 r. a5 d5 p# aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # Z# U% u0 Q- x% L# }% U* E9 c . d; b# R4 {& h( ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); |9 Q; A4 V D! j5 C+ B0 E2 W* e4 V
; s' w, u6 _. mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ e) {- F l9 N3 n i( v
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; W6 u2 Q; j" y9 P
2 t. A( u3 Y* X' c! I当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 B9 \" a. a G( _2 K! n: H H% S9 P$ r7 o, Z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 w: f) t3 ?6 _. R2 o: R( @* c" Y# G
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: r* \' K4 b$ p
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 P0 x0 h; o$ d0 x _% b/ H4 l8 {
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ \/ d6 ^% A2 d2 z+ Y# P
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:! n7 ~' a# x ^1 I7 Y9 ~( i9 r
3 d' p! ^4 i6 T# E, a2 W( @还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 o6 E. _+ M- x& m+ R! \2 O" s
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ O. j7 j: M/ Y$ z8 H