本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # O* e3 g. d; {2 \2 @. w0 P1 d5 o) O. h5 T' `7 g3 O 转帖 $ }; ]- z+ ~3 S" [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% |6 s! B+ e }% B- o
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " G' L& V5 a; a$ B H% v1 O# w# K. Y2 ]7 Y; o8 Q7 m
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) & c5 P( l) ~! b2 p" l# ^$ l5 ?" d & w( I) c: E0 L. e( G7 t% cThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 P& i: H- r/ F4 ~6 W R4 P, u: J. C3 CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 Q) c8 o" R9 E: G# f: p " j5 J# A' j1 X w. I1 F$ kI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% u% ]; z7 r' W3 r
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) B: s" p9 w o& o) p0 r: B8 I" r3 s
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 j9 ~3 a+ N, C2 p) O, v/ I. z x
& d! P" t7 i3 z# I1 XThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 A- i& `1 O; g2 I! D' X- F " x( p& Z/ S. e& y! b/ `We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- `9 v @$ _% O6 p
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' ]! p# E2 ?5 O, }- {
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' @" b6 P4 _" Q" S `( i7 a
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: T2 \& r: Z0 w2 F0 b$ l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 E' o0 K5 u9 M' T9 s y& ^' g, } M: J6 W; {, r% ]9 v/ W$ w
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1 @" K' u- z% [1 [5 Y; R) jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) z' N: M e$ s( ^ + O; a8 d3 s& G. JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 }: @5 k) q8 S! j& E0 ^! z
5 ^" e8 b* J- Y" yI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& i5 @/ r, x- ]3 _8 O
+ V3 \6 t0 ~; Z1 Z) MHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): Z0 f2 U4 B8 B- a# g
6 K: ?' ^$ r/ JIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 h: l3 Y" V0 S7 e9 `+ K0 Q0 l) Z, o9 |+ Q2 f/ d
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 q: x( F& V' I4 F2 a. p
5 v G$ N; D+ o; d7 _4 L9 ^+ B' W* HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! L3 ^" Q. _/ \9 C
' A- g/ W" m! a; ~* V. J( ~ a如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* ~* l# A8 Z9 w% v( r, o
% X# i" M" C2 L4 z% N MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 L8 y8 a( f7 o3 l3 e) G5 I& y2 ] ; c* j! ]% v3 bThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ i' `% q0 t, H/ H1 q' C8 ]# G
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; ^+ q1 E+ k' `0 ], j8 q4 I 5 p6 O4 z5 p& W) f1 k+ b# BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ b: \2 T: A8 ~" @; M , B( n9 b+ H$ e, ~5 r. Z( q! hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 X2 O+ ?9 J% j# @
8 Q- O o. p" l2 C1 q* y {$ vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% V) n+ ?) Z8 l' v
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 M' Y' h. p, F! u P9 K' I( L0 H6 N; S1 G6 s& [
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( O* n' g* [3 r4 ?* b: s( o. w* T8 L) l- o7 _+ @1 g% K6 x
7 n5 M) _( R* Y3 \4 b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . l6 g6 E9 q. u' ~' j# v& c# B8 `. U8 |% |3 b
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' ?1 a! \9 r) `3 D" q2 { % H% @" E0 {! a2 x8 UManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ y$ d# S& h- H' }" V% Z* j9 j: F3 [
( y& J# V" N3 t' N/ nThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * l: _, Y6 b# X8 Q! J * K4 G, t: f0 F: U( M, R! Y, WHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) Z& S8 t G. k7 u# E# V Z4 V
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( B3 O T5 |8 b" Q4 u8 @( R
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# j8 ]/ B- S( W& P& ]* G' k
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / a/ F+ Y* D3 s: h" D$ D7 ?5 m9 D( x8 k( t
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 n6 u( ~8 y/ O7 U1 S # A0 R% x& a: U* b% _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' L" f! r! p' [
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + q1 a9 q' s5 h1 ]1 y. G$ i ' ^" i( z, J1 y9 D7 W对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 E" o+ g3 h3 j+ n4 V1 P
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 1 G9 C# @! t1 ^" t " X8 |9 ?6 f/ J7 o/ K3 h$ e对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' H5 I' x7 ~- F7 W+ J6 D6 K
0 j$ \' k$ K. T' g, g# S1 [对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' l0 g h& ^" v! |( r* x' V, y9 ?2 M6 a& j V. Y8 _( O/ F9 p F( q( E
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * y- ]# f. W$ }' i1 N/ E2 Q* o7 x/ L& c* N4 |! v: ^+ q
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* u: M0 c9 z4 [* l
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; y8 v1 X' G. S. R( e! h' @