/ G- t( O9 P1 ]* F7 W; SMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 d" U3 p& w$ O) b% Q, E3 `
0 W7 P4 U2 @4 ^9 l5 U% L8 d& EThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 w1 S7 z7 B* x- f f3 R) [9 I3 D* x! |8 Z) ?; J6 s
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ o" s4 R1 a$ ^6 q# ?) ~/ \ T
% e0 \' e7 \$ _# U, ~The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 a5 h( E2 F1 m& O
! ]9 r4 e. |7 p; B+ M; NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + b L3 p% V5 D. J4 F( ?0 b5 I# p c" Y, f( P
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 H0 o; w Q8 h3 T. U7 V& L: `" Z# |5 H2 g+ |- U
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 N2 H" r8 \* ^- a5 i
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 b7 A* P) X. {8 z( K. c1 e
U% |* N/ e$ B4 H1 W+ YWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 B8 r; G0 U: @# Z! X 9 I! l; x. R+ D4 w# }* G8 F2 vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " J" k0 l) I$ @8 [" a( D7 m, Q% s7 }) ~2 N1 d$ q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# w! I$ V' Y# Z. ?' O' d
- P# T: a" i, k7 ^4 n1 C% T C8 _: ?2 g4 \: \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 U& K; p( c1 E: F: [# I
- T5 ]; b! }' A- Q9 j例如:% ?6 D- X$ I! X8 K' n
1 }1 m; b. I8 D r S. K( H J! \At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* H5 R4 m3 K+ x6 g
, E* d! Y! ~0 m& ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 m& {( ]. w- H6 \
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! ?6 V/ Z6 N% O/ }0 |7 Y / e8 i4 g# T$ Y, i j: kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 g( A. |; t6 q0 m k
4 E9 |& j9 Q& C( Q' sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! n8 @4 C1 {0 Q9 G4 n L1 `& ]' r
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# |9 @ z; q4 T- ^6 `. C0 o
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! r4 Z5 _/ M) X! _1 J' j1 o# K. [3 f3 L
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 I6 I# T( M$ t! a+ b7 G. D
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); a3 H& ]& w+ F" m3 ]
, N$ ^7 @- B8 vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ U4 f2 o( u. ], ~& f; k! L
8 i" H( @1 t3 W2 z: WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& g9 U0 ~: s3 o2 [$ ]) |
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 [7 V( e. ^+ t' P5 N& ]& M 0 O$ V3 T3 z: R) {' }8 u2 y3 v5 L/ JWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 J H/ n3 o3 _0 _3 Y W " L% P6 v+ h3 t/ ~% R0 jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 z+ @0 F' w. D3 t1 H# a/ T6 r
0 a3 P. n! |# |' u5 f3 g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) M; L# J2 `3 z( ~. S
; o! U: x& W' H/ J此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % |. W) o8 ^, v$ b2 O9 K: q/ _9 [ G7 ^& d: W8 ^+ s# n
* q6 ~- G; ?9 G( ? 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 f+ n: l$ l$ ], M% e% Z4 A" {2 D2 v# n6 s$ V6 w, o/ @
例如: 5 l) q4 _5 `2 R- y+ J6 j% j4 Y. @' J8 r9 D) Z9 c' ^' S; M
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ b4 o) y- v, V- b6 i( e5 D2 T5 i
. E4 O& O1 e4 PManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& j- E9 @3 O+ g: z( G7 v- h
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! u/ c+ K3 W; n8 X7 \9 L" X % g7 J9 |: K$ c2 ~He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# O% ]! |: \3 T2 B( j* a
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 p& Q# a5 c* E3 ]& o 1 z$ x0 Z6 d# F! J+ `- o, EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # @$ Y; c+ i3 @3 j+ \' b ) ]% q" R+ X# tCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# t; k0 K7 E- d( J$ y$ p8 a
/ F8 D8 h0 y |8 f" z4 E2 x- d: I3 ]Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): c4 P3 Q. z/ e; d0 ^/ n
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - G" M- Z" P$ F: J# ], z$ ~+ g6 P0 T6 Y) S9 v+ |* f" b' p7 f
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % ]: ]8 W2 Y: t. C6 I% E6 u, \& S2 H0 o _ j9 [. h( F
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: r9 u0 d7 T4 ^ I; c' F0 _/ ?
( c* U: x! k! U' y2 z* I3 Q$ e对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 K5 A- n8 b8 [. i9 P R, J* l
V) l: D' T! e0 i3 x- b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 O: Z- U; A' B2 ` 0 H7 `% \+ O4 ~6 {对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) ], ^; [( p# E( w5 W. T- \1 [+ `
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# M9 L+ t, x X* B. u& e
! q9 z- f9 F" G还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * H5 K, B/ \7 C- }: Y 8 \0 F8 r& ]6 v; G! {1 c7 q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* g6 i7 z/ U6 O" g E% Z2 M