本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 } r; |$ H; J) ~0 [, h
( u7 Z, S+ i7 Y& n$ ^8 l% E6 ~转帖 }- t9 ~: [% m1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * k3 @) k9 S' k. u7 N* N* n2 H' K# {( _
例如: 6 Q" {" f7 C4 d$ W6 E 1 v. c. S0 U( f3 P. b/ f3 e+ ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ q0 c7 p4 q. q1 I- y* G6 D9 b: c
% J* J4 [3 V8 aThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 N2 V; [* ~4 A) N& q6 @8 R : y# p5 n' a% x) Y+ M% \This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& e" u. j, b7 v! u" P
$ j9 |5 ~1 U1 K( m4 eThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 A5 ?9 R+ w9 l3 ]/ G$ s. x
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ z, D* }. X$ m+ y- `, m. C
( o6 n+ ]* W8 N. G) r wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* P: S* E- c+ r1 @3 F% K0 }
7 r0 ?; F, M2 N8 OWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + v4 _2 x/ u, ? 2 K* T! u& @. A! wThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / n$ a7 z+ K" w7 J% o2 c; g8 h9 D7 y) Z g" H0 ^
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 Y. b9 ~$ d; O& f. [( M( q" ^0 l4 j# s% @4 f* L* f
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . g9 [! r2 t" F6 |, n 0 B& [, ~& w- B3 c" P这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% _5 I5 R V, Q: _8 u
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6 q8 J/ v( A5 o7 q CAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' @# l1 v! ] {2 }1 i* D; A4 y- h. I$ Z2 H" O
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) v2 Y& f1 N* m* D5 l
1 E7 S9 \2 h9 |; @I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( U8 h; Z; ~# y+ I$ b - S( A, C5 `) U$ m& Q( lHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 D; m0 o: q8 V8 L- j+ M' @
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% y" F: c& |! b0 t( t
' }% V, N0 k5 U5 i( yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* e. s7 H( x7 ~! Q- E0 J+ ~! e
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) j( W( `- b. s) W. |: ?! T% \% u' J1 [6 q/ k
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 T. d& ^( Q/ I4 C1 N% z* B+ p& k4 Q
6 K7 P e. D- [. n5 OThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 x& }( S. ]4 q/ d9 y S6 K( G& O: L& f% p2 d L/ I
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 N$ x+ B5 d- E: C# |7 Y( w: K6 k" v4 m. u, H7 W% U
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) / j' i( ]2 T/ j, |1 e / y% z: B, K/ w- `) F: P+ tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) M7 o( P( w- P- `
1 m* `0 M& Z! K, C( I( v ~$ q; eWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) `5 w/ @2 ^5 D
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- O0 H/ w" b8 i8 S/ Q
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 6 t5 a0 x/ M1 ^) f . p3 I0 d$ w* ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 Z2 O! g8 |% Q! v4 s9 e
, X* V% ~& D$ G( y* G1 O! U8 U+ i4 n: `, V4 b" g 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。5 y; _, \8 P6 w/ R4 a& l. ]) P" S5 a
3 G# M, ?# }* A例如:4 i4 O! N( p0 S& B0 q+ }! Z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 j1 ]% @5 S$ W1 {$ n$ s
0 k. o8 l! e# a2 p9 Y& ?/ P5 zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % d: n M2 ^, y$ Y; n * }! b0 L- h. lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 O& b3 L' y' z% G" z; B8 J# P5 c2 v
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 ~; s; }) y* D& @3 k, C) o
4 Z9 e" [0 I$ ]. U+ cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 R4 B- U- W, J* _5 m " _6 I$ P6 p. N% y" nPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); B2 P8 z7 V2 g9 w2 ~. h$ _
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ! S! t( z( v6 `- g: I: ~+ L 3 n! O _$ M5 s. e; {, {Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 ~; h# T% {8 @3 {6 ^9 C3 n4 p, x" G7 p
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 h: A! o' u" {( Z3 R V/ [& n/ V0 c: e% K6 G5 O
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:7 y( i7 ]/ \% H+ b% r5 ?$ G
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) Q! |7 w/ _) ]& {! U' v8 i) K1 l* ^7 l K {1 D
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ p; q& P7 g; B, y
1 A8 P1 i7 M4 s* _7 |1 U# [( F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 j) L- y8 }) l4 P5 c. h& `