本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . k) p% S" E( d; ~# I* p* D I% U1 l% A$ F转帖: ? {4 J. J( S# h3 z3 e
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 w3 A v {" X- }! A, ?7 b5 Z, Z9 a+ {
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( D2 s- X% Z8 \5 J$ S, s9 B4 @
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 ^9 Z, T% x9 `1 H ' i' U( d7 y6 x# nThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( ]# ^7 e: w' r6 m8 b6 T6 x & F( X% T l6 @6 O9 GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 _" e8 ?- F7 S 8 x6 `/ I& z2 I* O9 yI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * F& g" _6 M/ e5 b# h5 k$ [/ E) f k" ~) R# C- k& Z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 s! I3 H# h. n5 y( N; d' I: t- R# @+ h/ J- C- o) z) {% G4 U/ [
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " a4 V5 @9 n& U- u 9 u3 _# W! y! O JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), ~8 C3 W/ a, |
9 e0 x& i+ m) V; u. h( l3 yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 R- @& D7 z8 j! o& v
( Z3 i7 p: L6 GPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ ]* b% z& ~. R$ k/ V {1 I6 J; K
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 H$ t$ M4 n8 @. h3 o$ u 4 R, O5 U9 [! R/ T5 o* Q) h- y5 f& R 9 ~, s6 U- B3 j" E2 F2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, [; R0 [2 x0 W: E5 _ _
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( g) V; I' H4 VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' U3 i8 Z) i- q& ?: D, s# | / q. R8 r" \# X" R5 I; lDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" r" K( v( U1 q' ]8 O4 l
: X* q( y9 q9 ]1 s& ^I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % `0 ~3 U- f/ Z5 q' @1 e, [. j7 W 8 o8 w( A' ], e6 t. wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ {/ }6 \) t e4 y
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 T, V. S4 ?8 H ` K7 H : n: T3 \& P% O+ x8 |She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , x- W+ h5 c0 n+ z( N, j0 O# Q# j2 S2 v( J6 [& f' e" s, w
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 P. ~$ a( i& Y* c* n 5 {$ A8 g3 e7 G9 g如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: S {6 e) n z8 e8 s1 @
8 y) R9 [8 H& }( \3 IThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * _3 R0 Z) f2 q ! ]) A- F" @) Y0 lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 i% j0 N. f8 r0 {7 `. }7 j7 ]
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% b4 w/ p6 s) R' {, b8 M# [
; Z1 [7 C/ }: J& U5 S9 gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" u' ]2 G" l/ K1 l
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' q- d9 m2 J& ?: v" h
3 w0 |+ J [' j+ k+ iEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : |# \5 H- @+ ` H; E5 _ f3 i1 h! z* [3 h ~: ?5 g# n# f7 J) c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , a7 A) U* L8 d; G 9 u- e1 V. g! W此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 G" Z0 D1 {: \+ k1 {
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# o3 U$ K/ `8 y, w7 @& H( a
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ m# k c, E. h. M2 D8 C
+ g& l, W- i6 I6 r) d, @' r+ UThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 `$ i2 N: \" K( N: h. ~# n
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( C& t/ m+ R8 o6 p# p Z0 T+ ]' a% x3 Z+ f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 k) B( x6 H; t' W
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 I1 I) Z7 y" w; ~ R& K- f! ]1 P7 C! e' H+ F6 o `0 l6 l2 v0 |# S
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* D4 Q. U5 a; j! g; K1 M4 s
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 `' ]- v$ _/ n3 u3 W2 k2 X: W2 p2 p5 |4 f- i
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ K* B8 a, s5 E
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / K( a' k/ I9 K $ c4 Q. ~3 w4 {% \( O对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 S8 y# f j5 |$ J# v' H) t
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . P9 p% q* L0 \* v8 D V) G - k$ e1 |& S' ~- d. W对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " S1 b! b" s+ _' j/ P; o& n6 h3 G. A& \
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- E- V4 j+ ?+ m1 B0 o* n
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% m ~9 t, s* d+ P4 U" Q1 t# D0 z
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 S4 {! h2 `; ~( e, y: n' n $ M A5 F6 o7 s/ {有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . |$ C, Y. k! z5 E0 D5 u