本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 M+ [) _6 {: X- ^& A! \1 S# m5 Z0 X) j 转帖6 W! R* \7 v4 X/ C4 |
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 \' B: A$ h- H6 m e! W ]1 m' o
例如:9 d$ T( h! ?6 I0 Y
# E# V2 z" o4 W1 V* P1 V
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 a' K$ ~% b7 b$ s* f; U' M- `9 l2 R- c- O6 ]: ~
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 _8 J" a0 q" S& ^0 ^5 A; M4 t7 D# U
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ L1 h5 ~& H$ K+ ^
+ t, d( W/ @5 H4 D5 Q3 n+ G. Q& b
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 X# w: V7 F" x& c1 H! n% J) X0 B* j% A
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 q& a6 ^9 n/ }" q6 @4 I) M# B+ m: Z
+ Q( D. @- ?% R
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 f8 N" T+ j# a) H: ] , f/ y( a: R3 v- `; yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 q( j0 s* a3 C% q) c. ^$ i0 y8 Y8 k$ t
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( J! m; V: n! h) |" E. v: [9 y& Q/ X2 Q1 c# g7 Y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" ]! i+ p9 T% L7 F& N& `; Q
) u2 G) }% }( `) F6 sPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ u$ `. W! c$ t. C* j1 B 8 ~/ V" s# y2 o2 L: R% v这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : M' t7 c5 H0 E5 d% n( `& l. C$ b* O5 ?
/ E) A+ D& D. B$ V* M# v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 L8 w4 S% ^2 m8 K
( F( X0 Q: z8 S/ _% q
例如:. c) f% f( E9 q a( ]4 w9 j
& V, {& s8 D, Q
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! f3 W/ l+ B+ A1 Y
3 k/ Q2 l/ S; l3 l! U( FDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! X U; B% m' z6 Q- Y6 l* g, g6 e* R2 ~: {2 n* _9 X) E% ^4 K5 _
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 f& a0 ^6 U; C! D! E4 g$ E" Y: X! {3 G. K
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 g$ @; U) O4 Y3 \- E 8 U7 m P, s" C* ^: p/ e* OIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 \9 i$ Y, x" V$ o T
4 h, [8 p; u* A: Z! G9 L6 ]! D5 J9 }
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) Z/ `$ h* X5 c7 i0 u$ {( X8 I8 k5 N. U$ M* c5 t
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; f; N( P6 _0 p( U3 e- K! j9 s5 q- U' i) z/ I% l' ~
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - o* _6 d: X6 U+ O3 h, X1 ~* x' R/ B P
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " n% {- R( J7 D % |1 m C% Z& |! n# x, x" iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# O9 g3 {0 U6 ?- }( s
$ ?" s6 h' V' c7 o5 sHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 o" L) I( o6 }3 ~2 g5 R& R
! Q+ V; q% U3 z) o* c
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , `2 _5 o4 p. O2 Q" e6 m0 g0 k' t& D- [: S% J) `' I3 g
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 u, w A! ?/ ^5 {9 Z$ h
1 w3 _6 C6 r5 [2 `, J4 pEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; V; ?4 o" z4 _# \" }3 e * B: [2 z$ S7 @' J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 Y. G7 R7 O7 L; l3 b- l; [4 r" k& I7 a8 z; o9 X* ~7 I
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% C& v4 [7 X" a {: C1 f \1 w
! ^. ~6 I3 v4 ~% C% R / ^% x1 z. w/ d- U/ K- n) Z; k3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 d1 l' u% Z! ?3 K! T & S- U8 ]. I: J4 }. }* ~例如: & R) q' G5 W- I# _( {" v$ j* N" H4 P, j) e
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 E- ^: u+ z" @, _3 u9 y- K: k, T" H: V ]# Q, Y1 l# ^
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) D/ n5 u+ h; N& h6 J; B3 z3 b$ z. `/ z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 `- V& S+ s# K* d: T7 i
3 Y& c! A+ J1 l, {/ n$ \
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 q7 ]8 \- w) N5 p7 g& M- d7 _9 Q ?
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 L+ I( ^4 t/ ~4 q2 o
9 ]. T' q, G+ u. k8 q$ oPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 z, [( t; I7 q+ O$ S8 x0 d$ u) o; b# L! T1 ]* t
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 g _" x4 c: E$ {; K/ |% A& g6 B 0 A+ S; p3 @' `, V$ e' w3 f; y% SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% Y) |1 k% G; @: l, O( d5 N
3 P3 t9 [ A9 N+ X& v: X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& y' b7 [& O8 h/ z# F0 K% B) o2 @
+ \# s6 F7 V, F+ m
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 |5 G% n) b0 D/ q! o! h+ x
" [- V/ E% f1 X6 M/ k( E
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - Q4 R, t) ^/ o( R( B/ o8 z4 P4 a8 D* |- P# q$ i
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 }/ S( j5 o& `- W3 J2 L
& j, J0 j0 j; i' P对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 n/ X$ }* N0 g, L; }
% I* \5 ]. C0 S H) d
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % O; j, l7 u1 s3 j( {. ?4 I v. c% W0 P& z: t
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: D' I7 D3 w. h
$ K3 U; |$ O, C+ T t还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 W# Y: F1 E0 }" [
. s, ~- O3 t) h1 k6 ?. D( R
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 e2 ]* v7 k3 {! Z7 v: [7 i