本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! W# D' _8 d+ l* J& u : A7 ^$ R2 o. S. B; {8 p0 k @转帖 ! H$ a: K3 m! D3 S4 [6 g" h0 l) f, Z" f1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ J T3 x- }, M% I# Y) n$ i- A3 a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ f s3 O/ W( I% K0 r. P
" F# t2 a+ Y) RThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - J7 A" {) l$ g L! W5 ` & ^( C$ n7 j7 z* GThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . S! T/ O8 X& d# O' O$ p ! n+ c1 L+ Z; F; [! Q4 ~' }- IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 w/ g: X* k( u8 s$ c8 h0 Q- Q . m* M& N* ] v" Y. N+ iI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 7 G6 L" O7 Z% C8 f8 L ' W3 z9 }* A. Q" i6 |4 E/ PMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 D, p, W: r5 x0 p& D* J4 |: S! {
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " H) w; _0 C* L+ K( v4 Q5 o ( ^: r$ W J: v9 d. L" \7 L) T: YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 t0 R0 v" d% k) w+ x
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & m& G; D* r8 L0 p2 M. f l7 U7 u 6 o' w! C/ {: hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + A A, v) P. H5 Q1 A1 Y; F8 j2 g7 L7 ?
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 @- ~0 L7 a% ^1 u% i
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4 @9 p% {0 D( t 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 J% J/ s, i u4 c7 V! A H3 s, ?2 E5 D- ]5 m! i6 V4 G# t
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 ^$ B k2 g! o! i) S5 t, p h4 y7 U5 p" u" T0 s4 L5 @$ D
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 ~1 q x$ o+ F( X% x7 I: M2 D
U4 ?( J4 o" t8 X2 DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # i0 V$ F, T9 o& `% e / P0 n5 b! `4 j1 G/ G9 q: WHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & M8 Q0 c5 ^# D+ u: g / A* K2 J$ A0 d/ ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ A% M. X& y5 A5 F1 l- [
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 Q! H) _- v( H1 W0 Y2 A/ I" B
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" N8 ?3 u& N3 T& z" j8 p
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! h' M# u" E" @$ h! C' O, y
+ H* n; D, {! oThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ Z, Q& w2 I" Z( b( x5 M- K
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 J5 U3 g( r" U+ Q! A6 I' ` * G7 N2 W/ M3 I. c: y2 b& z7 U) T6 L* ^5 DHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ]7 p% U+ U4 @7 p
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # X. h, ?6 T& U( k; j2 z2 N ) v: X. l+ o+ \ y: I( h& `1 MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 m2 O+ ]( s$ e' }8 R- B1 X
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 d/ T* k* q* E 9 j1 j* P D: U* }8 r5 }" k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), o4 s' b b3 J9 M
. w( b/ G' l- e! R% H4 i此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 U( j4 [$ G) ^; T; u$ S; ~ S9 T& C# ]& N' x
* D+ ~ c, F, P; T( b 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。* O& M! F* W7 i/ Q T0 c
' D* v! F( L1 C5 _2 ?6 {8 X例如: 4 g, ]7 J( [. d G/ Q & U8 q6 ~, }9 IMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)+ F* u- T; I, e/ {% y& k
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( \: ?) T5 i* ?) ~ Q; \; m# k
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + B5 q4 j# [$ l' D4 p, e9 D; E+ t1 ^% y) _ u6 r
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / O" [- R8 }4 {% x* `( f3 Y# K( i* c0 a% G: s6 I- B
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 ` p1 Y0 i& v1 M1 C5 @0 F1 G8 X( \+ e
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) d6 v3 O. C4 ]+ R2 U4 R0 z& U& d6 P; O8 m( K, |/ J
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 `" d+ j! I- A& S% Q5 [6 f # Q. q& C- K/ A- T, n" [Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 ^1 [8 k5 O2 O; J8 Z; w/ h ( P5 \! b! `2 X: v& ?同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " Z# d$ b; S" o; `: {, o8 x4 T 6 u* I0 i( N( I5 b- } h8 ?当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' F/ ?# x+ j0 u& k1 B- F
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 I' @" s/ Z$ F4 O1 W, j7 U; H- a6 w6 s" s+ q; L7 ~4 N, \
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;; }2 x0 v. w. _" [4 S+ D
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; - x% |3 w" B. E# Q3 @ 1 ^' t' [( a( l' m对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; x) E6 _- h$ X% q
1 {$ a( ?, `7 D: V7 D至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 P- y6 S2 q. v
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, _7 V" H1 k x
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , Y6 z- Q, u1 y* n, c