本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + T+ O# |1 M( p3 p% B, l5 i5 ]% y+ p/ O. K8 z4 G- K+ ]) B 转帖 9 ^0 `' H7 b7 S% N1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)' i' [8 j- {+ _- V& o
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例如: 3 }; h [5 X; g - A4 G$ ?* A! {0 i& VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # | X8 o G) l3 q; w$ y" L) O* J D/ I. o
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' D4 U1 A5 f9 Q4 w8 }2 h6 n6 u% {: ?( C! `4 H/ z1 ?
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* N: |3 R1 ~. S1 q
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & a( P- I4 [9 H0 b, N- q' G1 y; U1 `% t! l+ m
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 ^4 B$ n& p: b" {$ |! f* {0 g$ T ; I4 N& O- {5 SMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# ], Y, S! `, Y/ h2 b
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 x, ~, e/ h$ I 3 D3 M( Y. w. [! NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 V y w+ G6 e$ A3 k8 @7 \! U. Q0 K
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % X, R. U2 V0 d& A J , {% T0 E, z7 n4 ~. z1 i( yPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) J3 D9 D2 a, q7 m+ G9 a
7 `$ o$ D9 Y" q9 V4 o5 @4 F& Y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . k2 f2 I. {, [( p, n; G7 B9 Q, U- _ ; Q ~, ]! {' F0 s 2 M/ B+ r1 F- s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 w- e6 O0 X: c2 w6 F7 L+ @& B, v" }. L5 ?4 x* n" Q# g8 ]
例如:; H' `4 M8 }( m W- J5 d# C
! }3 x1 S m" m: O( UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). U" ^7 ]1 n# {6 c( d
# A) t9 G7 ?+ W) ADespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 `5 l# p) g) E; l% K1 t. A* ]# S Y: [4 ^$ s7 q9 @
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ ^! R [: u: P$ w, X
' _$ X b3 C1 tHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! ^- ~) h" B' c # P% V% {7 c# c. E% c" \In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- L& B/ q2 T# d/ t# E
3 [7 f$ U1 H' @' {$ K1 OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , R4 D# D: h# e4 \3 T5 n, e1 T5 p( @! l' _0 Y# s( H4 C* L
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) O* D* V; a- G; X4 f. | : B0 d. a0 z/ ^; _2 u9 I9 Z6 f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ {4 P' p2 g3 d' d7 [7 \1 k2 P3 N+ J* L% G! m1 ^ j
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 c5 |7 U6 j: ~ j6 U h' {' r
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : Z% ~4 d3 g1 [8 B8 o, @# t6 @% ? k1 \" {
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 U6 j& r ]6 L- Z" D5 a) T4 r7 q 0 J r( ]( B3 kHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): E, R3 P" z; m- f4 K5 @
$ o; p/ F$ G+ m0 O6 V4 Y6 YWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 [8 Q5 H V: u" K5 ^4 @/ B
" o* W/ [$ U1 W: aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 w0 c2 V. r4 \0 ^2 b, a% c ; {. [5 n! O3 o1 N/ H& \写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 s* z4 c; w& w8 U1 r # f$ N0 T& i* h3 R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。. F4 a3 a- Z! g$ m& Y K; u
" Y1 H$ t* ^& K M1 v) x 7 X! F+ h. `( w# P3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " B2 F( N' O3 S& j- \& X+ k* [$ H; N4 o& s9 E9 ~* X0 _" f
例如: 3 X/ t" e- P$ U7 ~; u2 y7 Q8 S- z1 X# G) [3 ~
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), A5 d$ x2 H8 x+ `+ k
( B0 T! C8 N `- V; V# D9 OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' F) Q# J6 X4 T* K0 Q ! u/ x. C+ h5 Z3 P0 Z4 NThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 K! k/ D9 Z. k1 O6 X ) V. t2 P& T' n: fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 t/ l7 m. `8 J
! d8 U1 S7 p* f. e7 h1 JMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " Z# a; X( k( y! ^- W3 g$ c* y' Y& S* v; L8 p+ U: I
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- u& |5 T/ J' E0 G
% |. w- `( q9 T0 ?+ \+ s6 fCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) n/ B( R9 m) r" I
7 o! y7 W, O/ i1 m+ JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ ]! M' J( Z8 B
5 L, ]$ N, G7 |2 `) F) B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( V3 _! G1 E, a ?& l# V
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. v- C \; T8 n: E: G* \; f% u
" y& R" w6 a/ ^: c' C" y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 M+ s( A( n1 D5 S1 }7 P
! ?& x9 v& V7 }对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: T: o0 a& y0 O; l2 A6 W
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ G! [: T+ l, V
% ^9 u* Z- m$ h* }! h$ t对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 j; `) T1 y3 ?, D" m3 u
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# Y# a# p* X$ U% A/ p
, J3 f; N' g( C4 w) e还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / _6 J: T5 V* `+ P/ ?/ _: _0 Z9 M, t$ \1 Y2 }
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% p0 G' \' e+ j# ~" Y* D' l, T