本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / E2 ~( a$ P6 C' b) Q5 R* H k
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " y. R% v1 N& J0 @$ ]% S# I& x, c5 L1 ^( g2 i" V7 M- y
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8 B& H3 K1 k2 `# F& r4 KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' I! `9 C8 ^& c4 Z& g$ d; E 8 u/ l; t) _" u7 o) ]. b6 O r; VThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# ~5 t- v/ V+ F f
$ ?2 w" U3 E. W& `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 l/ w! Y. Y$ G- o% c* M: S8 D" \* B; |* H7 U' e+ g8 @# o
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 y# ~! w* ?2 J" w
& }0 d# \9 M) H2 N1 f% x" gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) R/ a% [9 ~/ t( J
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' e" o4 O6 {# j5 t. E 6 W% Q* h, y/ A( P0 ^& RWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 T- ?) b. ^5 o( M2 Y
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ G9 ^% n7 j& U# Z6 z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) U1 a+ F+ G _" \! X; g # T" Q) P) Z1 r$ |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( p/ i0 |# }3 {. U% w
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ r) i3 ]6 G" [/ S$ ~
9 {! y" V' Z9 S7 p _+ \9 Q* \' n+ x+ d/ @+ {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; z R2 S( I" x, Y2 U4 f ( s/ s1 u i/ D6 M l例如:& a0 g; i) l3 ~: \/ c
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 w$ T# [3 J5 v" R& k0 b; ^ ^
1 ]: f5 U) \: k( j2 b& b9 mDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + w( R! L3 G8 j3 m# @1 t 2 [1 j& F; Z/ ^0 _3 \3 h* _0 uI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 `) H0 d* B& \" S2 r6 R
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! m! m: }- n+ `8 `! ]- U+ X5 e [: n% g7 o
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) r3 N( r8 ?- @, L 7 j& K% h) O' t+ V) l& ~+ n$ ]She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & @* b, V6 m. R7 ?8 Z) H \ 1 s, m* K/ d$ [( ^# Y- R8 MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) A: ^+ Y( q8 i4 S1 X L
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: @5 ~ b; D/ `+ W: Y* W4 F
" t' r6 M; l O1 X- @' KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( O5 Y$ I7 ?1 U9 D+ B# ~ , ~1 F. W B3 n+ a- H! WThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % O# ^9 z O9 k: p) w 4 [4 _& r' w& q) d( f. i7 b, gHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( r* q& j& D' m
2 O2 @1 w2 q0 Q6 ]% v9 u1 |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ S' n8 Y0 @5 V6 e
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 {/ Z* D) b. c
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ E7 |. [# K* E ~5 M
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): y z' k1 \$ t6 l; r
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. {6 i4 z; K+ x$ d5 O
9 x: a) e" j4 F4 b4 k1 y* z9 w9 {5 z# f2 ^ M) j& k 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # ^3 C/ t- f5 V" K# Y + Q; e5 ^1 A4 J+ L& u; ?/ X, b例如: # Y2 ~+ ] `+ k! W) _/ u i" M( @/ Q0 c) F" V1 a0 _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 h9 ?9 r! Z' ]8 F
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! [( D) z; W: m& i2 e- g k5 Z1 Q" R0 `4 U; ^" g) [4 F+ ?- n6 E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): b: G/ s" h: Y5 j3 ^8 `
- d K: Y% B1 N$ X' Q2 [. kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) M* V% {; H P3 h. b0 U
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& S& y" `! s! g! U) G
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + U3 U( J& q. {* O# P ; v* k4 J6 z& f! OCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) {6 M- m o. ^1 | F1 ~* A: c9 I4 t% b6 V! _" y
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % j& @0 D L6 e, Q, ^8 J + [; H+ G2 M6 Y% a- t/ \同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 @! N% ~$ f d! v. L1 A' v; ?( o; ^0 f; Y. v) d
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ z' _- h* B' E$ o) F8 l 1 U9 ]9 e5 \9 z ]3 Q# i' ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & K0 ?0 D! I1 g l& E - Q9 Z9 \) z* N. z l( r% L2 @对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ x; {- D; f- O+ F
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' Q: b1 \! y/ L/ M4 q. o3 N, n0 [! h {
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. K9 P" L W6 ~ ]$ z! _
9 c) D0 a+ [+ q至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 g- u- N% u8 z# d, t8 d6 Z5 {6 U4 O% \# X
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 [/ h* K2 x, R% q+ }) j- x
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . W5 u9 B- D4 ]/ Q1 Q; l