本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - E- A2 D+ ]2 I* {4 U* Z$ e# m 6 R! ^9 {/ `& z. f; J转帖% q( R6 q4 _, l5 r$ S! j+ d: E
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( f; H2 l! Y" }
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例如: 0 J, w2 b k( \/ `6 m5 s5 W! c+ c + L8 M4 {+ B9 }! y% I$ }% QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 f: X6 @+ w* n! {8 E. ~6 P
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# ~3 k5 _8 j" w7 e: i. b& `
, f B9 U7 o; B. o( ?# U5 ]This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 O+ b1 q) n" a' n6 O- y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' t" T) X7 H9 A: U0 P7 x3 G; X. x, d
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 U4 R ~: A7 `7 f% H9 `
7 w) @& \4 {& P ^Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + C9 p9 {* p7 Y) I# T- y, V' j6 ]/ k; E8 u2 W
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" ~3 a2 h+ f6 g: u( k# f
) {" z5 G4 w1 Q5 d/ S. D; uThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 [( k2 M; g# t ) y! O/ X% c5 W- p+ _, e1 dWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - q0 C0 o# O' n/ ?; Q) t9 u ; }2 S1 t) p3 t4 t) rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ' ?7 h8 `9 r- ` r! R : a2 W {( h7 V" D" I这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ w6 E# E) Y6 }$ z0 k, Y# V$ `/ H X% l1 k* D3 a$ @0 e8 p , J+ o( ^& I6 e* k6 E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 ~7 @$ @$ x7 l! `/ ?# U
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例如:' H' t1 v) k0 ?' I$ Q
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)0 } s) \- M/ Y W* I E( M: g
" J+ e' X. I+ F8 c0 |* c# {Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); ]; T( ]4 h& b- M# h Y
$ r* y% _& {) c. f" fI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 B% l7 P& i, {( C
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , y7 Z9 w+ K# u7 N% o( r2 n5 d9 N1 k* N0 O
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ N$ p* R8 d' p# m
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 m7 A. u) h$ a1 ]: l Q6 ]* \" x( m8 k
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); N8 J. O1 ^9 Q a1 ^
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " B( L: ]3 H# k6 M( [& ~6 m $ W" |+ W5 M$ V) s1 a$ vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . N* ]/ Y6 k# V8 `6 U& J 6 n. o! [; H. `- {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) c5 k4 G& @( ?8 e" s! s% G7 ?
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 H i+ F( {3 x2 e& U5 o. @
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & ~, m( J1 |$ Q' O& T: t2 l 6 y* ]1 g6 S5 e+ c: r7 hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) j! j5 b3 \2 Y: x4 }/ e% b' D" j: \
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), L; K1 E5 V" e7 h
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 a" N" t/ P! k1 g* g" ~, ?& w; W9 Z9 e2 C( y
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 _* }# S( p- N* V
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1 a9 W" J0 ?4 I3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 x: v+ y: M+ S) Z% G5 o0 A3 B, c
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , p9 E) O e4 ?- k ; g: k. a% B4 _, m0 e& JManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) z0 \# u+ n3 q" ]+ I1 L
9 \' K- x$ q4 x4 a7 {+ W- v% t7 E0 G& uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 H8 X3 N$ ?% \$ E% Q
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( o" ^+ z4 {- ?0 `3 }7 v1 J4 D, F/ }
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 I( v( e6 ~/ \- J( G: V, H 8 U2 d2 ]" T/ FPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / n: _3 W+ H4 i ( z' o7 j* i9 L7 j# ?7 R! U; h6 f c1 A1 YCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ [; W7 e5 K( \# u
0 W) E% E4 H! X, k6 I5 y1 {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' v/ a( v3 X6 Y2 r1 K; K " U# y b5 T& | z2 S同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 O, }+ y, i+ Q5 {2 ^
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 Y' c. b' q4 g' L" ] , ?2 Q/ z; t% A; s! A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " Y0 y- `$ _, e: u: X% ^ 9 h* D7 |$ p$ x( ^6 V- T对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 O: o4 F6 d9 R/ c7 z) Z& [( b
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 j3 `1 K* Y0 z( H( \) r0 j7 b) J, R% y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# ~* f( ?# I" I
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " i/ |% z$ }5 e6 t+ O& p9 z4 k) U. T+ g+ k& X
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 F* k4 G7 \0 s- K" h) ] a3 Q9 @
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 D; v( b# j( j F" b# D/ ?% I