本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . X; k% C: I9 X- B
+ N9 C1 v9 {/ [) e) O: S. A 转帖 9 {9 W4 X* d" t1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 _7 `& a; B- k0 w2 f- ]- r9 _7 X! ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " Z: w( m/ m. ^: x+ I' ?2 s- S x8 W; G- H. `. b5 I6 H @! D6 U; sThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& p$ U* x7 b5 L
! v, P% K/ A2 ?' M, F8 I( Y* w; |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 v0 ^: ]8 a( k+ ^* d7 D( t0 \7 [. y3 g1 t1 `% z5 U s# X
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 u! V- s5 {8 d' Y" a
7 O1 J- @* Y) E) uI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( Q- K1 L' E+ ?' @) d8 b5 M
0 U; e9 ^. b* s _/ V( [/ uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 u1 H, L5 \3 [- M( r3 q/ a
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 @' G+ o6 ]3 g! s% }3 i( l) o
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : h& K, e, Q2 o6 P/ X& P$ {) h8 L+ ]5 E$ `: Q' Q/ z3 Y* G
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% U8 C( X- `' l- b, N
& A: j( V! c6 f* f( k4 {Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " F: E6 Y1 |/ z) z! {% l4 A 3 [! k! ^/ F3 O) j% Y. P这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & m2 l$ m( j b/ Q! z# Y & z5 {" D9 d& Q# v- e _3 K. |. Z2 S; I w; B" S- ?# m! M6 p 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 p) W* Z0 A! Z& y2 G9 s 2 j X5 t! r/ }7 j/ q例如: ! I# V7 w5 Y" J' ~! c# W/ T. L$ j6 W5 y( @! N q/ N% ?
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " x. h6 E4 L, g7 W; r& [ , r- Q$ k2 D$ q3 i6 o7 G) rDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" E; G& {* K& Z' Y0 a" v* ^. ~
) K, b) a, I2 e5 q( H q0 o% z) ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' K8 O& u- F5 K1 H* E
8 g0 j) ^7 s: JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) Q: _; a, F, U5 c" `" A0 H) g# W: H6 l% S; _
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( ^: Q. a0 E1 F8 s
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 Y. \" A+ q& N* ?$ r
2 S+ u% h5 o: \ |/ QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), G" N9 J+ R2 s0 i0 S! l
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ x+ q# d' F A' z9 f2 x
% z, ?# a& ^* w; S; f( TThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ Y! |- D* v1 K$ N; p3 K + V3 k R3 ]9 m6 LThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 K% k" x! ~& I! E4 c4 {, H3 V8 a) \
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ m- M) L# i% K! `$ |. _& Q0 L* W; }; D
$ {' g& X! R& ?2 q! lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 D1 t! \; h4 u. \) q. M $ K: b2 o' x: HWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 J5 W6 F' g: t+ X! a, e
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 N- V' J) L% t7 j' W9 v
- M, I% O3 p4 e9 S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 |! y& ] S" N7 F- K* ^4 ^
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) }0 q# R1 Z4 ~ 9 R/ \0 {9 u. p( m* M% W( l- h. X1 g/ Q6 M* K9 S 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" A# X5 m; K( |, W2 ~. N* F$ m
1 T5 Z" A5 s# v( `例如:. f1 Q+ \, C. W. `& x5 b- }
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 P9 I% e9 G1 g/ L0 g2 p8 o _8 D# u1 F9 r3 E
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 W6 v2 I) v6 }% y4 A5 U/ q9 h
; ~( c6 {, Z) B: @$ x* y k, m1 O- YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' d( L! k# t6 Q
% A1 L7 D' N% t9 r2 @+ qHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); O& N. X4 k# P
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" y: {0 h: t% x* v) R* D
" R4 `/ ?0 f. KPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): {* {+ p. x7 q, A! v
% n" ]" x" k" l/ UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 I6 H- }. l2 W+ ^ | 4 r( m( W4 x3 S) {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ _7 c$ I0 q2 h, y% y
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 W$ h2 o& S ^) L. e8 [
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 ]' L& z2 H' q* W" `
( w; V- B: e+ {! y8 z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ h8 u2 O; a# g! r
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;8 i# j6 g$ n. Q7 }
V( n# w C8 g u5 g对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 r# g& y4 N! G3 s3 m6 E' l/ M" y. z$ L" B& W/ L/ D; t
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 b8 V4 N; x5 Q5 b( u+ \9 s/ A& q, I. K7 t
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 ~5 v$ u& f3 |3 K+ `7 b3 Z- a- {( Y5 U$ x
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . Z! e. p. r% S! `7 v4 `% x3 i. x- \/ b: ~0 o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : T( w% k4 r C; [) z* S