本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 k' K& u6 o; e, G: l. t% [ " h( q; X0 j$ t5 u" B1 k2 e转帖) ]4 o4 X; r; ]
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- t- P4 O' v l4 H, g8 y; k% ^$ o- x
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): ^2 z$ K# @" _# T7 \
* z B# T0 U3 f' x2 J: hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" ?" j0 w; G# u- q' r9 e, U5 U6 h
) J3 W" T+ C) N! S9 WThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( [2 ^! }( h! P/ x9 M* v, E s0 ~. H
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . t. r" a6 s/ o" ?3 K3 F) ]8 ^ ! b, w$ m0 ~- j$ t3 l' c* rI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + X4 v5 ^! a7 v5 r- Q# I2 K & a. F2 ^' O5 u! ` T# K# Z$ iMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' J; N+ S: R. U8 q9 Z. l0 Z$ P9 u( s& ~6 [4 i
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" z! P, K( X+ @. t6 t7 b' w
/ Y% |2 h/ U9 ?2 ]3 z( C- P5 oThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 w4 P' F0 g0 k5 X9 W( ]; ?! z. U% C/ y6 \$ T- e- ~
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' m2 T& o* d7 ^. w; {
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ k) g: D5 J* W, I8 ? l' ^$ W6 J' b
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 [# D" |8 r9 a+ a; e: U
8 S; u$ @) h* @( E6 I8 _% Z- V4 h 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. o% N" q" P8 i: ]9 `4 M: c# h0 }# t
" V5 |$ K1 Z& l8 E% }3 H& t; O例如: 9 i( i. z J* H; {, v4 k % Q/ r, f; v" s7 H/ z& v+ SAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & H2 {1 V, Y- f! @" G5 k Y" ? 2 K4 f5 X! q9 h: }+ fDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & }: v/ O: a9 K: n, o0 }. b" t1 Q/ }- b# w* V/ `' I' `& W! _
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - X1 r5 O- C4 _; X# S \* K" c l3 L- G; O' z
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 F- J; Q& }8 v. a, a9 T
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 _+ s4 l% L+ ?8 ^1 Y, H
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ S; G) a5 L. L% h& O! H
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; M1 c3 R! O* {, d, A) ^6 }( y+ X" s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 N9 [1 t3 x E- ?$ E3 ^
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 L9 t- \& L. H4 @2 r
0 }$ u/ i- C3 y+ jThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 H2 L. ?' S8 I( G. i/ L8 Y% p; k& C- u4 H- l( u
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , H5 r0 D$ W4 q ! o! A: V) }0 M, fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 q) u& Q9 T# G- d4 r% W
; j+ u$ @& } m6 CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), M9 _6 ^( r3 i- K$ g6 f Q
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! S9 g0 Z& p3 J& H# A
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 Y F) J3 H) H) P7 \- t& R. B0 p
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: Q/ E; R* t h9 k2 ^. z4 K
9 w- a9 g& u; Q4 {9 N8 V" r ; M( _& D+ [9 V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & {7 w" A1 Z5 P) v6 u, e; }# E; f+ {0 n; @) R/ P5 X' C1 m
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & j5 |& z& S; D: j+ @: x* I 4 M6 |; y% B+ |6 y2 mManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) f- C& h# r, R) {9 F! i( S% Y# D3 ~$ q/ e
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # B( G5 s. o/ X- u % E$ P( I. U( `' @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 G; u ^& }# B) I
% t2 R1 y. O9 |. g6 U: IMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ C% @% N2 }% U; v6 r# q
! z2 T4 J; f. x' ]" vPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # E" `) l5 b# v' H8 {4 ]+ J 0 p% M1 m2 H. R$ w$ a; P# jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) J3 O! A p2 H
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 C! Y& @3 t1 i. @+ N
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ [7 Z$ M8 T3 {0 x t
) N. N# o; e& v' w当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ D6 J3 Y8 u. {3 ~4 g( G9 n$ Z; Z# _% X: B; h$ O9 v
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% A( p! T/ ^$ s- e+ q9 L
& ?1 @4 O) P5 r. _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 e* `1 z+ ]! F' \: U6 d( Y, S, s5 g ( S0 ^( f5 n/ x: ~. d对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! V( I0 F; m/ p: Z7 K( P. C2 A # }: `4 @3 j5 ]" H8 N- ^对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 Y! g8 y$ j; p i9 s
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; h4 [0 p( {- q5 e$ _: F : i6 e1 h4 l* D9 H5 F: v% N0 z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* W% a6 P$ v! n0 }3 H% r
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 _2 k/ G! T. q0 Z