本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / o6 l, H; v% C$ S9 P2 ]) b
( ?* W5 z9 ~9 D/ n& P 转帖& a5 S& l7 \5 Q! {" K. w. O0 T) ~0 m
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , Y. X: e; ]: w& J 2 l3 a) j" R# G n* z! q$ T2 ?- j例如:1 ~& o1 g7 @( D- g( B
- m8 Z: ~0 p2 e7 \
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), }* N: R" ~$ g \5 t2 w
! t& ?" q1 {/ F0 z& L& fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / E! t. }' J9 x; H+ `' b! X! `4 N, l3 H& \' M$ ~
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 L" [6 B' Q6 L }$ J$ s) W
% b, Y5 r2 N8 m; Z8 A
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 [2 Q; p: m3 k7 ]9 y6 ?; _% d# g: l
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! W! d0 Q3 D6 w9 V3 N, W0 L! I. D$ O2 V! @1 [
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - w/ J& x' \9 [9 f5 X ; R+ N; {" \ s0 _ [We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / N- ~8 Q& j/ H% s* b 1 m. u4 K; q" B5 ^+ V2 Q% e, e9 F, vThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) o" r+ q' U8 x ' q( X: K/ I) Q6 ?0 o6 YWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): r- v ^9 p1 B f/ G2 j
5 u; S0 h& a2 d: g% R7 M3 q9 \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 v4 Z7 _: P y; z8 v
A3 F" d, L o! \这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + U( t& R1 t- \% M7 Y 2 G4 h0 x% `# ] s1 [ , ~7 O0 S( V, ]+ p4 L& g2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( T0 s( o$ ^8 N6 I) s x0 W. L8 ]& q& P1 L
例如: - s2 m7 w0 ~2 ^4 B1 q2 @' n 5 Z3 g/ J8 F6 }. k& |' wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) Y) m( Q* w: K0 x
7 m) T3 R1 w2 K1 bDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* r, |0 N1 z! m0 a" K" X
2 d8 i, S1 ]7 e9 eI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 _$ _8 s) w6 G2 a + e+ k& i1 G0 o1 j) NHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # ^# G' J' t& r% H( @6 n ^$ `7 Z- G
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* m* c: h& ~; K( E% z* f
u" w" o' d8 b1 R: V6 v- U/ zShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 R( j9 i7 ^7 W5 U: |4 r& T
7 F! q! S1 Y3 W: p5 h- G) G2 vI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) M5 o0 x/ l* C1 R. P - p. S9 }5 m% f" y4 |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; |, `' Q! Y- V1 B3 V: f% @1 `' ^1 n: v0 a- ~( ?
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# s; O" Y% p( M4 X( @* t, h
, q# U8 q, P5 T' U" f1 C; f+ i* UThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! I0 \$ ?4 ]6 Z( q! m+ M' C; {3 B' k& f
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . y1 y, F( V1 g# {! ~, y, ^4 c# u. x/ R' E
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 p( n1 G# b' ]* h3 }& m; T/ P : D8 t9 D, L& ^$ QWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ B+ T5 A `4 h( D5 p% s7 T6 G
. I# w/ o1 U$ }; bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % I `2 ]) l- A% H0 ?- X+ S$ ]2 t$ p9 |& _6 `1 `- Q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ N' b C$ z0 R* q7 o( R2 z# l: l) d, Y" i# _' L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 h- C8 K* z( u5 T
9 z5 D3 I/ W9 d4 Y9 N+ ?, kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 `3 Y; P! J# M
! X0 S& M# ?7 Y: |/ K/ GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ z, C' {; p3 r" o$ x* k0 H5 A1 |
4 @# c5 s" u* X7 k( t5 n# D
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), n. K% p# S% ]' ?6 l
" y5 G. o1 E; m$ Q# V4 w1 C* AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 k, Y1 v4 ]9 h- c, {
! T, V" P5 `# |! v" V% ^Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , r1 a& V! \& o! u' x5 [, _" D/ ]( B* C
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! H$ T& `" ^1 z7 a; u
) E: h- s3 M% G7 L; \: q' nCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; D7 p Y( ], o c" b0 R8 i# E6 r, s- n2 B! n! P+ T" b
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 `5 S. k) T, O2 [
6 n; S' x( l0 I( N8 _: Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / S5 P- b3 a2 i& @' f8 a & T& A, b; k- S9 P2 m2 E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 D6 o, W0 b |$ k" m% a$ Y; N2 Q6 g
9 m2 s# n. T0 a9 J对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 P2 v- n2 Q- t9 i" I; F
( t8 } q# F' i6 ^ @; f
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& o3 t" p8 e, V _7 E, F ]
2 m" N: Q4 w5 S2 m对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 s2 e& V9 @) R4 c) Z+ C+ E) Z1 ~/ B/ q+ A! F6 }* w
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. V' \9 W4 J) \# G7 k" \) \- k! }
0 B2 M5 L# T5 M6 M: J+ p$ R# }: I
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 |% Y; ]: O! ~9 |# F" p 2 t, G. X! V7 ^ j. {; i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" e# ^ B/ b3 L4 g6 N5 g9 a
. f4 T5 p- u9 @; o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , C& V3 s* z, ~4 o/ h+ r