本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % ?/ |# t+ y y5 c6 N9 @# }9 C& T$ b1 l9 H0 G( U6 g 转帖 ( ~" p6 M( L- ]5 Q/ H2 a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % F' S! D. o. |7 V6 ? 1 a% m* E) J- e4 l# h) c$ S6 q7 M- ~: g例如:- _ P$ E1 N1 n& A; P
) x4 I* j9 I0 {& F1 o5 ~3 AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / P, I' h& N1 Z' B: i, F, z% V% I+ ?: N/ b3 {& s
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' I4 l3 |5 K# a6 }7 X ?( O4 Y6 k/ W4 Y. \# ]
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) t1 c1 ^# \* J, \% R9 k- o
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 O$ [ m& f- A3 L, ~% Z
' Z3 a) M Q0 S1 ~& uI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) L6 t/ r4 |+ O4 l% M4 I+ Y( M+ P1 }( O, \
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ `) J, _& g; {/ \$ ^+ n0 M& ?
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), k( d) e3 ?1 H- w; ~% ?
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 P, p3 T( v" f' V 4 h9 r& G# M1 [- J& ~- R2 k7 uWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & M% g' n! e; |. A) ] + w1 U" F% F! h: h7 u3 x7 C& vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) * }: ^4 R* @$ q! X- w. ` ; A3 }: a/ {( K+ `! k9 G% ~) g这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 r4 p: y: y( ]9 w
, o8 @7 T/ q# @4 `& i/ D " I& Z. `3 }* j; Q& m: B; A' V1 E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 f2 a2 y+ |1 p4 B3 R$ C5 [
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例如: ; J0 e# C$ Q& |6 v. `' {1 f' e$ d" @: s0 i
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) f% t! W+ Y: P% @; E5 R9 J
& o0 J) q$ C3 G) q9 r" h. S+ YDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + Q6 a1 S! V- n- j8 X) }& p8 z6 x# s/ c; u* x, V+ I
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); U R9 H* t1 j. z
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 g- d1 U/ f4 n. v' e% _0 I( `& L" n% x( Z5 [# a
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 c$ m# E8 X$ G0 _! I1 s
( s# a8 z( A/ ]She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- M7 R, C4 {* l2 K- \( E2 j
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) Z/ D, z% E5 H; h: n+ e' ?
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' Q/ m a8 P" g: R3 L + y+ p- s9 O# {$ {& H& [; C. z; E9 CThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), f( b) z. h: N" I8 ]2 ^* A8 X n
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * H6 j4 \4 t! Y* B4 L9 J3 {: C% Z9 O8 L- q6 `
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' V3 h! v5 m- G1 m
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " f4 J/ ]( J6 W8 V % }4 K ~7 [! o$ H& M0 C9 NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 N7 u9 t* _, C) z6 e5 y/ l; h( ?3 L
7 Q" a1 n8 B$ D7 U( {5 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 S' Q0 [7 w6 i4 h+ {3 h. A# F% N& I8 r2 X. F
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ X- L+ O3 J8 i8 _ 8 R+ w6 s8 W6 [, w此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ d2 r+ ~) L" _# q9 E
: X' U% C+ i; p& ~0 w* {1 u; \. w$ v: X9 w% A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 s, i s0 w0 }7 y6 |, C% M
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例如:6 c" J, ]* a- \4 \9 V# d& l. ~
% j+ e/ c* J0 g7 l7 X4 O2 s/ EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 |2 T) [. T* z) ^ + \; \+ `. a% W( ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 E8 ?' ~) N9 M# ]
6 P# T2 w. o6 B( x$ M: ~$ H @This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ a2 [3 R6 K. t# `6 w s
2 c! d' U8 G& A9 k5 aHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & p6 i8 S3 e9 W9 j ' F7 _' t! {8 a3 m: a+ H$ z5 _Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 \8 `; i6 l) T; Q% \, u! j! [5 m3 [
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : F+ o! t7 L5 N, ?0 v6 g ! ~2 a9 @" q2 o) n k( r/ W) YCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 l& Z ^ V9 Z- c; P 2 a& }6 f% l3 J/ T( a9 q! g& }Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - y5 K2 B* ]* g' ]- } , e; F& a8 V! y1 y4 I9 {4 H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - O q& X. u3 T9 j, e) U1 V' ~% B$ m, q) V: x; [7 r; F
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# B7 i; ]( d/ b/ k4 d" Z
" P+ T* p$ k$ `% Y& Y5 c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ! l7 h" g$ f! M' j5 D% b. [1 C0 S- g& P8 `5 M& I
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;0 E% L+ j2 H0 Q D" Z- A
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& w: P4 s) I$ l7 R1 ?6 ]5 x. A1 a' v
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " Q7 w3 J6 e) M5 l" U* b2 f: n3 e+ f, |7 \5 e! b* P# }
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 V9 A: `+ n4 z# t [+ w4 O: L& K6 k; `. N
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% W+ t% F( P/ h6 h
9 }' f( |6 o8 }1 ]有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 A+ q) D8 ^- J% V1 X. o