5 F' W" w/ J9 R/ T" N6 }例如:' X& T" H1 `/ l. z3 h8 F
a% @& {' \ b; ~7 |: Z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' x: L* a) ^3 S! k) \5 b
8 q1 n( E0 ~) HThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 E0 v2 X( O) J; R$ d% i : g3 W& C5 M$ f" f4 f3 y6 ZThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 G4 [7 Y7 | H7 z$ l6 f2 }
( B7 O0 V3 g8 J0 [' s8 y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! ~- a& I `/ ^: n- k3 w9 R; E& L: J# B7 }3 F
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) f6 I1 C2 f0 a
# ], z S; p, |5 b7 R
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " _- Q; B. S8 [4 K( n & D _6 r& }3 g1 h/ \! i3 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ~5 u4 x/ V1 m) U/ c9 t. o 0 y7 b# T: t( n. m" mThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 P& g8 z! m& n - o, ~& ?- V- y8 c) vWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- b" s' @) ~9 l9 |, i
+ X# m9 ~. D- ?$ Q- s4 E2 y6 q
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# [; J7 E4 g3 B' R0 H
- m) C2 l# a6 C3 p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* c$ x: Y8 v/ u& V, [2 } |
z7 f; }2 H1 l
8 z3 m* _8 E+ A+ h$ h 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 {) a! d! G* `9 C 4 n% k( z$ |6 Q, h9 O6 ]例如: / n% V. b3 H8 i6 B. X5 I 7 Q( z+ ?3 g/ l1 \+ d# } qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); N' q3 |7 N, |* s
1 B0 G# Q3 d5 ^7 V# Y" sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ j: A2 k; E5 w, @8 i2 q4 K! x 8 d3 Y O: I& f, S, qI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , F* Q- |$ ?! ], X% H+ A4 X & y4 W' L1 V, w( n) q2 v& {He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): m" ]- U3 t+ r8 m l! G
3 Q+ U' M% f8 {( lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 e2 t6 }# U( A# j( i2 y* P* }7 M* {$ l d
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , E( O0 d& _( w7 n1 d0 M7 K: T6 t+ S: K W/ j
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 B# i# F$ _1 b+ J1 C: o7 h6 _# O' N
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ U) o: d( j! Q9 r, ]+ C) e% F* i
$ k4 f. p y1 w" KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( J0 X+ a; A6 \# J8 d. k + N/ x5 B2 F8 J/ i( c2 ]/ kThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) G d4 q4 S) |+ F( F
. S& ~3 }+ [& t- D3 e2 }
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)% x% `% P& g; n7 E) C
* O9 |4 {& j E- I; G
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): s$ U$ F1 u' U% [7 s a) H
% w6 i0 y# ? Q$ q7 F2 O# G
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 B0 B, z @& ^$ U& a/ S ) ~: W/ ^8 p# [6 W# QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 P5 e2 _! l" A8 B, Q( {9 u " X9 a" B& v- k& e: a7 B# X9 c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 S8 J( E0 A- f# g0 X& R8 w/ X1 y; p) M; d. j) N/ D( R
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- F" K9 q% h; L, q* ?' Y
* ^4 q: @ Q' K: [2 h5 {8 x& o: I5 e( m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# l* V: A: y6 w, I
8 V( I0 L- k4 S$ e; m+ L
例如:; M# A' h9 y; |( ~/ \
# S8 A- G. B3 \* X. }9 o- }& P) fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) X& M _4 D) z' H ) e- j8 K' C. ?: EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 |7 T* `( P4 e, k; K# I + s2 N3 T1 C# y6 RThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * ~4 f" h+ @3 q& \9 e9 T; E( c6 z. }3 [( U$ M) m! Z4 p! ?0 V
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; B/ F+ v7 k' F9 i) m) p Z, S. _ 4 _8 N1 S6 p H, {' _, m8 L# s) |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ P2 y L F2 h7 S0 A; a
$ B4 z9 i1 T. D* V3 W- U
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) k3 i- u, K1 |& H* H) s- G/ ^. R . c8 T/ Q6 Q6 N/ t6 S2 y4 BCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * W# M. ?2 C. F) n; p9 ?' I 9 ^2 p* i$ w2 ]% J" BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% x' u9 A4 n G7 X; z9 ~
3 V. F6 M9 b' m. X) R2 y' s
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" P5 R A" `1 A; @
% V/ e# Z1 v1 _4 c1 W2 K
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; F6 j- a' F5 M4 K1 J' U; |3 y, q) z/ }; K
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, g+ i" f, G8 f% `, q* s5 j9 `
# W4 Q: j, l. _5 V
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 g9 Y( R: ] n' F6 X- O/ c, d% p% J
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 D: G4 A& A V* S) c, G6 z& b. {$ `! k/ F* _- k
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" E. e' D ?/ C; q: c$ ~$ @
& b! g" G/ R8 k5 G* v# n! ]0 `% Y
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 w4 V. t* l1 C( H+ n/ |( s5 c
! Y. E x! x7 a/ T5 d2 p- p2 D& f
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' N+ i, L4 U" a, Q + h6 j1 B4 r& }# D( \* @0 j有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 q1 Q. _5 ~2 w L4 M; J6 ]