/ v% v9 Y- R! {1 F4 e3 f; ?1 k5 B例如:% A/ @$ Y* z* E5 D& m/ f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " O3 B/ M0 T* b$ S- W2 `/ J" t+ X X; y5 |; I
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 b; k4 n7 {7 E9 y
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' j$ f3 u/ x) W' S s1 L & b: i0 _: m+ d- ?The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). b% [1 ?; ? b/ G9 P, h/ d1 \! T6 L
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 l" g( v, q0 n$ s' z9 m1 ~0 G$ e6 k( q( Z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % p8 m) G; d1 m6 V: A! C5 b; g$ d: v. A' V
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# s9 f; x; x9 n* G8 l; J1 Z
* ]0 f" s* L/ [- \. k' P' VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : W) ]8 `4 { ?* E6 { D; b# v8 L- [3 S) I. \We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" R& Z# U1 d7 a0 y# p
. P1 H; F( {' @' p0 Z& C* V2 QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 S) e. d5 \" Q& n
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 k7 Y# I" s5 z( @% e$ B1 a( t" L
1 h- B3 x8 j6 Z* N0 Q/ y5 w, T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ Z" o+ ~: O+ c. f! S" O C3 u4 I3 r; p
例如: ' u0 ]. Q0 l6 U, |% \9 a/ h% t) }9 d) Z* A: `- x9 r
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# j4 u' j7 h1 C) ~5 d% F- ^. k9 s. t
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 V) h1 `$ Y) y$ J0 n5 R4 E q* r/ o6 K- u
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 g4 ~1 z& L7 w( ^
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ @) B: N5 H& l+ {( @. e% ^
( _' C% F; W2 f+ G; xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 K8 e* s+ ]# Z( K1 X# P
) t9 p+ t/ L i% P! mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' u2 `) s! J! B' E1 f k# \ # F9 R' p5 J. z7 e+ J% C: fI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 M" J# Y# `) e9 E4 P5 D, I* j7 m `/ D
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' j" U6 w+ j: U2 l2 ?! T
, y3 q( ]& |* ?- L/ e' VThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% r% i; e- _/ M3 `7 u }
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 }" P8 t- l5 \7 w9 _- X) e5 B7 x5 T/ s
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , S' Y; F0 K! T" y6 g / ^4 C1 z) _( W3 s7 V1 ?7 XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). p" E X; L1 t4 z$ d8 u
1 G3 M. k2 w$ P/ G) H& y" GWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + `: v+ q% g$ \, @ 3 @! Y) o! m" V6 y2 i& ]1 uEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( H! k, v" q2 |) c $ t# \8 ^- Y9 P9 b写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 G, k+ }9 D! l
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( ^3 Z" [& ~" W, ~) V # m1 Q- q3 {. V) Y2 D- u" J . q+ k+ @! C5 O. b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 V! a3 q3 W& a6 i- _9 r; |1 m( W4 m
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( G2 p2 l# B* ^) b5 C) eMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + @- K2 u( d: N0 W# p1 P+ {% v% |% C% h7 D c
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + s/ ^+ G7 o3 v- M5 y$ o 6 t" ^5 j9 H; R# I+ P ^This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 C: I; t5 Y! g' y0 c6 y- \5 D) X8 y8 C9 r, \- V( r) P
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ j: j; Q* y, f! q4 B+ a: B" b5 d
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 n: Z7 v* s, h
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 }" _: l2 Z* Y8 C
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % _4 T W2 m; ]: E- M - G/ x0 O* N, q/ l# x0 t( QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& [4 w, }7 o0 H( M" `
6 ]0 O" @% n: x! a3 ]5 D+ ~+ c' J同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 N, o4 i+ ~- R- X) k& P! S. v 8 i. p$ i& a7 C* i+ \- A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* Q. R# w+ e: D/ K G( |
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; x" y7 ~2 k4 ^# q S. \. @. M4 |! Q ) x% R/ }; ^4 f" c e. c$ _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;1 K' h- r p3 r* r