本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' V3 F- n9 r. ?% D# K6 B1 E
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 q' r2 Q5 z- c
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例如:5 J, H1 _6 c2 o0 L
! E! L- S, w+ c* e# UMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' p" r0 j7 z* @. _) s' u* k ' \2 F p% ]1 |4 |1 {- _( FThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . U4 L: {8 B, V 8 i6 i- x: }1 Q6 t9 {This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 \; M3 A$ S4 U* j; d! f; g" G1 i' S
- o& g2 D( w; [2 T" m9 u& q; `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 R$ }1 f' s$ J6 [# T& o7 ~1 t" [
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& c$ I- z& d2 x6 z% ]" g' K) s
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , N, B$ }% `2 m9 q) i @: ?! J/ ^ / ?0 N {. H4 |, hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) @4 Z5 o1 O& B+ T4 S % L9 p, d0 K1 O0 CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% @- f8 \4 t9 U/ }/ c, `
4 U, T2 [2 u* R3 }4 XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) $ P( o% x b9 u# O Z2 t+ e# Q ( J/ m* N8 C- r5 {! KPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 j8 p. Y( C% N& C9 V+ [4 @* ?. I' ^2 u4 E; O0 t1 A& s
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 _5 t) `$ n# e) [& i
7 p! T: Y8 Y! z2 V) Q' o3 D& P. w f* F& ~4 D1 a% \& O- F" ] 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* a+ b' N3 I, a* x% X! v6 U
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例如:$ ~( h" I% S" a* R' ~, N' m
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' i5 \7 w* B! _ 8 w* C: P; S" g. G# U3 q PDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 i4 }* H' m! @, B% L& {( N
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . y# Q* {/ P9 ~+ k* O5 M! T- h3 l0 p* N
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 b/ i- \2 `3 T0 J( T; N8 l# W5 O
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 b/ Y' k1 `+ g) K9 x! Q, e/ N+ p$ ?, g: x: T
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! a8 I/ }/ p9 n7 z C' ^# ?
. X7 E& ?# C6 |/ V6 ~. H9 v% nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 h5 y9 B. s5 R" @. s8 b
9 l: j" X. i- [4 E* t* S0 N如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 F4 K, A$ q8 h' k6 q3 A: y1 f- m' ~( q3 h8 b
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 A) `7 B/ Z; q 2 B! ?, {9 d2 \; Y C4 ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : _1 D6 @, r" k' x( L* J: Y9 `7 w) Y6 A% ~) i
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 L* ~6 x! N/ m9 @, D9 a
- j, U# J; S( I8 t" f/ p3 Y* }$ QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 a3 g$ W9 I& j" A5 _ g1 S% ]6 l1 Z4 |+ L! w1 k
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! e$ T9 x! D2 o T6 q0 v ?" s 7 L$ R+ s6 H6 z/ m" t! d2 y3 t6 n& ]Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 f- \8 ^$ J$ B, n! @! Y3 A
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * A' s- k9 z; n- i# p- P/ j, l; j' J" L1 [6 m8 u
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 p+ V6 S' l" h5 D& z
! _( {; h7 \( z$ |- {' m* n0 [ ( A4 ~. x$ v. R4 x8 n# ]3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 I1 V8 q4 N9 n( c3 K1 J- O, L; [& W0 z" G+ J) A
例如: . _. b L4 x/ ~/ _; J' t' {5 G ) u; I1 O+ @+ [9 cMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 j; z* l9 j. h7 U) v. I; C
/ l0 u( x" B, VManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 d& N1 Y" J+ ~2 P7 e, p' A) w" @, G2 o3 a9 y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 L( o; s/ N; l( \
4 `* ^/ R& J J# d# pHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 V* r0 r1 P5 v- R
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 E8 Z8 x! }5 d: |* l& D# T1 J4 x; T& ~2 @3 s: ^# c( l
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' h" l( S' H. n; D8 O( j# t7 d3 X+ Q0 i7 F8 e( _$ Y9 U& O5 _
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 \. P2 Y4 F( R5 A7 G
! o( L/ q5 i+ E; k2 TStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " K T% v3 _- B/ H5 r4 y7 n$ b* \4 G
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 J& b; M2 h. S * D3 @) \% j- r+ j当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( f7 N) z- h! X% F4 O- Q! L # W/ N3 V/ @$ }8 c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 f: X! C* o) ^' ]3 Z0 S& J
+ M7 F; {( `9 i: ?对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& J& n! v0 l' B" G: q+ q2 {1 I
! B' X9 ^ p; h6 U/ q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ s" V/ b) Q/ s2 \ ( w7 A S' P; o) X0 X* m至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% j: [8 [* o, `
: b. g: c: f o% P. z1 t2 t还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 v2 b5 c$ v# c2 z' M2 H
. i6 ?/ o- B) B有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ' p" K8 C8 t7 y @4 [! ^