本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( K/ F) |& k0 a( a% M$ [7 m6 W4 P ) o9 Z0 _5 z! H6 ~1 A转帖 * K1 M; o [" \' K0 P# }1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)2 y% D) e1 d5 c$ p' i/ ^# [& A% ?, x& n
& C; h7 G5 R$ d9 O$ L" O# B6 | C6 e P例如: ! F6 j2 I9 Y5 i! m, N9 M ^# u" ~, I& Y, d1 b
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' s( _! E& g3 w0 R: X) m
/ ]. o6 m. y* i/ f5 c. tThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) G" P7 b3 P( ?, H9 }& J! |9 k
+ H5 _, c/ u8 c5 V3 x2 PThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): Y5 c' A" @0 z7 C
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 i# }# \6 X1 z1 o' _
' U+ J: ^% D0 N; K4 \8 GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) e4 F8 y# U3 i' S; c& I* e ; [! y4 y0 v- a; Y+ m3 p) @. FMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' Z" m, t* g4 Y3 N
5 F2 h/ K9 I3 c" }( c3 \: UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * a; L0 N1 l+ u7 t( P. g2 D3 u' i) D1 u; S
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' [ E, Q8 o2 O; C+ v/ J0 Y& o, D& O, R
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & I" o$ c K( U) B) E0 w / p% ?" c7 Z6 O z+ ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 H2 s; v* t2 _$ F- C' H5 q
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! D& \; h* ?- H" m" Y" \( `" f, J' P3 f u. g
; D( n3 N& U: Q; \- A5 g2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : K" e: L0 { o5 w7 y i" Q6 C' t3 [" V: N# }例如: ) N1 m( {4 K; O2 ~ 9 Q7 k. J2 S t9 SAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' J$ _( W! b7 ~: C' i
% K0 t3 k4 W8 m+ K1 I7 LDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 l. q0 M' Q, w ]( X2 ?' }
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): Q; M% G( w" q( U8 E! s) U& s1 E( w
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ v# s( b7 g# Q2 D C3 F s
# d9 ?) }) x: p! C' ]In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , h7 k8 A8 l- M3 y' }- l. k4 h& d$ ]# W
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 d" ~* J& j* N5 \
6 ~; Y7 X" _: bI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) b( E- ~: z, F3 _8 d- P7 z% A' A$ ^; f5 x% G6 b- Q( X/ Z0 ` M
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: W; z: F4 ^5 `
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 E0 H- ^* V+ w6 L; w9 E: E
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 r7 w$ \) |# F, U# Z' M1 r/ [
& c7 F' a q" t5 }He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) R" E7 t2 s, j- o/ b7 T) z# s- b6 u
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! N6 w! F# ?' M
0 W9 @6 E$ [; v/ Q8 F5 M( SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # i7 M8 K) q( l# Y7 D1 A. s2 m6 y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : q/ ]; ~# t" r/ O / t4 i2 {" h7 B) J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 K$ }) `9 M" U* E z5 I
4 C7 O, t, \& ~- a3 I0 Q" R! C/ N此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( V3 t: P' l- @7 L
- m% A# q- K: ~; o ! j$ T; [( m, c" N" Z; v) e; w6 u3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ i G. l4 \6 |- {9 W* M
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例如: : ?) Q q8 G5 {; d4 `) G/ B+ u, ~& c* F
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 b% C4 @& P3 J+ z3 e% _' R( y7 _, v# w6 \$ R" e
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ ]" w. v- H2 B* S8 t/ }& k5 w% Z* r2 \( Q5 B+ ^( t
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , t4 t6 X: s5 s . {; N+ B6 R( R5 T# ?% j( SHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 {4 O5 H! \( F( ^ 6 v! y2 f+ ~6 b* f: b1 o$ vMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) K' p/ L; m w8 q- W$ a- O+ f$ L, G% V+ @4 i
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( w0 `% I2 x. j# d
, e0 `' I ]5 m! C$ nCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! w5 f' H# x# n Y % \3 |3 Q; \9 ~9 rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 ?7 z+ k2 r" R7 L W- N/ b + {" b: O; C6 T7 w% ?6 l/ y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # ]' i+ L5 m3 m* \$ i( r6 P5 s- g d j
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + t& Z, R% u2 f/ P9 C2 L6 Q+ w* {
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" K! H( Q1 b) N% D$ K
7 D) z( `- @8 S6 l+ ?对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' N! ], u: z' q% Q; J* F2 b) [, B! @5 [7 W1 y& s k3 y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 n* f1 L" m; \5 b0 Z8 m V$ C+ B0 Q, R& R2 U+ Q& [# o1 T对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' a2 c/ ~- @3 A % e7 _# D) J" |6 P至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) N7 E0 v; [% l/ Z0 ?( ~. r9 X- u
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " X6 f; V/ D# r1 z+ b8 a8 e$ k / a) t" _9 H+ X, ~ X有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 g+ E% J2 o2 Y K! N2 z y