本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " x) Z) m2 f' S6 O+ {- Q. \: e9 ^% y3 T# T* p3 ^; t* y7 a; ? 转帖7 |/ o9 Z: p1 G# K# L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 S* [0 L9 E9 u$ h* O9 m3 c, z. |, _: f ) |7 j: E* |4 W2 Q( U例如:( v0 G7 P! U9 v& C
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) I9 i) a2 {' s$ }1 m5 D, ^! P# J S+ y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - [ C( _2 S4 |1 l" f+ U % `$ T; Q# x5 w' r& O0 ]! tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 T2 l7 {! a" x g( U+ l O, \
' O/ Q9 C9 z+ h T% VThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% G* {9 ^$ y- O; W
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 |6 ]) _7 j" E- i8 z
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# U$ M) W ^% m2 v, y
3 o4 ]: b7 V4 C. FWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " X! @# A! h- ^" q' p8 @" ]) n0 M
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 _" ]) h/ k2 l1 m. c) u5 k& G( j& Z. F* p2 e; i
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % o) H% F& @$ j; T& @) M5 k ) f; T( G0 G1 F8 h: l+ H6 TPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ l4 u! i% L9 c! V+ O3 w: l) C
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( F3 g/ w- Z7 |# j9 ^8 g
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( D# x! v: `4 F& y2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : k9 `7 d0 Y1 o( b9 y! c9 d, r# w; F1 Q
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 L4 Y+ N- B+ {0 }6 j- I
4 E6 d5 O4 g4 BDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 J @7 f I* p8 Q/ R
: N$ I! m4 V1 sI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) k4 \, w& w& R9 v! y( e
, Q" H' P# R/ X* j6 ^He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): A' ?+ P1 C( _5 m- M4 v! [
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ]& R& }( U& O8 i) |
" h, k# k' j7 t% z cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' r( q: n7 {! b' x2 k7 y
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) f3 s7 v8 E2 e9 q
' u# S' k$ |4 g- f( B4 |! J0 a如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % G1 k. R. k. v! A3 {0 R, R, {
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 z# y) H0 T! [" l8 C1 W5 n/ R* a& V6 W1 J* Q" U4 H
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 2 M5 A9 t u6 c, \8 R 4 |/ I7 Z2 U' e! z: qHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 Q4 U0 K! q6 P& V6 u. f - X# z# `" T; K: qHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' v: Y6 u# ^+ p
8 Y9 M" `2 `9 \4 uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . q( e- E6 n0 a' v 0 o* g) h6 ~& f; q( }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( ~$ u. C/ k$ h/ @ n9 U
+ e/ `! q3 ?1 ~1 J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& R( _7 x. \/ H
" N, O6 j$ j. V* O% n此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 F0 M4 o4 A/ `. M6 r ' Z* G# d; o7 @: _& O 4 L% ]* K' n9 L3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( l% s6 w) N) L; j( `6 j
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 Z* H- j9 H r2 u6 Q5 e
) X- N# A7 }, ~. iManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ E9 w0 j5 u* R! O- d
5 r9 F% F5 C5 G4 pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 [. r, h8 J6 w: \
V/ h8 E+ `/ d( P4 dHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) n8 u' ?4 {6 h5 {. N, s
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : \' b+ D$ ]9 t1 f5 S ; M" ?. ?2 a5 }2 ~; ePolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) @- u" |0 R! }+ o$ U2 f1 |1 g% |, A' S: H
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 ~& X0 Y% v, b+ N( \ ) \" t0 |. k1 CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) |2 D4 \( q. Y- j2 y1 w! T I4 P/ K( W
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * V7 o1 f; }" l* }3 c* p1 H- B / z# \5 \: C7 I. e$ t当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ]; z3 ~8 N% W. L; E
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 Z; C, ^& h; O R: o8 a4 `
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " c' a4 i/ ^ u5 I0 N % @! J6 e1 d, P0 ]8 x! {对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 p; Q5 R( H4 _6 T2 ~1 F/ p0 f4 e0 e# j4 Q6 @' {, U. c
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # N" k7 B/ J# \. m3 f8 ~ 8 P b& a8 u. Z4 u. j* {7 b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 e/ U2 k4 F/ [' e6 N3 s9 B1 b2 v! z1 v2 l* c7 a0 a" V
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , x5 ?. m0 J, T! P; |* S! C' a# C; o" Q u
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( x4 m* B) A/ E+ B* I; t