- G3 Z- D6 c8 Q9 g1 j X例如:4 i+ u) o9 h& P( M" {1 O! e: q e
: y5 r" v+ R9 D! m2 L
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" d2 }$ A% N! d3 o8 |5 [3 Y) z0 K% |9 j
/ |+ J5 h1 v% s* R( _+ C/ p0 t( O2 vThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 y; s0 P, g4 l3 G. U* C ! h0 l( d; Z) `* T$ V& nThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , |4 v$ G6 y" }* N+ e* V ' E- d: @% z2 `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * w$ T5 v+ N- n% `# x5 f6 [0 N! f6 ^: |$ F' a, V
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& K, I9 f( u4 ~+ E Q2 ~0 i. h
9 B. `7 R+ H/ D9 `: V- |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% h: c; l5 Z1 a3 K( M& V+ ^
1 Y N0 T; d+ h& A: `
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! X/ l: |- O) y $ u' W7 y# J. b* J6 {The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); A% X! j& i) a# M% @
; S3 C6 e/ p1 L9 E+ l. xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 E6 Z+ n* }! }
5 h' V$ Y( i* B/ fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 F) J" {7 F+ Y$ Y7 Y0 z
' i, Y- K$ _, b5 e1 [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 [5 d) a+ V+ W. _5 I% D! _4 z( J
# M0 p2 c7 e$ v2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' n" }% b8 w( J 3 b. i F, w s- J% p例如:# A& n! \ Y3 X7 f. g( U
! p) e* v4 F' V; c( b
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ ~3 l7 ?7 L4 `
2 C6 A! I/ W* n, ^5 C
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)& x0 l8 h/ ?$ S8 }" s
2 h1 E' O! g, F$ a5 o% L: ]I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 ^' e9 b6 E6 A3 _0 c; K5 d) V $ x9 B! f4 [7 M; z4 t% X9 NHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 c) Y2 u ~/ m
' R& B7 Y; ?: R
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ s3 e9 l% k! j( M9 r6 |( d
; b1 p2 Y3 ~) \2 [. j+ a% y" `; XShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 t ]: u/ @4 ?0 N$ Z7 ]7 E9 B: n9 U , R) V' t( T4 T4 c! M# \' fI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ r8 W& y6 y& ], N+ _2 h3 f
7 |5 {. l8 X0 U4 \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * i% U, _- W7 B m: z" {/ d& p+ B @9 a; A6 ^0 G: s. }. T" G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ }. S* m) l0 |$ h7 o+ b
2 @0 S, n" n) `3 `% y: dThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; z( U( C. v" U3 @1 B" V9 ?; |+ E" j/ j9 r8 V
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( Y' D: T& a: o( g7 a# m' e: W
- F' R4 z' ~% f* l% b$ |8 IHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' O, D) k3 N8 u! A5 W( p s + Y3 E. ~5 u7 @: YWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): P; z$ y1 b8 b
4 w0 c* |2 T. D" Q) n- C
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " [6 v$ B V; G$ D; G0 U' m % L# n0 ] K7 f7 H+ i% g* a写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 ]! n8 t' U8 r, @1 i# ]& M0 _) g5 P6 z1 ?! t H- a" v! C x
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 h! r# l. k6 Y4 C/ ?, B 7 ~; F$ k; A2 V/ P# v4 r1 U" m 8 `0 I2 y0 Z! D/ w9 r: d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! y8 K r$ m+ x9 l+ ^" \
4 j D; e! ]( c9 V; q5 l例如:/ P2 L" G: y# e) Y' B, H
W8 w4 W4 s3 z) N
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# f- q) p2 X/ e+ p2 }- e) O7 I; _
& _7 X# ~7 t) p( @* H; qManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( L P6 A9 Y; L8 v ^' W
y% w5 f9 g- K7 p0 q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( r R. u. C9 V4 j( w $ ~( P+ E( |5 P5 @( G4 eHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 @& {, B3 n3 Z$ p, f0 B/ u: M9 T( B8 ~
, }9 m5 _. [& U9 `& PMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 ^6 I: E: t, R3 A
2 v6 Z1 _! p# B1 ~! M% M
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , E1 f+ R+ g9 @6 R5 @% r; o5 `3 v& |# t$ `" Y# H
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); \' [4 y3 Q$ B+ c
9 P' Q" f. q. B5 u, BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 r1 A+ t; i; H# X. B' d( J$ C# d
- N! G' y" L) |" J
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 @ z( o5 \! ^8 m- o9 _1 p+ z
( ^8 ^ F, B) u1 s+ j* R
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 K X o+ c. D8 t& C
4 Y& {; X4 Q/ I7 y2 U) k6 p对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , s; b; U7 A- C4 B# m' U H' |7 o; X
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( i4 {3 o* }7 m* _8 z$ S ( O! C8 G4 s" }- R. L对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 G @ ]2 P. z; Y
1 @7 T/ q- ]* C; M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 J4 X% @1 w% E% [4 C
$ h& x3 N# p5 D" k0 V4 d
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 E( }. |6 W2 e8 [% T: n: g; j
, f1 [, G- Z0 r9 s7 x: m
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ ]* C! c* X9 d4 x7 S
: R9 m' T( Z2 v
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 X t! r) G0 S# @# _- u6 q