$ N# j; I2 A! z例如: . S$ _" E0 n5 D5 X 6 r/ ~1 O+ S3 F) CMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / O: f8 `7 z( F, k3 j 3 [. K/ d! q" d8 D6 f& @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( f9 d0 M3 ~9 L% M
* K; ?) f* C0 M- n1 eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 B+ B7 O" I) c7 w0 Z/ n/ _( s/ ]7 o0 _1 o' `$ u
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( x" `' g: T; M$ R
/ N4 M9 s7 u! G3 f( ?8 X eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# t# w! F S0 d3 R; H2 ~
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ p8 g! {1 W. S6 [5 O7 l: t' v
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & [/ `- X/ L9 k; O, f! c( Q" I5 z$ O# k( @
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" ?' H, h. V; `, E! x
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# U7 a% t0 R$ [8 a) X/ ?& p
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / d) f: ?- x: r) w / F$ n* C' S- n F _! W8 w( h, ?这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; Z5 L# J* G7 l; o: k% H% V& y
0 B1 ^/ z: k, x i5 ?5 f0 x0 m& q 2 V: O3 r, b3 V" @& p7 o5 N2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 k L: p5 w8 p h: G1 b
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例如:$ K7 h: q" \" e% W2 F
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 o( g* }% G6 f, b! s
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % r& l$ a' `" q9 s" f; K. o5 @) \; i4 R' D# M* t8 S4 Z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : ~' z/ L" b5 B& }1 l) z ) v/ q7 j% Y! _4 ^He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! n; y2 g. T4 }6 p l G5 [ 4 s/ ], Z9 P% K6 B. L+ FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( [5 \6 H- e6 ^ : t2 @ M. y2 Z7 KShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" v7 J9 x! _8 H( i, K0 O6 Q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), J, u2 T+ M4 ^+ i" C+ S- ^
1 D. c$ K+ \" U- z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 f4 s" Z1 X8 L% {0 |9 \# X: R) k5 X# C3 } K, e
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 }, K. F, o4 [4 `- I% X
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 o" r3 |0 @! o9 W
& ?6 \2 I2 F2 C6 S \ I: ~He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # K9 A) t1 v' ^" X" N: t% Y; P8 Q3 X* W* ^8 @4 v% a
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) X6 b: y5 e! ]* `! r2 ` $ n( l1 [+ q1 R" w3 m1 m8 b! |We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( T# t: J* j- h0 f# ]& n: g2 m7 z; Q/ b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收): d5 y2 Z }3 \ g% I9 |7 J' u
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / w' B/ m* I$ m! c" Q/ d4 \2 @$ g" ^/ L
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ H- _% J" t2 T6 w
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' [" \7 {9 I4 e5 ~! ~3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / B% d6 c; A9 _, F; v1 k1 I$ j4 K4 w/ h
例如: $ r+ }8 `. g5 r8 R1 G 2 _+ S( T7 I: ~/ D* ^8 r& gMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ `: d5 f, C" R& m6 n3 a
4 H- p+ ]( N& Z M; ~8 V8 c( IManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) v; O* i- V5 d! Y( ?& F: P* F( a: P1 A6 o4 Y* z y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 z- W" R: W- P/ [, ?: b! b/ ~
. ?/ `. s5 q6 w, v4 u: }He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) P/ Y4 g' h9 g2 G8 J( E4 T( ^( _# y
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# z# O# L2 \' H! e |6 e9 f
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) t- h+ J6 @8 }' ]8 D , C* B+ ]! \; N6 }4 G3 jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! Q( {7 z( Z$ T# H3 l, h% w7 | - F" m! i* U. {2 g' E+ ^6 fStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ M, o3 h" I) n
* W0 K8 L5 j# g% V: Z: V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . H* M/ T- C ^! x' { 3 B) S& l# p8 |' x当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - D6 R2 }$ b. W, s4 w/ x4 c, I5 V- {0 Z9 |# f
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 w' f" a2 ]) V' s! I( V
" a) R2 O1 N' C1 y! s对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;9 v: b% s5 Z4 l+ y" z3 Y9 l
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: {2 e) O3 }! a" U8 w
4 R$ ^8 l/ l9 P8 j; A7 L对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . ]/ n8 k8 G: V" g& @ , R# ]4 {3 {4 P) d* Z' y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 n/ a/ }5 J( m$ n0 V8 D' r9 w& K6 L2 u! S$ D+ A/ E9 x
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) k6 o2 T# M0 i
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " C& Q3 | I6 l