本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( a' k2 s+ u9 D+ ^9 E6 E( B' g$ Z
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# z. @) _: O0 Z0 i* a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ U2 R X* }5 r5 A" \$ T
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 j( l( H$ o7 q, O7 }* Z$ ^$ j! H 0 H+ v W$ u. ^1 K6 [) iThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); w) F2 J$ z. P( J; d
. X+ F6 z4 l/ u9 d8 lThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 B2 q" `: v |/ H' _5 R% x; k# K$ d, l- x1 Q# A
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 L: Y9 i7 l4 _1 g8 q
1 W f+ j" U$ D, E i' [9 ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # k! c/ l& @+ T8 j$ y8 h * k" S( z& M$ vWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + E* T7 g3 x) o6 x7 z1 v; ~, V7 x* T5 a1 \, L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) v$ }* F9 a' A4 n8 A) K3 O) y' y$ o7 o/ ~2 r
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 J0 W) Y4 F/ O6 b! \8 ^
2 h: x; N5 G, B/ o8 _% _Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ [/ N8 ^( o5 o; D- T4 U$ \) W- Q2 i" m- B. |
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : D# z I1 X" v$ F, s5 g 3 I$ R, f! e+ `2 ~/ Q) a8 N8 G8 N( W' h) L5 c! W 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 V. t/ g; R" X% \
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例如: 0 Q0 j" n0 ?0 C5 F' { W9 L+ A T2 |5 g$ T2 b
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). } N+ P& c3 A8 S b0 H
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : m$ Z4 }# n7 ?6 W3 U( f B9 z0 c# L t- _" f8 [5 H! t0 \/ x) v
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): O7 |: Q, Q% H
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- G" ^/ \ @! k1 j. l5 s4 B
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) K; H" N% Y9 I& p* W! U) F; J. m, h2 {3 ]' L; ~
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 E0 E" R! i; w) p& r5 s+ _9 @2 P- ?6 _9 R& N! O
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 J5 @0 H: _# l# k- N! i( s5 N
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 p+ R4 a; `" [/ @ 0 |3 P+ `; ]; F- b+ z# x- N N7 j. LThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : m: {0 H6 V& f' V* c0 Z8 C( K7 N. t
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * }" f; `: q& _7 Q; n7 P # Z/ R6 d) Q( l# }He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 Y) ~ v3 ]* U# G
" i* H$ r% W9 i. E8 V$ Y: JHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# {- E4 D5 X+ d
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 g# X9 k( A) u
0 V% t) B' B3 REnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 `0 e1 F7 U! e; \ \) R
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.). I& S+ s0 U% _4 c+ d$ ]9 [
4 y3 i" q- Z1 u% B: w( x# J; p( V此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 ]9 j- Y* u/ q8 C) N- m
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8 R) M8 l$ o* y" n2 ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, C9 m3 k- r8 W
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9 C3 T% R8 v1 H+ @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)3 t2 G; Q# l6 X, K1 ?
/ v9 a; n2 O0 q* W+ O( h3 }* A7 FManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % D( L/ ?+ G7 H* q$ `( S. |8 n# w& ^& A' }# T2 v: T2 u& U- K
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ [# N1 ?4 z' i5 ^7 C
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( T h& ~" H1 m, }) J8 u 6 K$ ~; l% N; c( DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) |0 j9 \; O: [: o7 m3 l. O' m5 Y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 ]7 g/ e5 W; n
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * W' H/ n' G- y5 h; c3 ~ " X4 \0 A& E! _8 A- O. Q tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( s9 a+ [. T4 D " Q( b1 o( |% W9 V6 S& D同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 W( _7 Z* E5 ]" m/ @: o$ u: i( ]
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; n! f' O3 E* z2 B$ b' q# l2 V3 l 6 A( r! s- N$ N* G) H1 u; D对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; \ J. P- x2 g2 s2 x7 |& Q' k
% B% v2 h3 S' L }7 u. t8 `对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ K) l x; q0 h/ ?( \
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ C5 y, m; x9 `! C6 N; A6 E# p / g3 L, O6 K* F2 |& O对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " m2 i' S' H: K7 J E* K6 X * Y. d* L( N5 |0 C至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; x2 v O* D5 @
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 r# n$ D+ N9 B$ b# W* \+ A4 | ' E4 D0 s; c8 f' p2 ~' ]* D有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. K+ l* ?( ~8 P