本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % ~# |! N8 p5 p1 n$ s8 L 7 Y. N- R& }9 }/ M转帖( q+ P" u! w4 m+ ?) x, D
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 x$ A' k1 {: a+ |! M4 E+ Y$ {8 s
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4 s1 D/ T% z5 HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# _6 t$ F3 f& E. E- I& ?
" \% ]' r% z$ HThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 A! ?! C6 ?' J M4 a % ~& e4 G4 j8 u0 [7 JThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 S, J0 n W8 @2 U) S! ]* O% r; D+ ? ' A7 G5 b0 K% T1 V, Q- NThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) m+ w9 L- H& d9 j6 d( S+ Y/ @5 W2 @. q7 j, @
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! ^ d2 W( u4 [, m7 Y , M" r T3 ~0 oMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) ~ z V, G$ _" |" x2 y
9 d4 I4 I6 G, {. i$ |" ^8 t9 k I0 F! NWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). `8 B/ c! O# Z5 Q) L* C5 D, X
2 ?9 z6 B7 _) {0 ~+ l3 LThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . ?. T/ M* n% G8 @ ) S) _6 H& Q9 bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 Q8 f) {" t) g1 r$ K5 |
9 G$ t2 }7 q$ w: T! {; fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# P5 D6 H$ K* j( ^' x3 s" L4 g" T
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 r0 k4 Y. |5 R x! j
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- @, `4 r2 k: ~$ ?2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 y7 S) G) H! e" p0 I3 {* c# ^# j% o
例如:3 {+ W! ]- F9 P+ D' s
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' w/ q1 m5 Q8 W. @
& ?) r9 B1 X( K! {5 [$ ?) v/ MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), e5 |7 ?: E6 _* [" \
$ s% v, w( R5 {+ m0 C; @I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): j# v4 C. B$ \8 \- z; ]4 O% m
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ I. n/ w- G9 X @ ?8 n7 q) Q- o/ j
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 A; y6 o. l! @' r; n+ x, d 5 T- u% y+ y) C' W* ]% x, [She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % W4 U9 R% z( r3 o/ i; Z F# f6 V$ t! ^' `4 W
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; V2 v8 M5 M" U- c, h. f- d# b! M$ h L( z( Z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 W9 T7 K ?9 D( T+ p* l ( r$ z: v7 y \+ g0 }/ TThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) g. f' E& T: ?1 Q. g: b% S: g! u1 }6 I4 T% k; {
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 R4 v3 C; W5 G( c6 p * E$ ] n4 Z% S5 A: @8 E# h2 mHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 Z; W+ u, C6 G& Z& n 0 `/ s. m* V( dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . P4 @7 _, X# ^8 m2 N3 h ; Z( R+ x8 M! K1 ~# EWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ v) V+ c( k8 p' n* N2 p
6 D6 F/ M4 o" C2 |2 D8 G: AEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 T- ]0 B" P% m0 S# X$ x! c' }4 z; T& S1 f0 H! ?% f: n
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 l; o Z0 W1 G l$ z" e - K3 S+ [" c) Q7 S4 a此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 C2 d+ G' [8 s, N: E4 R8 J7 G0 H% A5 T) b7 q
& B6 ?# x) ^0 ]3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 B, @ q3 v3 b5 Q0 I$ Y9 I6 }$ D7 b; M) C
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" p2 M; i/ ^# P. u
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 o- V- F( }" x; Y+ v& E' J3 X% h : }0 q+ s1 ?1 ^/ S1 ?, tThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 o: }1 M: }2 U% ]1 M+ N8 Z # C6 |$ a1 O, y( y- y# {He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 O" C8 p0 P2 a* @: ?8 K1 A. X 8 i$ e/ e/ a5 j2 Q1 p# JMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% v0 s# d+ @1 H: C# C a2 t( D
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) y1 l4 R; I, p- {& Z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( E& J/ k, Y3 w1 o% ]! d( X; A % c! z) G3 Y9 z8 TStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 3 ?6 B6 \. k, ?9 b- Q / U# R" n! P: z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 C( ~, D. P% B! t
6 s3 i3 k0 s J" S9 w( _ {1 Z, l" R/ A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 k- u6 g2 W G+ q* d
# j* A) o+ k/ R5 w对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 m" ~; h. G$ c7 ~' Y# x: G4 q t
/ ~8 t2 [+ O7 G对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 w; [# L' U; B
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + Z3 o! h$ F) F7 }9 I) m3 t# O, [# K, G/ J
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; : H6 u: b5 ?" a3 o# R' j# m, b+ U. b# k8 e* |( I2 i7 g* W( D' N+ a# Z
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 a/ q! K; O0 j$ c. G& P( G( J4 {: y" ` B! s" V& i
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " L( t* m% @& q, g3 Z . t9 W% Q, n3 G: F2 h+ H' k) ^7 U有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) q/ ?0 m$ B8 x* P