本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 `' w( R* q$ e
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ A+ T1 d1 Z$ Q5 T c! w" \, m! \
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 ?" O0 U8 h6 O1 F: W% B 0 [; I$ j4 ]: s4 P5 _' LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 V+ M! N. Q1 D7 l1 S
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / `( v' ?% T+ K _- V . r+ g( U9 u( W0 _4 _2 P2 rThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : S6 q: |; Q' M& y$ E/ J9 h ) @: B7 r5 w: R" \( r+ a+ }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 S9 @/ C M# |6 S2 ?$ y5 O& R. l3 l$ r
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' D: r, C7 h U( F* g' M" ^" O+ q# T% ?: V
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! M1 S0 i7 R* L4 J0 @
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); j5 X. ?% P: _! O
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " S6 `5 l+ s( ~4 g4 U1 A+ k ' O9 W4 s4 s* I$ F" Y% dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / ^4 y) B- R$ J2 C2 b2 a- [8 J 2 F, I6 S5 ~% a ?# r1 @- f m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' d2 i, M/ d2 H : C z- @1 x9 f8 T . H; s, ~+ f1 M( u v2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 F: ?8 [3 a9 } S' _; | Q2 k6 j. u0 n" N0 }例如: * m% c0 n0 ]0 e% J" y7 T' g % a# ~# B. `3 f! ?6 v& JAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " \6 t/ d% t. Q) @2 p" N' c9 W( ?! E1 U% A; ]
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); d) V% S+ @# M) g8 E/ T1 p
* M8 J9 O- ?7 S3 l3 y+ FI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 |( H* w5 y+ W8 M5 L6 l F% H) f! H
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * s( S0 w, }! W$ ~3 C+ \2 x5 t% [
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& m. x; k6 l1 z; |+ G
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' d! ?1 N& Y9 w* x + \8 m3 N$ V3 g% p9 r3 N1 xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' y, B, d0 a- s0 l" F* [( K
# y( J: X W* d5 d如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / f8 ]& W5 T# M' q& A0 r3 J( ?/ r: s6 U1 v
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) |# [7 x/ v* a3 c. F, ` 2 @1 y4 i+ T7 d$ G. k! M( |% fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) n* P+ X$ m& k) P$ i0 | % ] C" D. S6 G4 D7 P. ^He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ k+ s1 \, {, N# y* d* n! u
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 4 t6 c# ^% w7 q! V! h 6 \( O; I; F; OWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 z5 o# ~, p: o) r9 O) ^' B$ w
; l, b1 w \6 ^, _" j" Q0 e SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- ?1 [: v' Y8 A; |
( ]& t) R- ]9 g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 S H6 A6 ]) B9 t2 W4 \# `( P( Y. n7 P4 C) D$ Q
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ }& H) }3 }3 R2 }
; n: ^7 S6 W# X: \# v . `% h. a3 i3 _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: p3 t3 c8 R. ]- I( x0 K5 T5 l* H2 [
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例如: 5 a$ `# w/ s" u- k- ]+ S ) A" h2 x: V. }5 m8 z9 qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; }- ^" J0 W: D o2 n. w% N) a7 X6 |1 B# K, g
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' k1 @8 T6 U w' o; u, v: _
7 n' r% K" O% i) C' [. |This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - d; `& ~+ [2 C2 y& k* o/ }6 c' [/ r- x
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 F8 j# d- f& `7 L+ `" J: R 5 Z% e! s. s* i. u6 A- l0 [/ XMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # V. J( b ^! d* p ( e0 v! w- J7 h' k; HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 h1 b$ {/ S8 _ i J
* a4 r: \1 w z; ECongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . U) s+ {* W' X! z0 R , `5 ]0 l6 w5 @' mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; z, H; Z' q4 ^9 U: v4 U5 m6 A& j6 ~; e0 A. E; K
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' F4 y( T) ]2 K+ e; |
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" o2 j$ _* T Q8 z
/ _) B4 f& K$ E; g# [: n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; o+ B. n3 j; z. B : s: P& q# k7 b0 Y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 n* L4 N0 R$ i( R( `( T$ z
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) t- s: }; Z$ V2 I+ M+ N3 i, [* K3 J6 p$ G2 [# ^' O: H1 h: T
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: O, T: p5 C; [( D