9 z3 R4 ?: t! k; E转帖 . w8 X! d$ U5 ~! a; r! W1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) A3 \6 R5 ~$ O( q9 \4 t " ] D' i4 u+ S, G; h1 F+ O例如: 2 X9 u5 I1 l3 I. | 5 h( G; [& N. t9 \- K' ~9 OMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . Y. L! Y. Q0 w3 M: N# z' d 1 A' k5 D9 N' x' ^, r9 j6 y, `Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 E5 P% z6 O3 L& ^& H7 G0 n& D
: c" z# [1 r" k7 V/ m lThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 i- O4 F, k: t* p4 j$ Z; j$ R s
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 a5 }& u9 g$ q% R0 Y6 n" v% l- {
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , p/ F2 f+ }8 {) k( P# m8 o( V) ~4 l# y
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# l% G" I4 W" ^) P
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 r; q' w1 }5 |2 r! C# z0 b: P0 C' d
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 u* L1 |* r' Y' _, v
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): Y! H/ _* ^& H
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( k% D3 A0 b$ w/ H 9 t/ E2 U6 W2 o" C这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 C9 `* E) \' I1 _ ) s/ g$ |0 L! ` 6 ]; h) D9 {; V- Y' s x+ l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 c) J4 i! x4 \- t9 _9 E/ f1 A& W2 I
例如:, O1 `. { ]; L: J) H4 N% j& }
- A# l8 X6 Y0 `: ?- KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 J9 o* I- C' r- P, r: E! g( U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ {8 F! z( _( H- T5 T2 q6 k
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 e ~" R a3 c2 b3 X" }
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 P, O0 q+ M0 o% ~, Z$ H, b 7 t/ m# O) T% }' V$ l4 G' Y; CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + @" `) C5 Z, S/ R2 t" ?' T! i % [9 q' [+ j. T( Q+ D. R3 ]6 B( \She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" g6 c1 n" r5 H$ T% D7 [+ X
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' H3 `+ M. V8 g( {& I% u5 P: G
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & ? S: y3 F$ _$ E ; N. p$ L6 @) Q: n( {6 o6 rThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / `8 f, q9 y8 X' T6 z; ^ 0 S9 j* A6 K5 |; h9 AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 L( X. C# \+ w) K% T
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 {" y5 h( R, P, h; X4 d/ x 6 \( k0 r! w+ y1 _; i/ bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 A, C1 Y! Q7 T7 z. y+ c
# j" n' ?4 X0 _1 s% O, }$ }We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; Q. C, ^# Y% W- o! m* @* `5 f( _9 o W7 Q7 S. A# c, q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( ?; [" `/ i) O6 S' I
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): \# a6 U6 _1 _
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( s: Y/ |3 b0 I, G$ C6 a, ?* I/ p ^( I' N9 A
0 o/ w" y7 y" ?. h3 ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。* Q7 [, Z4 o% q% q
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' c9 L9 M) R3 P% X
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 h; G* v* w1 w* ^4 g4 O; ~. u7 r* {/ K4 X
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 k; t' o* u3 w) y ) M; \: @" m9 X1 b* u( k7 XHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& O+ K* Q% s3 s/ r% v
" j" Z8 K# F: p1 Q. Z9 v; WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" |3 o4 s, F3 g A4 S- l
, ~/ M* [ x! J% `6 T QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); g! \* \! g+ U4 w5 Z. Q1 w+ u, ^
# q* Q5 Q3 e2 d& L; [! L2 E3 MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( x7 ^2 @' E& G# m" ~
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 J) r, s& f" a$ n7 {" f $ g' r- ?+ j S2 }; S' d$ o# y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 f+ [5 s, `* P: {6 y `; L: b
1 a' f4 o+ r0 ]# O3 P9 D$ i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: Y& c2 h+ u" u1 _+ o
) k, G! f$ s" @" F对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 t9 l1 N+ C" d$ L [; @2 N& f& f8 e% c- v对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) `+ p0 p9 |6 Z9 X; z/ o
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! o. \- T5 p5 P
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! c. s) f7 D0 ? F, D" I( A' `8 ?7 r/ @
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 {0 H' [ j1 v0 @8 M5 a3 C4 {( h
* ]6 J) d+ c# a* D8 t- O1 Z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : @3 E0 ?# U' D- [; P* e / E( y* G% D* s- A7 \有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # Y% ~: O* L( s2 c