本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ z, r8 i7 p) r5 [) t' g 4 P; Z8 }7 V4 v E; B7 ]7 D转帖 6 i, `7 [$ d1 n1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* v) g4 C2 {6 G+ v
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 W9 D i7 p/ I! f
1 _# c/ w: s% P) T9 T- L$ ^Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 B# `' W1 ]1 _3 ?- E6 | # |) s! t6 O8 u( n% ]2 q- e9 Q. T/ AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % ^- a; |, _$ K* a) w! m2 R, A% j, Q3 K( o3 N. O& t
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 ?) C3 `) k7 k# u4 i8 G4 M- q( c
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & }5 b- p3 b# O! |; ~# F+ v ) H, U! c' Y9 KMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); ~ }3 u$ O, X9 k2 P
f- [/ ~" ~3 d; A& HWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* b3 n" o& L# o' f
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ ?' |5 L6 H9 F; w6 k) K8 e/ l$ Q* V1 Y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)9 S4 a4 T1 J- G2 ^) W
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % m. _) i4 }) m R' g( u* n : X/ e6 D) X) {( s4 Y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& O2 W0 v; U8 A9 k
/ R2 b3 j1 W9 k D. K & ]& o. ]9 m! x$ s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # k. G9 K) V# u" ]$ p9 \% ~1 c2 F! z1 A# Q
例如: 4 H$ I( q n: C* `' q . X) b- p2 j R2 q3 WAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 P$ X8 Z& \9 V% M" P
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); {6 D% Z) `% x8 }7 ]/ m4 a
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 e6 n; p! ]5 W( K3 i6 I7 R7 b7 v! v* [' h9 s
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : K6 [6 d+ b' y* X( v1 r8 Z* p i: d/ `7 K
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 X" T1 d* X( H& E6 ~ f3 V: B( W6 o' [* Y, H
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( T! e4 {; g: Y0 v; g: y " z6 B X- D6 l* Y& L; MI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 k. R2 G: K0 P+ L
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! j$ j" J) ?$ M6 z
4 p1 u) Q8 b- ]5 \( U i0 pThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 E4 z8 S: N- q. i$ Q) C' |/ M
6 o0 k A& f+ X6 mThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 d: q. [1 I% u2 V4 |
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& L8 ~" ], P1 t- `; j
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * G* p* g( w4 \3 l) G- l7 m6 M. F3 u: d" f0 l0 F2 r: U! D5 {7 k
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 }" a4 Z4 m* C3 r
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' V% S+ p% Z8 R( o8 |6 F) z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 T O( d2 a. M1 G5 z 9 \# T0 p1 o5 E此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ {0 P# @6 C1 T6 v' |
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* w. u# [3 L6 D7 n. f( i 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 I- X" G0 ?* L" x
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例如: 3 [; ~; _8 H. v; c$ h! }9 m; Z " n/ L7 B- w2 U0 |) eMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 v2 Q% b& e$ V) S9 {
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 N$ q8 \0 X6 y) @, ~
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & J. d# n, s# k: u/ K3 o/ o. k7 e& V# P' v) V& C+ ~
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 y9 |* ^1 _! j( f' }% S. h9 j# h d6 k: |8 A: q7 p4 _0 HMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* Z" ?% G. g; h, w: J! T3 u
: f) i8 b0 N( j' j R4 \/ OPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), m1 Y5 y* [! U- o X
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) M3 F0 c x3 R) E
: ?+ O" w! m; q* qStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * t. O! i$ y9 N% M, \7 s$ n9 {+ I$ ~# b; k) _9 j! ~
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 w- r! J# ]9 Q : N, }) o& X3 x& N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 V; g8 v% P8 v
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( }+ j3 `- q; q' E/ [3 h f) u( i5 l; p* A& p2 W
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 _, O5 U/ F( W. Q+ l9 ^' `. B
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * b6 B4 N$ V6 A+ w2 T) Y, ^5 P & L h& U) W, n- @: V$ d4 l对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: q8 Y% C7 i, r) W3 J5 G* m
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " d. K" E6 Y! k/ J, g2 T0 D8 J$ O' F! P
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # w7 c" m( q- z w l: y! p' v* g- U! W; C3 v G
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * v4 `: L# }( `* \+ I