本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 p z) h3 H8 V$ k% _ |
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) j$ A1 N& W7 F' v3 d
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例如: 2 y3 F$ h$ o9 W* X' t# m1 z& h B1 p+ F . U- j$ O# r3 ?" I. GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 P+ [8 l: l) V5 W" J
3 X! A5 p& b! ?+ h5 EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( |+ G+ o, o: l! ^2 |/ I- a
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! ]2 X* b9 ^' e% I$ u
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 E6 G5 o. ]3 u1 m* q8 _" f' p- r( G- x
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . g% }! N& n7 g8 G4 ?; ~9 H2 I+ ^' A4 e: Q) m8 V0 `* U8 k3 i5 w5 ~
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 D5 |. T3 K% x2 A2 v3 f+ i
) O8 A/ _. c- E k* ]We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + ^4 k e6 U0 F1 W7 j- h6 j 6 Z0 N) _# h/ G: H8 c8 N2 |9 pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# a) s5 t+ ^1 L: S
+ L& `# y! k1 @8 z2 S' R' iWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 s/ w( A' X j9 C* U
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). U' m. _2 p5 A) ]$ Z% A% n5 F/ O
8 R* e! b7 p0 k, ^3 ^* {' s1 o* b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 ?1 n; E( Y: y& A* n8 l( H( G; U" D/ `3 e4 F/ f1 a
6 c) N9 D7 n) j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. w+ b; r8 c3 s& }
5 |7 }. h" a$ G& D$ j: B6 N' b例如: & A) j) T& P {6 M* W' E" O5 }0 n" {) {" v# E
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). h+ G: @3 Y/ Y& T6 i! O" p1 a
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ g3 [3 E( ?) I0 ~+ q, z
' {* d! W/ U8 K% g4 A9 O5 II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ D" V# k+ |0 c' F* f5 y# v
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 A" }: y( |/ ] W) Y3 q , e5 ~ }$ y! {: Q- FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 } R9 T3 C) [" Z) q1 ~$ v9 c & v+ x7 C) I4 K. }She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ f. b; j* \4 [) V
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ W* L3 F" {$ ~! J1 q! l
1 K# e0 n+ U! B6 {9 Q: v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 p( y9 \) i+ @: {4 M% L# m( u9 m" x+ X+ I
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 z+ O0 A0 W& {+ r - Q8 ?- J+ R/ [- f" v1 @, Y# {* o8 zThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 W& U1 M0 X+ T) \$ d }, a : c2 z/ L1 } XHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! m+ h* C; T! g1 g" Q/ }
$ l1 ^/ J0 ^$ yHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 Y+ `1 r: s$ e" I" A' Q# N' _& H# R- Q/ Q$ Y, S) A, f; N! Z* P, {
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 m2 |8 j# h4 {) l/ d8 F% f+ ^
/ I$ [0 `5 e+ r9 ]8 T0 S3 T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% O2 r, r/ t- W, h8 K5 `# W
; ?- E* e9 v6 F8 H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 o2 s+ w8 ~3 @$ v* A9 B, b( D- f: R) P! \# m! Y
8 u V E+ e# }4 a$ N+ ]1 N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 R5 l3 Z- [ r6 @ 7 ~, H2 E& P! W* e+ T4 y例如:4 G9 d2 F6 a0 b& |& K
; \: K& A% p# i% P! a7 IMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 H+ d% f, @- h( w" p
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" C* C% ?" l$ \5 B. w4 a
* ]0 s6 ?/ l) L1 I0 fThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - a; N# B) z( E& n9 _6 M3 b8 r/ w' N) Y4 `4 I7 I
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) O4 g& d f9 M& n% V6 v
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). J( ~7 _" B- S b
% P; v* {& I2 d gPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / v+ a% Q9 q8 S* l ; D s& [/ L5 \# D7 n9 _Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / F+ V" F! K% U& ?/ Z' F& v; v* r! _ k- k8 M* h u' }) R
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) f. Z, @; m" h3 X/ M& m; E e# P9 s" b
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 u8 \4 P3 J3 _6 {! R
( P& E- N N8 z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:7 e. ^8 M2 X6 W1 z) T$ M3 W
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: V% `8 \# I5 }+ ] P! s
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ Q1 k9 x. |& ~( |1 V ]
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' P% t2 I4 c. T
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 w. [# }" v1 [( K {2 M0 D. o W
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / x I2 Z+ `9 O: e# }; T 5 M8 A4 ]1 @# p& `! ~7 N! _还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 m/ U3 w+ h- x3 X; x# x8 w9 e 7 |. m% w# C( a/ I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 w6 w4 @' q x L