: J- j/ I9 x; b0 f( e4 [. N$ X转帖; [: k" P% s( E
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- z! l6 p! |+ Y( g r1 M
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例如: s0 h/ J4 z$ [6 \6 r( i+ V- U
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): x" I4 L6 } M& C. [
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" t8 \3 R: J. w! i, ?$ ]% T
. p& o0 k7 p; S+ ~4 CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- _3 _+ b% r, u- p: F
2 \% o( n0 @7 B1 L, t7 H* H0 JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 Y: a f+ q K: @, n! [$ J' t& N3 I& T( O6 O Q2 [
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # z( _% I. v6 L- a0 ~ `/ D$ l& T0 f
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( P. U7 u# _1 D. X" U: p
- u% J* _9 h+ | |- H" BWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' w* D* p6 @7 i! ^7 _/ i$ d6 N
8 ~3 z0 g, s0 ~' Z9 r% ^ |4 GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 M. X1 v4 c V
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 b7 M4 @% B( s1 P; n" H0 Z, f$ n' D. u+ K+ _- ]" D
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): Q% c. O- G* `0 E
7 M9 ^& {% u* s) h" z( G8 w这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" \8 r. @- ?+ O: w/ R5 L) m
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; l; K2 w8 d. H, n, ^2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , M. a0 w$ |8 i- g- {6 s' ~ Y3 v) H/ Q5 C0 N* O# P
例如:- m# s# F4 X! {+ P7 a" K8 l% {
; Y6 @; o0 U% D3 F: c' m- C6 w" T: DAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 J4 x; p+ r9 f: k/ W8 `) {( J, \2 T; }3 v+ W
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 v' i3 S( S/ W0 K! O. u2 m, L
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! d) a& H8 q @2 N1 d/ C5 Q+ s. q0 ~7 R+ q' h2 T3 g
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " N0 \0 m/ z1 V8 R' t; Q* \6 M5 y+ z9 M6 z6 J1 H* k* h' K
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " f. J0 \$ A, x, X# S3 F, ^8 R# U: B. e+ L# U8 G
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& T, }( J5 r" K6 U5 ^, i" ` |
8 g* v& i7 _* {2 p0 c- y0 g1 ZI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % z+ ~' u& r& b/ @' t5 K) H. A4 T) t% n& D) E
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! R6 m+ O6 t4 J# V# z" U3 k
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 P7 |6 J& [+ e( S # r4 O! S" R2 j V7 k7 gThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 N7 x2 b0 U' r# t
+ L8 l, b8 ?) J3 JHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % e) x* \9 ^5 P! S/ {, O& L% I$ O8 P+ Y) e. z& Z
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! a* p d' u6 Y- m% B, d
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) X3 W7 z6 X2 H9 {9 R. Z : U9 J$ T$ ^9 ?0 WEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* [: _! u; k; z( r- |
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# i+ t7 N3 x1 _/ t
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. P2 B1 T) [3 B! Y' P0 z2 `
( L* o( Y3 U: W) g& g- I6 k8 G/ J I5 A( H) N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . g( W- c6 x# T. A( R0 Q9 Q# k( o$ `" D4 S( _& j
例如: . j; y' ?: L6 r8 a 1 j+ \9 s: k( J3 p' E5 mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数). w/ E& ^; E3 v4 r" n
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 j6 `0 i* v1 F0 b 1 Z! S) N3 p4 U! y, N6 hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ T) b8 b, z1 L* r( K$ z
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 O2 a7 m) H8 _- {. R0 N ! m( \- d; p fMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , }$ }$ j) ]" K" w9 J- e7 X5 w L' j4 e7 h4 G* K8 h7 ~# B4 l( X
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) J* `# F# i3 w2 h! A' @4 I8 U" n- f* o8 S) Y* j; x8 Q
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& ^/ q. t, f$ N p6 y. g+ T
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 t) ~' q- r7 [- C, t2 V O
8 D1 c$ _- d2 ^7 w I' j1 L同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 X8 o1 Z: e# S( @1 c. |9 \
' ~9 K6 k% y- Q7 \6 W- R当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:$ e' |% X; M: m
. g9 v' h) G1 V( d2 A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( M. p( b0 x6 X( ~) h9 W3 t& h
$ J) C( F9 B5 T% P9 k) p: c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! y8 `* G3 i! I% k) T4 B0 L- Q& G9 X$ p, F. l
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % L. {% V; s) s O2 s- x; [2 J* ]1 b5 K8 ~' H- M/ i9 L7 E3 n6 V& a
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 \+ T3 v- f! l7 ]5 N- e1 ?+ z; ~( o# t: d2 y9 J$ n
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:/ }3 d, d2 \* L/ k( R) d( D% ?! c, U( g
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 M' n( V" y# D5 g3 l2 e) g - W U! T; m% y- W- k7 F( ^有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* p2 ?8 \+ k3 L5 ~$ M! e