本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * R2 [, w; g; C$ A - w; b% U/ r- E2 `" L转帖 8 ^" `. J% e5 }2 ^. b1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) U2 \/ v% w5 @2 \8 s2 W
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 x8 n3 n* N4 L; x: Q0 N" _' _( w/ t. l3 g
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : ?( T% V: n2 V+ ]2 J. u) @% J- A8 x& L$ D
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) M" }8 j$ s1 E. p/ ? |$ u0 x$ [( M' g
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 t- E1 M9 E/ b' e) n
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) v0 x$ H6 ^6 z8 j X 9 E9 K, D+ f) u( VMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - X7 C5 [' H; u5 y& K" m) {7 _( [7 }/ Q: P: f6 i: F' C3 V F& t4 p" N
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " u+ W- [- @. b: p3 ~8 i: V7 U% k( j, c: @1 ?
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); \& l+ [& V7 c7 |1 [
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& Y9 Q. W' O4 _0 J" r. i* l
5 V; J4 I1 L r! z- wPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # c! v( K9 @3 U6 V: |) W$ ^: R8 T9 J
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 ]0 B' X6 R; e, W( s e' t' M, O, w5 C" j& ]; w0 ~/ X: D3 _9 ?: I/ F3 k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ m! c/ b5 {6 ]+ V
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# ~1 K+ @0 X; p G! s; o0 T- _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 j5 N. ~* X* M# f$ H* q4 [ % B+ z1 z" E7 iDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ q& ]" O0 k( V2 h- m! ^3 t , B# u$ X" r/ T6 }I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 Q' R; ^# `0 M+ v- G ' A. _. k9 t+ D8 Z5 ~1 @; pHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 \9 ?' f+ G% w* E. f ) J$ G9 C+ G" h1 wIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 L1 N! v3 ~8 T 2 l e. F, c8 RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* v: \) L! r/ ]% U4 u, ?
7 D% M3 i) G$ G: Z% M* B1 X# F6 cI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # k% L$ x: P* @ / e- M- f+ Y1 D! g5 q# A( ^% d; P5 l d如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 8 u$ c% j2 P; I3 T: e- ?; {7 P- a8 v* ^& C2 r
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- o" H% K. l- p% m, |/ k& K
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . q* {6 [; r. N3 b , C |3 d! c; n" h2 g3 g& R9 v) VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 e( x+ }9 P, U + G0 H* k( N6 ?4 U- M7 y: |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " G/ _! u* s5 V$ O$ M* _( O- Q1 V0 M- E/ Q+ s% V( M
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ E. F! C8 b9 ` y
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 p8 Q& ` c5 b! A9 B; e: _" T2 B4 g, C+ f; n
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . r) t, G8 G! o" f7 w7 H3 I 8 \4 h1 q& d9 x# r% s' d3 b* Z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 K' o6 j M% X5 q4 {. ~$ R- p% b
2 ]6 l8 w) B' G- C2 z f% o/ J. I# X, G 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' n. _( r7 A$ G6 s' ` W' U0 l- q" p( z
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2 p. A M% G* OMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 U/ P. m, ?/ h5 ?: Q9 J; j& ]6 B! K. ^9 p: N. k* _
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) K# d5 o" a4 D* ]) m# ] x
7 |; e- s( C/ j1 g5 d$ c5 S& V" `This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , O5 Q1 y. [6 C6 k5 z+ N- }/ O5 Q- O5 I: S: {# p3 q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) [) P3 f Y/ f" M " _: I# y, O( {- H1 t g4 K1 SMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 }+ H o/ K6 `7 l# s
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) I( ^' p* a4 @1 T8 A4 r- a; a( p _/ S! ]4 n
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # e1 O# x/ `- r4 g8 f8 `" Y$ Z8 a; l0 G$ r6 o, I
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 F4 y8 M# ?$ |7 j9 H
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# V2 c, m B6 o# t1 i# G
0 s' O+ k! [3 [) {7 q* y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: c2 }# v, x X" }$ ?$ W4 |; F : l r" b! s3 }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & y4 L) a+ C+ Y9 {- }9 ]' g( H! i6 N+ j5 y: {
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 @( y1 s$ B, Q% m
8 |0 {7 L2 p+ D8 U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% ~! h7 A% K# T- ~4 k$ i