本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / K& g8 }1 d$ K, y" f& s$ u0 s6 `$ f8 X/ ~, U @& I 转帖) {# u2 ~6 r# [4 M0 T" q: u1 k
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) B$ T& n! x$ z4 t
4 Z4 z2 W: ~! r5 f2 q" Y6 Q例如: , e1 C/ |8 z* p" J' Q+ X" V; j$ M- t2 o( ~: `" z& I
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! k' ]) \& f' O. x6 R
5 J( G8 j" Z ]
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) X" u6 ? L/ r! f/ T F& X
9 [, r+ E: L8 V1 o a2 a# o% G+ f
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , d @4 a, h X8 p5 x3 S8 d8 u$ ~ R* r: }) j+ h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . r* a& H1 U6 }) [9 p5 J$ L- X; }- E5 ]# o. s$ Q s' g9 J3 J
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。). X3 L0 H# a! \" c0 W
1 n& d- N3 g( l$ ~2 Y: [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % }3 a" l1 U& c% S $ f4 [! p4 ~2 }- _. n" }' I' M* qWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 o- [' x1 a1 b" f5 I) X; N& j" D, g& g
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 K: v4 U1 A) z) ?6 g4 A& ` / f0 D$ j: F% X# ]' t! j. TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 u* e; w9 ?+ L7 L. D" S$ l8 p1 I4 G
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 A3 O% ^5 v B1 o, U% v# Y& [* \0 i* S I8 {# d' J
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' d5 \ D: A( v1 N+ A7 @9 j
* a2 V# c) ^3 O9 d _1 d4 Y: l1 s E. W# B( j1 Y- H% `, _ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : x+ Z( _! n( g. n 9 T2 o ?$ g# K! I2 }8 R例如:, r- R6 I; L# I
: ?& q5 {& b' \8 b& Z
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& i1 C0 U$ @/ |
3 P+ P( m* f$ `
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 V& Z1 X: o* s( f4 G; N; s, V( ~8 k1 t5 x) U/ n& |
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) q3 F+ z5 K3 @: Q& E ?4 Q4 V
/ I8 V9 {. o2 P
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% u& Q A$ |7 d h
! g6 v" r! c0 A0 l7 E1 m& o* sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) p" o& \/ `4 A A ?% q. I, a
; n# l1 s% }3 v
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* Y" j( \9 a- A# u: A
) X! |' O& S) A9 ~# k% f. H6 r
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 9 \$ [7 T. n K$ x' `3 c 3 Q7 ?, z1 H, }3 {/ t, E* |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 v4 I) W1 N% F3 ?% z8 i6 W( h
: Z7 U3 y9 ]: |" D9 V
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). u+ t$ g: c' Z r3 A0 v
4 t- z3 E1 D' T6 U+ A. s" y; sThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 \1 i7 U7 F4 T" C7 {3 F0 p/ |/ R+ r" j/ Q4 d6 T8 b5 N/ p
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ R3 |) w) i1 l
+ P7 `/ X. G. a" [6 Z- y0 n
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 _- n5 d9 J! |+ B
p( `0 a a: y6 y9 S* A% {We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# {! H, a# c1 O/ n2 U& |* F$ s; k
% @* t7 J. A n* N, B: g- gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ]1 {6 ]( B; \( U# K
$ b. v5 ]* @1 v# i5 \& q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" R& ?/ U( c- W1 _* q$ ]* t
6 m' D9 @* Z7 W0 M. x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' Y+ {" i7 t& \3 r0 S
9 s* p5 V' V% u0 e
# ~8 M, W# F8 m; ~3 f9 ~ I% Z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) j/ ]! W6 w+ Q3 v: N
" I; a- k1 [# F& X9 [4 l! l% V例如: ! W- `6 {4 O$ L% f5 C7 _, Y- ^5 e) t* x r7 U
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 t* c* X# ^2 U$ D 8 L' B$ g& s2 J, i O& ]1 u" eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% q% p- j, Z. u( N( P( H
( ?* k# {" u; \4 SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' E U4 v( W: e/ g# j# k& O I- L; S: p+ L. wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ {* n% a7 B; o4 ? 2 d! a& O: X; Z; M: A4 dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& D2 I& t" G: Q6 S
8 b9 r J/ ~5 {& u+ {8 aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) J' `- K: e4 f5 @( r& {! b& H* I/ S( B0 F( [% k) ~ H
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' i! a5 b) Z1 A# [ : V4 l+ q" K$ ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- F( }: {, `- J$ j. q# Y7 p# d/ N0 m
U. v. X7 I" J同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 X( u2 [% a" s B9 N1 a+ c( m$ F+ \' p8 Y% v
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * B: o1 z2 B6 H0 l% I/ t2 L ! }0 }' d& Z) _; Z/ n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - ?; |" Z' m6 g& l7 {4 S9 Q( N( o% G" F. n& C; d
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 o \+ ]6 ?' D 7 |' k# G" E. p0 _5 L3 |% n1 u4 w对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * V. i! o9 A- _ 6 h: C' Z3 u. _" s4 C4 I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 A: G1 I+ Z( M
4 u! W0 I1 V0 D
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; j w3 K- a4 T. C+ V
9 N7 x, b9 I P8 |7 d还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " }1 Y; w: j+ n6 U* X' ~/ W9 @" {* ?5 T; q( N1 \, l
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! Z L. t6 B! Y4 G7 E9 l9 i: F