本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 {+ N6 I4 b9 `* K: p* H
1 A5 K2 }% L# Q5 \0 O8 a 转帖 0 Z6 c* ?4 f5 N# p9 w X) X' ]7 P1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 }& @* q4 k7 U
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; z6 ]/ S1 T* q: M1 C* m- h3 | K
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# E' Q/ r+ }" T; t) M0 n
% J2 R! g' e6 M" h* S" E O. O! O9 qThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& ?) f1 x+ Q7 u% u
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 z: |. u. d& ]2 Y ; }6 s' x" ?: c- lI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 a, B* m- q3 h8 @; e6 Q 3 W; v" U' G9 XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 u0 j+ `$ v( Y1 m6 }* D
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " a) _* k( A9 P* E* l1 z0 `& o" h7 _2 A8 L) b" j( l* a
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; z0 S' [ I7 _ 5 S' f3 d3 v( g7 Y' S1 f3 _0 {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - v/ t ~: x) h0 u) P5 Q# V I3 m7 I e. t, s
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! N) B* X( u8 R: C: j1 C- _& N
2 v" |/ M# E$ J# Y5 s这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 R2 d2 C6 O1 j- u" e l # F7 z' R3 F. R! o0 P; W e$ A5 M " w3 {& F# ?, q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 I( [% d1 u; Y2 X8 w! W/ @
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例如: ; |* ^4 I3 O9 N4 O5 o 1 P4 o; A# t' M6 l. K9 e/ pAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) q0 L2 D" `& K% o6 @9 I6 p5 j0 Z2 t" J& h' i8 J1 Q& v0 r1 T* C
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! ?$ s& q1 @- ?( t& y6 g( Q( y& K1 a1 P, n6 |. x6 O! h
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 k" T* g" G) \+ ^1 f+ n. b5 p) \) c, o% {5 C! E6 V1 Z! B
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % `& x* s; f) ?- K9 I) r% {0 t 3 V" G7 R5 d! BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 N2 m+ g5 O6 w: s6 a! w2 q( R( h S B0 I* p2 A0 b) u0 U. N: XShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% G2 n( t4 Z$ z4 o( l2 J
1 o5 m4 a+ p4 Y6 yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . m" s9 Q+ T: b9 d8 u+ e* r# b$ R" a$ c& U( r+ S6 Q3 b
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 D( o1 H( k+ h3 P3 v! U( b& Z$ A; a3 w" l7 x9 n$ s9 G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- D7 ]. N7 L# ]* o) d
% _, h) v4 e4 B- p/ EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): o: z U7 t" j' X5 _2 Z' p
+ F4 h( P, I2 S5 e2 j5 F5 SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; O& f, |+ Q$ x: b! y4 M# M$ J0 L- _( K: T+ B' @2 L5 ~3 d
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 U( a. k+ f6 V# P& T7 s# G7 C- d8 P7 R% Z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ Y/ Z" t; D% x& y1 [/ v- Q6 D. T8 I4 V- Y; a) Z3 o
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' K7 u- ^! i' _# A. r 3 |; L$ Y3 w) E' Z+ W写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)3 N5 f0 ]. ]5 M! g0 n% J2 M
6 J# m! g2 v7 P! k1 M# y6 w此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 K6 b. u4 V; U/ J1 S
8 `) j5 _- i$ X1 S: {例如: 7 r7 [' A Q% }% s {2 R! n : V1 {0 @: m' b' M: OMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 @ ^7 b/ ]$ D1 v: V0 U+ R9 l7 M # A. W, L( B: H$ ~Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 P# z6 J; d5 K8 K1 z- F/ F' b8 m; _8 x4 x# x
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" `8 G8 x7 o O H. K# c, D
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # I; p0 s% Z5 T/ o& S) c6 R* Q0 z4 O9 F8 c
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。), p% x% f: F: _8 m
5 Q, P) M% m% N. Q; x# p& U3 F' N. HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % O: N4 a& O. h# y5 s) `- w3 n6 Y! S, {' n4 t# u+ |; W
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 y* V9 p3 `) ]' m' ]
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) ^) S+ R# e% \2 z# J' L6 C F- O4 I( c; R' t& R- I# K
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : ?0 n' y2 J' ]# y7 r- b* ]0 o- A. B/ ?' d
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % F1 T9 w7 B C" K( N; _; f8 c & c* P1 H. x/ }, g' }6 E& x4 {对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;& Q" T. l- @3 ?3 x9 V8 M6 Z
- `/ Z1 d5 C4 U( F7 m J对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * T. j8 H# d. q/ a7 q3 h. {' l. F6 [+ M+ z! M' {
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; " _# M" P7 K. R! w l% I& Q6 F2 W7 ~9 v# g% _3 I9 G对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 H, y o7 n% P4 ]# `1 V
& J6 j* T, z: S: k6 X至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 M5 P6 s/ F, a3 H5 @ 8 z/ j* H$ a: w8 x' { i; p j还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( D- T# }# w/ ?: U& B7 [# q' `8 H3 i$ z W) l* u0 O3 H
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * P; K# _1 c' `8 G' }2 h- R. @