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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 j7 S+ }; L, G! K- v 1 j% |" {% I4 z1 ]Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ ]/ b" s% N& U8 x
! V) F; k- W# P: E8 n1 W0 {4 nThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ N; {1 @* Z. M% A; \( x. C
. N# g e8 S" h% W$ ~9 q% QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! T6 [% P6 B# [; R- \" D+ D6 Z5 [9 K
1 E2 O* v% U& g5 vI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 I# E8 k/ J$ h
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 e. D5 O6 D6 _8 w v% J7 | " }" d, R3 n6 d4 r' W+ I& GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! ]6 m: |1 ^/ Z8 G% e2 j
1 h' d" Z* h1 y6 d* A5 H. S2 @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 v v2 I: O4 w/ m8 M 6 F" u9 K: X1 h) O3 a; Y. xPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - V9 Q. F* _* g C- @: I) q& e+ O9 b+ E, n
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 i, j: I. O6 ~5 A1 _; V
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5 e) k' r$ L& v' a1 V7 O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 {/ h) Y; O* G : ?9 k' W9 p1 C+ o' h3 n例如:7 h+ o/ d$ u0 z4 M* T
3 s) Q8 a: V$ \, e% Y6 Z' A: CAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% G0 v0 I! t; u0 `" O
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - V/ Y0 I# \- E" P2 N+ n* Y' q1 G0 `. [- |
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( m/ U) w! c5 g# B% A' h, k/ E" T. _
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 V# C+ [; N: h' G( V% P& ? ' h/ d2 @& f' [) Z) J7 YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( J5 ?* {( g7 G4 B( ]9 T3 m& E( @' i! b; n5 \: c" H7 S
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 U) m0 w5 |+ O
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ L' J* l$ {* b. `5 j
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 R6 r- q% v8 e" C7 p6 U/ G- K 8 ]. N9 W3 k% X7 q: v AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 t& T' s( M/ K6 \% Z5 x; H D( {& _' r N G( Z d& oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 L3 b# P# [# [! Z: F3 o% w3 ? / W+ Q: z1 K" R7 DHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' ~2 N& o, D' X+ v* F$ K ! l2 J" _# Q$ p/ z& r& x3 xHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : U& Y6 r5 X) @" S$ K u, V% y G$ v+ ~& L5 c% K- lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( ^5 |+ c a0 ^+ z5 \$ @# L" T( B* \: w* W& ^$ p
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* M" |, O! s: ?
4 h) B K- E5 [# x C/ T8 D# t) R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 m: M" v% |8 ?/ \, h 0 S5 Z+ ?. R9 L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 L8 l/ E e0 b2 d$ w6 D& Y
P( A3 v8 Q! h! B$ { * A8 K3 @9 X8 V4 J W( T5 ^& N3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 l8 Z/ u. \, F
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例如: ! F6 M2 [' s K! ?6 D: u$ h: b9 ~% P6 W& }4 D9 W0 f6 R
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % ~2 i! o& G) f2 {9 l* @: v, w8 p9 J \' t
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 U/ W0 T6 P, f; ]! ~, ]# c! C ' q3 Y& J# N! d4 H! ?4 UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 A8 V: k. ^3 ^5 a9 h6 S+ u% g
6 I9 Y2 }7 W" MHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) I D5 D* ~7 S ( z% v+ {4 l$ Q! J$ s, e s$ x5 R! VMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! Y: H3 l$ I' Y- a/ c+ q5 I! j8 r* E) c( G2 M
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ f' q) e6 g* X. ~* x1 ~: ~: c g' r8 p0 @" G$ D, d
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 ~, f+ w n M5 P; ?* }# c$ Z7 S' e5 u9 X/ ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 Q/ I& p5 t4 p& s$ P3 i; `% d; B3 e5 B. z$ {9 [% x
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( W! j1 R; P' l% u, I; M" I: E# `9 M, p
4 O! W" }3 y$ K$ z3 B& B当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 v# F: b1 R. h+ F* O0 z& v1 `" _& V7 T! o
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " l- X. `2 y. y. f) D+ D3 c6 N9 n* n& f9 g. l0 ?) q- W' x
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * x4 f; K( V2 h: X6 K1 P0 `# s& r+ u2 b7 k5 W+ r8 k
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 }5 b* e+ C1 `' V; R3 [; b* G" Z, A0 }, \3 h. Q9 M
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; d+ k3 c8 b: L: z2 c) W3 } 0 w* n- K6 c p& y w. U至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , [% D- ~( v1 z) Z( o0 s+ e. Y5 p2 W# C- b$ j
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 R! w' E; J; o & [ L7 [' G2 Q# }! U9 u5 ~有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% K# H5 I# u9 |7 o* W: |