* _! l1 ? w+ e例如:. {5 D. k# b. y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ q% M$ G. Q$ j- R9 p# u
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): i1 U3 h7 J1 E6 A1 E( |
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! K- K/ w/ {0 o/ z( ?
8 C* H& r8 ^4 d8 t& b8 J `& z2 MThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * j) Q. C! q' i& G 8 t/ m3 R# f6 R2 B! a% [I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % l0 b+ N3 F0 @% l+ b% y/ B3 ?4 b# j% j: T" x8 G7 X
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' s1 {+ N7 f. I l
% [. C% t- j* N. wWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# c0 I9 p, O4 t1 D- ^3 B/ w
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" X, ^$ ?2 k( s9 C2 u0 m7 a
: n4 a# r+ B1 c1 ^* |* r0 yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# r/ T7 m1 Q1 [/ h3 ~
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! w" H' }' l, x. }1 ]8 P3 p , V' S; i1 H* y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 h; u8 ~" R8 P @0 R/ _# `5 q8 x / Q% _, t* {% D9 A: d3 r2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 i& Z y- a5 L 3 i7 \5 W! a4 p1 G2 T例如:+ a3 Z5 a+ T0 I# \
5 A( c: j% y( o# mAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . A) C, w0 l- e5 ]/ \! Y; v) X5 v
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 f7 \ j0 n9 Q9 S) `- r
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ E6 Y6 s& t) @$ p( p 4 |5 J3 t0 Q/ R0 Y/ }He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) q. T9 l8 Z: Y& S
# x2 h* U/ _0 x5 g- E; QIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & q" e; x1 ]" f1 O* K! |4 z# j' h; \: H7 z! u( B
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- q% w% N U" K& l
Y# t6 B3 v3 N, Z* Z/ `* R* YI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). ~6 {( I$ Y# w& T3 a
: B7 W x ~& i; o! g) t如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 M P( n# [4 Q: k* J) t. Y
: |! M$ w1 ?6 Z7 m& i* `; f$ O% cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& d# {" P& {; r8 I' @
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + L& a: N) k; z" ~. s8 g: N" }5 f4 V. [+ Q3 k4 t
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 X' s/ f7 ~- r3 f+ J3 z6 r6 O$ |) c7 V: |* N
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 w7 }7 {3 z% _2 r, x6 I# g) x$ ]& m1 E m) v8 N
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ f9 w' ?$ M" R8 x9 F , e. _) p$ g+ @; WEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; N( a2 \+ Z/ E" E# a# Q9 j; \' |( l6 o# P& e7 d: C
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 i4 \4 `1 w' ~
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 S3 e( l+ c* H" {2 C! C# u- F7 j1 m
3 U; j& f% }# j- m/ g9 X; W 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# S' ?6 r* x8 r: d4 E
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例如: " X6 i% o9 _; i# Z, J, z5 h D" M6 s$ G6 Y3 P, V( V4 R
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 {% Q) }& O9 Z3 A
. O& ~ u# R0 y% Z7 h [0 MManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , |3 r" S% ^/ h# D. e! w) ?( p * v4 @5 {& H# r8 |+ M& e8 G% [8 qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 E- L4 ~% d/ R. @' i6 @/ Z. v
6 e* K* g; C2 RHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & U. P* E* n C: o x) p+ a; W# [9 i M0 J
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " x# s- x. L p; T2 q0 I2 a2 c3 ^$ P; u0 L. ]& r: N+ y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - s$ ]' z6 A; A- J; A+ L% c$ U8 Z" f f, N: F( J4 H d+ k
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 r7 ~8 B$ M* g {5 [- l: z- E7 G
# V0 T! j9 { z% |" `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 I& L. M+ k5 O0 h6 G, ^* n5 M8 @: s) k( A5 O2 m S
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( \6 j& F0 }. l! G8 }' N
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ' C0 f$ {6 t. \1 v, G7 k( w. w; f& P2 X5 H Z, \
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 B& K% z1 M% I
6 w6 A, a2 T- r$ d& ~' F. m对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 y- n" |. ~# Y) Q; q) g9 f / H. {6 y& u6 W3 A* s; h, [对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 W) g, w' d5 c
- c# _/ b7 [ g" x* `) G" s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 ]* o! f# S# n( a
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; U# k* w& e2 Y0 ~6 [% E4 p x X7 y9 O7 k; X7 W还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ u$ E, Y* C% \2 Z2 a+ h
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / M+ k- m; c% D9 C- |7 s