本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * J a2 N# c2 U- c: m# J! C! }/ O) h 9 I. `: G5 {2 ?2 z# j/ W* Z P转帖 + ^; @ u' L. u% p& M1 B* e; S4 Q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 Q8 D! ]( Y& @" J
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( x/ h8 v+ r' h" m% k* q5 u ^
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 E& @# y" R$ k" q" v; B; m ' f$ v# v$ [/ X6 S9 lThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ k4 y1 @7 D/ `0 u2 ^+ H2 u0 B" @% t3 R0 l
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( p# c6 l t( }5 d D4 K
3 i" p8 s, I" ]: b4 z* tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & G4 Q8 H [) m/ i+ _, X8 s' i c6 S$ x, T
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! Q; I1 w5 B8 M2 p+ ?7 _+ U- j
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 n9 P1 O' a+ P1 X% s( Y. c3 F, E% f- ^, Q, x! l& V
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) K5 T# O4 \( O: Q( x6 j
* A* a, i$ ?8 p) \2 c7 ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ ?7 f _. }- |2 o& U( ~& N
6 ?1 a! h" _2 J% q0 B$ v) CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ n2 s) i, X% _
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 y- V' j+ r. }7 R! J- m' ^ # J# m) V8 O/ e6 H8 s2 l5 i# Q' z ) k0 p4 ~7 g) g8 [+ k+ V6 V" p2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) a3 g" i5 D! A( I) }: ]6 z0 C' ]8 M4 p/ z4 t
例如:5 k" c+ p0 Z( K$ l2 V) L( T
6 Q: Y) y4 ^6 ~At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( @" b9 f: c! l
+ L1 @0 ?) |' S) ADespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 |5 r' d: D: @( k a j5 S, l4 z7 J5 j4 Z0 }7 Z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' r3 {: v; [6 R% }9 V, `, {: J ! A& b. n, ~8 i4 Y% JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), v3 b; g' ]5 C6 W
' s7 X" ]/ b1 c$ _" n: F1 EIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 a. ?- w7 h% _) @
6 t$ Q6 o3 C0 V" D. @$ h9 Y" HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * {& l4 }5 G' [! R* M1 A1 C& b& f3 X; g1 \# l
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): @1 G# D- l( {
c; ^, S) h6 L) `: Y7 l如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 S: g1 I5 }& z) q" S+ {8 y7 ]8 R
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 f/ x. r; X2 p Z* z5 r; Z4 x
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 k/ e0 \* p3 M: Y5 x
8 y* }2 ^! K1 i" j7 i) zHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % O" h9 r6 q9 a$ T. r: x9 o0 k/ Y" |' p* f/ a7 n
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ W% d+ P/ z/ a) o: o& {
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 v1 Q% b3 H6 `1 X- n6 ?. q2 o! U4 n* z r1 w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " h# ~1 i5 B6 f% [; _. [+ ~5 D, D4 q- O7 O8 D8 L
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 ^* ~, v/ w9 U2 l" T 9 M, q5 Q4 `" @# f2 s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 G, W) v) ?. h
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) N( t$ m* z- m$ I" R 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: [7 m1 {3 j: i3 `4 ~* U! h
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 P" Z5 H' h# R9 W1 V
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - Q6 X, P3 b% K, y- `- w4 ~9 s $ S3 h9 v z& f8 e# i9 ^" vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* I5 Z* A* e o8 S* B! a/ C
) `9 Q( Y+ E6 _ g6 Q2 J: `He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * t# C: L* P0 R7 [- M7 \: r5 W+ O8 W+ f- O$ O
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) R# ?( W5 }, r, d7 w# ^ \, J: |6 A. J4 ~Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 y9 i1 q; Y$ ? N( D) v2 L
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* | r& t( r+ D8 `. ~% H3 K
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 r. x/ x/ ~' X6 m' s6 C
' d3 E/ M9 D, j/ b$ N6 L0 J" N同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 h5 H3 j. h7 W* B v$ `! S# D3 W ~; R' @2 |% [当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / c/ G) d* J" h% K6 |: w" a. b1 s1 v6 ~* h" w2 d
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ P7 p6 e* M3 K3 k. O* E' x* c* y* A F2 y6 d) c3 y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & ^- Q0 c4 V9 d) m* C5 Q * _/ S5 s! c8 I! Y( w2 w对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 U9 l) `1 x, H1 t
* w% m+ u) N7 F. g, ~' A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( d* `. `: d8 Z- j! C% s) ]
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& _# x0 e- j2 x$ [ F
% H' r) W7 B) j$ r$ n还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- v0 W+ P% S; o+ K0 l* a4 P ^
$ L7 {- D4 x3 b5 z% D4 w/ U7 R有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: C- h1 p4 j1 X