本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ M6 E7 ]: T2 h+ p4 ~" h" j2 `# v 8 ~4 Y/ V* x/ D1 J0 r+ K转帖9 O }1 Z9 n6 \% x
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . [; ]/ P/ \- V/ L$ p 3 N+ I1 W* D0 f3 o0 p例如: 3 F9 `5 F% S; i+ X7 a, u" \% y W+ ~# A4 ?
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / X. }, t2 B: z. j+ L, t& ?; j# P) i( z) N7 Q: I
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), t) s* c% c$ o _: a- }/ k. p
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 b( L3 w( f- B
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* _6 |# Z9 {# Y+ b0 P7 `
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # y3 M) s6 _2 Y% c: t1 w# e4 i 3 M, i" _: [, o% _ {, ]3 fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 j {' |+ I" B& ?+ O) E X5 q6 `$ r* Q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) m1 [9 l! h1 I8 h4 |4 N& |/ r & z, M* [( H( e) L4 w. z5 cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) N5 g7 W+ j4 l6 U' Q% m( Z. S5 a' i0 a9 i* l
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ w* C6 y& T4 P! p1 X. K0 O- F9 O7 d
- g9 ~4 s( n# ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% o( U; E5 u6 D
) g# F/ ~0 d- B+ c: n+ H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; R! a" K3 O/ b% o! l% ~
4 V1 Q7 f: X; T* x9 {/ F! ]( ?/ W Z9 M, Y* ` ]( h! P- B& C- L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ `' P4 C( h+ ?& `' M
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例如:9 b4 \8 ~1 g. ~( p6 |/ }% W9 _. C
; O# z; g! |; e" [At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ C) X0 o8 X/ K. ^* [/ M* _
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 ]$ @% h: p0 g, R. @' M: F( q6 u6 u. g7 K; V3 H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( p9 H* `; w3 K+ Z6 l9 x
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): T1 I) t+ F G& ^7 [- w
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& N$ A( d! ^/ K" e" \
2 K# l) ]( }1 ~. OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); E3 a6 c# S% q$ z
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 l5 g) X/ @8 y: ?& }3 s+ @+ W7 u8 z
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' ~/ I" q6 q5 k; V5 `: x9 }
h' [$ r: o; f0 u4 {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 r0 E/ C3 S% V1 b3 @2 j! X- s% s' {& B0 g& v8 c8 k5 {* l' R0 A' P
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 ?# F# [, m6 i5 Q
2 Y5 g+ h- m) Q" P% PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 C' ^! g1 a( @# M- C8 ^1 B" ^$ g; {- y" T! E& w/ I8 F
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + M( ~8 \4 T2 j0 p7 e- r {# u2 ~: }5 v/ j7 f3 |8 A
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); h) M( E& x6 h) {$ G9 {# u$ V; v( J
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ a( @9 l8 l, ~9 Q' b
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 K3 M9 K6 M' s1 o- H3 ?1 R9 ^, ~( V2 k( o, N
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + v' p, _; e/ H: W1 p; g) m # f/ m% ]) u1 E: J 5 `( a9 W# h' G3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * J! T$ V8 x9 Y4 X: a0 \4 R, N8 D# v. `) M8 v- U8 }% O% c( ]* @
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( ~; p$ Y9 G/ H5 P# l. O9 r3 G. F1 ^* Y' G$ c
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 T2 F, f( w" Y0 _; t+ O! q% E
4 q9 q0 M1 r: g gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ f$ D1 L1 F1 {7 y) ^1 p# A) @& r. X7 x
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) s: C$ K( y1 \) U d6 r, r: o8 g) b0 _, i# W* j6 {
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): R0 Y3 b0 C+ R
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) U9 P# Q' I- V7 D8 N, N2 x4 V m. j
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 O1 ]% B) q( }2 v: x6 {5 H* L% t% ~$ f- R
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * Y- T. z( m# [; o6 l4 k 9 D& D T% B6 A& O: F同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 b$ Y/ V/ e$ V ) y. J1 @9 b* C) ?/ p: Z7 I: G当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , f* K/ F6 b! H# D/ S$ s4 p7 K, f# Z, _" U4 q& y# D
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 f0 R# b; l3 ]$ O: K% h& W9 _ ' S0 t) {9 [1 F4 K0 B对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - A q7 h- `. Y$ ]% V$ W0 U% `& i1 d* [9 c i" y) Z& a
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! V6 C! ~- \3 n7 R5 d. E" l; x1 A2 k, }7 n3 S8 m
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ q, g0 |/ Z; x% R _; Y7 l3 E H D0 D' \至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' P; k( T6 U' w
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % C6 v6 ~2 m1 u/ H3 {/ a 1 O, o$ X: ]5 l! }8 C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 n& }" s) D/ S( U% [2 F+ D