本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( O4 k8 w; z* h( K, |. z1 H$ O" K
4 w" s1 m! o8 e+ C 转帖 1 p, X. p* f: _5 Z) w3 Q: z+ A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' f( Z" E9 t$ P6 }7 ^ 3 [1 J; [ `: k$ v( [8 P例如:$ s/ B7 j" G* k1 f$ U! y
; ?& Q) C/ @9 q6 l# u% z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) , Y, J7 R n- A$ ] : Q: @1 t, X3 O1 f4 r! uThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 z% Z( X+ [. e9 y$ \ , J @4 s* n7 U' D; J: CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! y. Z( p; X( s, ~" p 8 C4 b! C6 U% c0 DThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . E7 C6 M- K$ S/ i3 K1 t, V' K ! w: }9 Q8 P! o6 c) c8 lI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ k z2 J+ P; C7 i* N* a) i
6 l3 C: T8 ] Z# o6 d" cMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , ?( h( {& i& u! k, m7 y; E4 o+ F # z* v* Y$ L, H! k" mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). ]$ o* X1 q, V, \) f7 k. K
( ?- R6 \2 u% z4 ^The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) E; c) A9 L& a$ w2 D) Z. T1 ~/ N8 u7 \2 z" }
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* y+ ^0 W! \/ \& v8 y& K
& y2 {( b0 h* e) N. ?
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)0 C( a) A7 z/ k# n; M* m) x% z! \, N
- Z& @6 J3 d0 |+ g
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 q6 z5 j1 r+ A$ w) I1 n $ p# G6 Y/ L! F' | " Z1 \( G$ A+ S' @$ i- v2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( \3 t, S2 k4 e% k: ^: g
/ t% Q9 w/ S+ F6 P1 K% o例如: + A8 k& H; X& I; a6 f( l: o$ R- d: f2 T; U: d" F0 ]; G( h
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 h' ?$ u6 ?& P/ v) j+ M
. H9 v# J8 S" GDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / `" r3 ~+ l2 T 7 G: X W/ `3 U5 EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 z+ b- a5 E) d$ y
5 ~- y9 [+ V+ h7 L4 B! A2 D) D/ ?
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 ~5 o5 t! ^8 t9 V+ V : |6 T9 ~1 J; ` H! |2 ]2 E) GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' E9 v( }* x' M( o1 X% P- [5 D
! J! p$ `$ W% U0 U" }0 U' [She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) , h/ I9 w8 I. \) |: a3 y6 G- X* \& n; l( x. r7 p3 r/ b* p1 S
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% r7 ~5 w( t' c( r" `
! b% M* ^2 Z" i
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 b1 T$ m3 W/ E
O/ [/ f% E. oThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 u; c( @- r7 ~% @# K6 T% n# L( {- P" }1 Q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 x* I6 K! D& i" f
% s9 W/ m) A: t/ x
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 l; r; e' T3 z: ] , Q% D" a' H4 z* R8 N$ K9 _He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 r5 {" q3 M- Q2 W/ y! V4 Q5 e) f3 c% `
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) $ f1 a5 s |" ^ ' F2 b, E5 ^- d+ Q2 M2 N; vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' F; @- H( A" Z$ z) R3 S
! H- M& m: A0 K# j: t. M7 y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 A% P+ [0 @, t1 S7 Q7 y& f
$ S4 n h% C7 u8 q
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 f }+ E- ~8 V1 H8 S
: c2 [6 V$ x5 a( x3 i- K4 O. n# @; N. u; C2 ? o 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 v; q1 k1 f/ o; u7 E
5 U( _8 Y$ j% j) S$ \; a& }
例如: 8 m% ~6 l6 x3 Y8 i9 @1 ]8 g% g
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( P- n+ \8 A5 q. ?6 ^! I2 S
4 `& @3 A( `9 p. K9 x
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 c& p0 i/ ]# F* f
3 S; m% e$ i$ R4 l! ZThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / C# G: y" t. _ J' L* P- }3 [4 K) a
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 D4 J0 A" X: f) n0 X4 N0 L q5 ]: L4 J4 a
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ o! R+ l2 ]; n/ K0 }; \; @
, v q, e% I* U P( w" ^/ KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * U8 M' @) c! h( w& S. W6 I7 S ! `( p1 J5 p$ z5 G" lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 G5 u4 \" e# g
, A' F4 x0 X D
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! [* j" \( H3 e1 p+ w3 ^- y - B* F5 ?0 h1 h& v( b2 i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 l/ Q/ `! ~" G { R4 I6 S) J
; c! F3 B. A$ w/ S' p7 e对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; y% L& ]( Q' I' }9 y/ B3 L5 `' k
$ ~2 n5 i3 ?3 F3 k- I! l
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: `: O# g3 X: i! t ?( C' z- v4 k" u& S% ~( x
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 7 `/ @$ R ?* K" O4 S5 W1 I3 g ^0 M2 W" w
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ R9 C) [1 l2 k3 s