本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % R- u4 U) p. E
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). f1 u$ \: ^- ~+ m
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$ z2 r" H$ e5 ~( b. J' vMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), w: _, X+ ~( l* o8 m
0 b( `/ `" W( x! v2 OThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * L! x" l" f$ ^5 v3 k7 _1 n! S4 q3 E* q8 E# |/ @+ o' i
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . ]. v! N0 W1 o( \$ y* y$ Q! W7 Q& Q! w, m
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 [, J: T3 C0 y) B
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* j0 E3 z7 f* F0 A7 p8 L
9 g$ a& g" y7 J3 y8 W1 Y% BMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ d% e8 i- D& c3 O( Y4 w; P' q) l * X0 Z* [& v4 n3 GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( E; B: p' H) }$ x
# y2 e, K; r4 X+ a) SThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; f$ ] H4 X# A. X) G/ M1 C + _5 Z- V4 e' GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ [9 k- d6 U6 e' E# r- B/ }
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - ?( n/ }5 A6 Z7 w$ A4 l' V, f. Y+ v9 c5 I+ X4 l
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% V# }7 L" Z/ x3 R9 y
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/ n& v. A4 ~7 F/ E, A6 R2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & a1 ?/ N D% I& o6 q. n5 m/ u ! \% G# E& q, Q6 R$ @- K) w例如:( ^; B! X8 T/ f4 Z
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - t) n0 w2 o. R& P4 Y" H2 j) Y0 X4 B3 M3 ?
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 g1 q/ n; H- y* B4 h
5 q' I [" s$ v9 F5 aI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' f& k. c8 E; M$ Z9 _/ D L9 l8 f/ X {( J% ], a5 l4 V+ ^) N9 H
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! E( p1 Z. W% h! O* [( w 5 @2 V, C2 w0 M$ y9 [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 F8 d7 e+ T! p. A0 |/ S( x% z( a- B* B. Z; j- u
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% O- y1 v5 f# S7 g: D, h7 A
6 _7 G/ ]" ]4 i; A2 B% p0 h II will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' U) U, n2 ]7 r8 S4 b
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 b3 D* j' T! I+ H& W$ R* s : [7 J. y$ @0 y( G2 r9 l. X3 F4 S0 sThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 ^2 I5 e+ L( Y5 R; j' C* m" ]# j# E* P4 _: r5 [2 f+ R
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& J) Y a0 X; F6 `7 Y
8 v; I2 Q# R! P; x. FHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' g6 G5 t! Z: G; J$ N# c; b: q * N) p# \# j( V. rHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - w; j0 ~6 h- k9 c$ l* c; z" } : V; _8 S- t a" W E. rWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / f6 p! y( A3 n& e 4 |" }$ H3 R$ m1 l6 s! HEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : `% X1 ^: |* H/ B1 p# N( g2 ]0 t V' C! c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & O1 P- {. P r3 u5 e & v/ I* O: }! e! S! X) Q' ^# T此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ A. ?7 g4 d4 F% i( H- j
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+ l! I; @5 n+ @/ g/ m9 x% I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . c l! Q. [* ^: ~ / l! [( e5 r3 a. @例如: 1 |1 `7 Q: o7 Z2 W ?7 E/ I I: f6 ?0 G8 y0 G# w0 L
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! t) {; |' d6 r& J# j6 l
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 P/ V' y# y! C8 t( G, j2 Q/ t0 `. G v5 o- p* s3 ~/ X6 ?; N
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 \* a% P% Q7 t! U% n . P. n2 K7 K# \9 B! c4 g, f8 PHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" A! V4 Y( {6 a/ v; u: m" E) g
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + P1 A' r* C7 j( c- z, g; v. G" G9 [9 y* R. |
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ; b, v+ w+ m; ~ x' M9 F; F6 R% }/ f+ \
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)" J3 ]3 t# j% a" @
4 c1 A4 [! n' }4 uStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 r8 h! ? \1 Q/ C6 g. ~8 N6 E6 ^
/ e5 Z+ i7 S) m7 J, Z) o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 ?+ m2 U$ k. L' @' f" n" O+ n) @* C! g T) y0 x0 u$ s/ i# W
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) \+ |) ?# d8 m w' {: n" E! O$ |) `- ^
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ u$ C( {: @8 M4 W2 G. @+ E# M: U \ ]5 ^4 ]3 Y" ]
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- i0 X3 B: v; i: a
. \+ G. i3 X- T对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. L; G* T1 B4 T G# v/ K
/ l# t" R$ ]% S# y- a5 V6 Q+ N对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ J4 B/ z, S- `' U3 \7 A; G! c! h5 d4 A5 G
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 L7 `6 Q9 H. _2 t) P N1 O- {( W8 u* K* ~( k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / D k- X& l- Y( } d8 L5 H; ]; o$ n# f7 @" O. G- \& l
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( {3 y9 Q$ C0 l. Z) @9 L I