本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 Y8 z, _8 c( Q, X+ q3 O$ h* T3 y. |; m# s" ~% R9 p 转帖 9 W# W; x- ?( Y2 `& T: b! G( R1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) & E8 I3 `! W3 P- O g" U; R8 L A5 h7 y6 d S* @4 v2 `例如: $ i$ o% K% ]) m O0 K6 r ' Q- j& O/ O$ |. y9 dMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " D+ ~1 u: a6 Z6 k" M ) _. P- h8 K8 K! u5 e$ @: m5 SThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 J8 v2 [5 [ p. s+ d% ^8 T- |' U( w2 O
9 U- b R1 k% L9 C! Q, P3 WThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 c) s0 C/ L3 B" b9 p9 b4 p 0 f/ J* H" E4 T; m# z( M6 A# B& xThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; H$ J+ b. Z+ |3 f6 [$ c9 l1 w5 D6 w8 b2 r' x7 K% l0 h
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) S- S- r- P4 |0 X0 ? n) ]( i5 y- g6 k. k9 z X
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 |' B$ P& Q" G1 J* Y
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " q$ A* U9 h% z+ Z1 }: R# ^0 n- A6 E& e, I
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 M4 v' y0 E$ S) k2 L6 F- W3 C, Z" F/ f0 H: [
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , m) ]; X$ Z" X1 ?% v 2 O+ m! r2 A, s1 }! lPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 s# A8 W1 `8 N. r/ Y0 N % F$ @; e+ s. L) r! c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , P5 ^: Q: k3 X: k6 a. |; D: ] . Q- s' A4 x/ Q9 ]& d$ L! D+ e. g- Z8 [/ c! Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 X! H9 x$ J/ \- @2 @2 U
4 o- w. t6 A) f3 o# j8 h) f例如: 4 V, J& z: C; c / r* c& P2 \- J1 A, \At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : ?3 ?+ N: m! s; ^/ x& I$ o2 U' [6 L2 V: D, y% i4 K) q" x
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 z& |1 V$ Q9 f; ?
$ h) U* a; l4 p6 }' y8 A, iI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( d+ Q7 u8 q9 E9 E$ D " |" Q1 K, \9 U" B) s$ D# UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' K. _* B. ~* T- g, a8 ]' D8 e% p: L7 ?" S+ x3 l0 t9 [9 I
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ Y4 A4 V. W% U; }+ @
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( Q. ]" ~ s- c* C
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 G0 o$ ?; m, Z" o( B ( o# f& c5 h- Y; E9 a# {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 p( f% k2 H) I2 {* d
% r" [# y0 I/ v1 Y" _5 QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* G2 u* A$ }+ x' I
& M6 Q' x0 [! g& [) P. A4 ~, DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% m M, K, y: d$ ~! H7 p @
+ G& X* ~3 a6 s$ k0 \7 hHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 L4 X4 H& L' |% R3 l7 z5 D3 s
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ C- w7 X3 ]9 k* u' _
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 i0 i3 c8 F# r ]% W6 Z/ q$ BEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# G W: j- C3 t9 P5 y
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ }, B$ B: l& o$ _8 U
3 T) ~2 ^9 R" |4 I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * @2 i5 [9 J* Y5 ~. v# t 8 D1 o7 r1 m4 a3 ` 1 P; b( x3 G4 {3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 d3 T5 p9 K) m+ B& q. z; Y
$ ]5 U- c' w4 Q例如: - |% n* r; w) u; P2 z 9 L" T t) `% w M& V6 z9 {* lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( T1 P. f. w+ O/ h0 i4 c6 ^+ v2 [, b6 {& h
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" ]3 h" d; _+ p- U- ?, C! U
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 L2 v( }+ J8 B: S. \. [7 X2 @+ V. n* P
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( i; v' H) h9 x' G- y5 `! P( f1 ^
0 A4 O) x% k+ A+ ^$ Y; zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% q8 w d- k# [6 t4 S) ^% S) D, d
' ?5 |2 ^3 b. K5 M1 U; [+ ?5 oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 `$ f( J, T) [) n, A8 q& g, Z( ~
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / L3 u' |1 r, \+ P, r/ X. O! O, V
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 Q; o( ?2 v7 A" `, C6 u- }* G1 B0 M
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* w& ^* H( A3 P; M
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: t! u- a1 V D& L- H
7 e9 C2 z, q: |1 J$ i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( e! K: D! u0 M; J* a( J
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 k: R8 ]0 y7 C. K z! B5 |, z% w9 a
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( G1 T* L5 ^' Z+ [* L
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' i7 o8 Q! n9 }+ T$ e+ I$ `( F
w: A0 R& M& h: F: ^4 ]" K还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; Y% `+ K0 ?; u
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ Y/ r; g. ` O- S+ T