本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . K1 [7 L# I+ U
! s/ l4 b, S/ A9 J 转帖 ) B: O; _( w* N8 t7 Q# J" M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 T3 N: L( z) p
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例如: 2 l6 R! o4 u4 o5 q+ ^4 D |6 ?6 t& L; u/ B0 h' i% g9 S$ }+ B
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# J- E1 c+ g+ y3 \' s) h7 u
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # }1 [- E) w/ I! `/ P4 f; N/ A 5 r+ s6 C8 U- y1 UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ i8 F) G( d1 |, t
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 Y3 M; h) W" ?; j8 L
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( r) S a) t: F+ C. ]9 c
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + p, \$ f* y! B& U4 T3 W7 c1 h, z9 q; l . _0 q4 {5 L1 S& Q9 `0 dWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 M1 n; D$ u3 G8 P) r& X: k" h4 v, A J3 O, [7 `9 b
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)1 N6 Y. E- _( Y3 ?2 }7 z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' P# ~% V9 `6 D8 u% x. P ; y) |: u- p" @# D: x# ?( y, |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 ~ l- H5 H0 T5 ~1 _' k1 n& @; x4 s$ ]7 P5 z
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , P" w/ Z7 K( r B3 o. t 1 m4 U' Y$ c7 r6 \5 D c4 J4 n, O4 S5 ^% | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 C2 y# E% Q( S8 s. W( i + C* ?9 E1 u( `' Q例如: 2 b* h* f6 O! D$ t1 E: Y + }! {6 ^. j. m1 }! N0 GAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! x- S% w4 M# m+ e# P$ c
" G( ^! {$ }/ SDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 w9 o* j1 f# r" Z, Z; X/ S7 S# j1 X7 E* [# J; \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : D$ Q2 H @) d+ E0 c1 w: T+ w) ~! L, ~! @
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 i* ?, M/ T- Z! w) a3 {* Z+ C# ^+ B. f' @- S& e" j
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , N2 W7 G9 n/ Y! j Q/ C; l& o: @! S5 H& y# @+ P7 t0 Z
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * S7 l) Y+ F0 K# X* U3 X) x, R3 j" x- `: X: {$ W% X+ I/ h
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# U# q2 w) N1 G6 T* G$ E
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) {3 r( g0 `, D
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" ^0 b* a& {* p. R( U
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ a: _1 s }8 J t9 U
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 \) H* \9 [( r! a
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( u' p6 x4 O/ d6 d6 C
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' n$ D' J9 _' b( y' ^
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" t3 z, u9 U$ `- k1 D
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . O+ W: A" u4 N: I0 z! \0 [# S1 U" k6 L: x1 Y
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 u5 f" e6 @5 U; g* ~/ n% p2 N 6 k1 o0 A0 ?7 z 2 v9 h0 V4 F3 B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 f( S% ~; y" y( n* @* r& U9 v) a/ {, \ [3 I
例如: 3 J$ q f2 a+ F7 k # N6 K: A! }, e: B- x+ UMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 h# C" w; m! v+ u
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 H2 g* F; L) T
' s \' e6 s2 U2 v X+ fThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 w1 y. }1 i. S: Q
9 c( Y9 b6 \: OHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 ^. I$ |* o0 J" z, ^
7 n# t2 s& t% L) S) _. H4 ]" zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" o$ p* a; S- h8 w
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), N) i6 S: i/ e' e9 i2 j7 M
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" n0 h0 H) z; `9 U
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 P% d5 m8 j6 _ O2 k" N# z: s
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 {# m1 u0 s# v% C & m+ i2 e% G. e" B* m' p/ Q当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: v; N# g! x! x w7 l! y6 s% A8 u 4 e7 w x6 {% u. k) S) L% j8 Z7 G5 G, T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;0 \& ]7 R9 D0 r
2 z2 ~4 e0 o& Z) v对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& r. _2 ^8 {3 r3 D6 g. i) @