本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : x9 T3 A6 x! K 2 j7 {- B& C R- X( N转帖* ^1 y7 a3 r3 D/ l$ V* H
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . x6 e/ {$ }' R & [ T, P6 c2 c0 _例如: $ h! N5 g: s, h+ |+ S. J1 ~) F# ? q6 v/ Q
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( V9 ]+ s0 g8 W. J/ Y- ^, }
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # `( n5 @. b7 c9 e. ~* o. u) k0 Y& w# C: K" d, y5 c/ C
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! y# {- m# L. F [+ l& n* V# C
9 l Y/ m8 W" o4 sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ @, u# \6 r5 t: M4 U
% D! H) G/ r/ a# V7 S) mI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) & d: \5 k$ [# q$ x0 s! P* r * q d) V6 s6 r, M1 v/ ~Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) a/ [& b5 e; O9 S. b" l; T0 w
: m( O$ q/ s( W8 C' z6 }We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 O, G) y7 |' h y9 X e + q2 o3 y8 V: I. BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 h/ i* w) `0 m# O; I3 n/ @- w8 a1 {8 e! ]
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & \) b2 h6 `0 ~% O8 t. K8 _7 ^ ; I3 R/ A) X- U1 Z# S0 @' QPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- A4 P5 S0 R) K) C9 z7 P
% h; }& G$ K. A6 X( c; \这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) Q, x* r0 a5 ~$ H' ^( C
) _0 c6 a* j' D! T% q! X 6 w+ S- h" e* K# m3 }( X: i' l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。0 j8 C, `0 c$ e, i$ o
! `. `- v; r. s/ O% n例如: 0 G8 o0 D: \. ~' F) k+ Y8 U 5 k4 H4 f p% ~) ~4 O5 R F2 OAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), o* G1 W2 Z- Z0 T1 W: V% F
/ f. d2 D7 R' r& f0 Y' hDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ O( C7 i; q4 f7 G% i7 \$ k
3 m: V2 l) F% `; G, ?7 xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; W6 Z z9 V" ?$ h+ |4 Z' ^* |& N 1 e7 N' }( D ~) `9 k" P& i" sHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ j- o, A) q( b, H9 Z8 g* ~* C( K9 F5 T# _* k/ K9 j
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) * f9 v" q) F& c! p0 e% _' X u9 b5 M6 o9 L1 v
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 e% p& X1 {0 R5 a, e+ L2 o+ }! r
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : s: Z/ Q; A3 Z" J# h # u9 j: O' t* |. f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( h% ^8 ~4 w ~+ A : O/ y2 Y5 A- v# b6 wThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - O4 O5 A2 l: k2 } , L1 ^# C) c0 I7 d6 i# sThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ t& s, u! t: O6 b
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& l# J# y7 o: R
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* W( k, U* l3 f1 t# U
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)/ N7 r( `" B4 a' m, L
' |* {! b2 X, K' {* e: oEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 _- l) t4 K" s( [
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& b8 |! w8 Q$ W0 J/ N
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。8 q" }; L( @4 w' ?8 Z# W. e/ {8 [
: t. m1 \( j3 L3 Q- i! v* m* [3 r1 V% l! ^0 x3 y* { 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + I4 J+ F7 H. O% ]) |; F9 ]. a 7 e" m9 W S3 C% H7 y" i7 f例如:! b) w: V6 b k4 l, w0 b% z7 [* N
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ! q6 n, ]! A1 j* e# _% `, A! g ) A4 u/ e$ h9 S. U, }Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! m9 C9 o$ }( j1 {6 I& C" l $ s* y) |" {8 { b0 u. }1 c# AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& x3 ?5 c/ t: _1 s. o v4 u
1 ?4 q+ [( c: U8 HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 J! a; D' @ S% y! O) t
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 X4 r7 _8 O: b6 v' e: N. L- K8 f/ m5 Y1 Y) X
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- Z3 j2 V- D0 W& E, |4 Y4 L& r
p: |" ^ D/ X l( T9 QCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " J/ f0 ~7 A3 T1 `9 l8 ]3 Q , [" }& F% G& ?' |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & T: a, B9 g$ c; u4 U# ]; c7 q) M$ u0 ]" n. j5 c
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% W, J% l- j0 d" i$ _; n
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 H2 o" J# H; W2 [* X0 t' c. j
/ K; ?- K4 G- a# ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# b+ I: R( e. F; M6 b+ G# Y
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( J- s G1 B: z2 |; G* Q7 t, v" n S. u- ~- J [0 P
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;9 |" C) J6 l% [& O$ j4 O
1 i- M) b6 L% O$ j对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* u# c$ O* S, Y# u3 ^! J2 C
/ }- v$ q0 V% m8 W3 z, U2 @至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:9 I6 [0 d5 K! j5 O) M
- l; p( a& }: B* I' X还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 K' q" G% R3 u3 j7 g) p8 d% r1 |+ j, W9 {6 E1 v
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / S! h9 G+ v( _2 z. g* `6 H