本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 x- C8 ~4 F2 ~$ |$ ^ }2 y/ t3 \ , A9 C7 C2 n2 F; M5 S转帖 " B# N+ g5 W R1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); n# c: k" y7 g/ h( R# y* K+ v
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例如:* n1 S0 f+ X7 R. w- Q/ j+ A: N
/ x: {( k2 h) |3 r7 i! T! hMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). O9 _: j( T9 C/ A" b: W( Y
: ~. _, y H) S9 \; m8 M8 x% N) E5 @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( ^9 E) i4 @! F: n O
- v$ N! ~& d9 WThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 a# s" v+ p; ~; ]$ Y( q/ P5 ~: B& V3 Q# y) M' |
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( G/ J, O0 C% I1 B: N% |7 J
8 J4 J% X; m7 h! U2 s. ^8 Z1 aI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! E/ u6 t3 p0 w4 ~8 A5 n
$ a% [$ _' X5 Y E' nMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " [% ?4 A8 |. c5 g8 F6 G! D 5 @& T0 \0 J0 O x" N$ wWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # c: [2 }; `) x8 s0 ]' E i3 v2 s4 a) O7 i
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 s1 Z; A: b: | * j7 Q' G8 y' @4 g2 Q( EWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : p9 V' F `( A6 ]" Q4 K + ^0 [7 W" Z k% O3 y' LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 T& P6 K/ R+ I0 ^1 f( H
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% o/ P9 `( i: @4 P2 I+ O, o& y
( _4 F3 p" G- ~9 v6 J+ ?2 w% ~7 i! G; Z' x# H& z0 U6 G( n 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, w |7 e: Y0 D3 y# k
7 t" o [1 e( Y, `! q例如: 6 P/ V } r1 J# y1 W" m' R5 N5 c$ W7 Q' w$ p# j' D
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) d6 w; x- w1 s c) |
* h3 T0 O. f1 m) V3 P# ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % t5 R; `1 W% z+ |% [) O- o! A7 l. |4 g$ C: ]" _( x7 {
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 u1 L, v3 x/ N& L+ E1 ^! C! d& m4 k& h! f0 t
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): a2 P4 G2 g: q, y5 h. |
! ]6 q( R. X- r$ [* Q6 GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ X9 T; y# \0 t! I" s( T- h+ k9 n
N# O0 W9 i! uShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) T7 o2 ^2 m+ V 3 ?. f( G8 J$ B y BI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 ^2 w9 J# [4 q6 k + _0 [; a+ B' ?. K5 V- z! Y! {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / f }6 V7 q9 D+ z* V( z, l7 P4 u# r
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ R H6 q& g% C. c5 d$ u; G4 {9 P6 _7 j5 M1 e1 l4 ~+ t4 {
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" a3 S5 n& z' A9 p
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . W3 w, `; y9 ^! _2 m8 f9 |" G3 s5 [2 ~
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 }# W$ V8 D% B5 k/ @" M# C
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 j- X* e8 R" K' u
1 u! o, H' N% mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - {) j) [8 H1 ?( W $ }. \* Z" ^2 u9 |3 t& Z! Z0 h0 D4 Z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! s' W+ `4 L0 z- L3 ?
) j$ Y% f: y: \# T此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ F7 O G. M& ^7 S
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9 P3 q+ G! H. y, U9 T. N/ F% L8 Q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( B6 h" o+ a* x- f0 }4 T
/ M/ b6 ?$ i, `% b7 {) C例如:7 \! }) R1 _$ h& i0 d3 u
. Z0 k/ j U& l7 wMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 M4 y- C% t6 H: q& n
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 ~" y# Y7 `4 Q+ P5 z7 o; J3 B
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 b8 b6 T' f2 c5 Z: Y+ p ( ]5 A1 K! l' V4 ^& d3 G5 kHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). [ i$ ]& m4 M, @) j" O# j
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! V( }3 r& x* G* L
" S, ]7 _" q' ^) ~2 JPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 _9 E5 l. d" ?' C$ E7 X( t9 ~) b; t# X
! T4 X. I1 y( T5 E* nCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 A( Z$ a* z) D9 l; |/ O* U5 @" S' L
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). A ^) Z* D, O% T: _
. g+ k$ H0 n( k同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; W' H5 \9 r1 ?8 ?$ `7 j, W/ o2 I! }# X4 M$ A
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' X+ s) C( d0 c* w + `* R8 `9 H$ u0 q$ C% E对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " T$ c7 {+ x9 b+ X" }; [1 x' A% l9 r9 c
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; G* e$ J' R3 e( k2 |5 G2 m' w9 Q4 Z. q Q
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 B4 T) ?# \2 O* `4 @% x1 E & e& k1 \# r! V' K对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 t0 p0 N; U2 G' i: T9 }( V$ E( T# z2 J6 f6 L6 D
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . L& C s' @+ O& ?3 H( @# N 7 i' S& K N5 e/ X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 @8 r9 o3 U5 F O6 e
$ g* ^$ L! u; s |5 @1 V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; ] p6 K! g& q