本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * R( i3 ^! ^# P3 @, @; k 8 J4 o) p# i% g$ Z5 {7 s* W$ C转帖 ) |7 K n* C0 r4 o3 k, S0 `1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' e4 H0 x0 ?, M : w2 h9 T. c9 H例如: 4 r4 Y! J4 L3 z2 l. ^2 {7 y6 k$ ~5 L8 b/ W/ S
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 x! k' F% k n* v+ D% D! q 1 ~, g. |3 \" y& O1 d3 aThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 m& q* G$ ^5 m) s7 H9 ~) c
9 J) }0 \9 P) h7 o% s+ U, xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 e* U0 G: u( I+ C
) J! }; v; B- } CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ U; A; I! q w4 x6 L" s& H- n! u. O
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# z4 u: P) g7 F& z1 O) L: n
! Z2 k3 G0 K+ y; ZMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 ~1 m+ c+ C; i+ E% ^) |# w' y/ ]5 u
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 Q4 r; b: [) D. W
6 U8 s. J2 ^- m$ {3 q9 r! E. K5 RThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( f/ p- s& ]( H4 t1 E, z$ e$ d
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & h& ]$ s1 M# _ A v# ]4 s% `- q- ^% C" w' p4 R& rPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# Q# ]" Z; a+ _2 J3 i
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 7 A! y/ Y' A$ P/ J8 ]4 c, v; ^/ _ 6 L2 P* b; V, B# b 1 l( f& X) f4 P+ T2 @ X m2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) K2 U) U$ X% ]8 \% V - e0 b9 ~& z& o! {5 J7 t5 z例如:+ G$ K* _! y9 e) D
' ~; W! }! u- G) r: v6 k( B0 sAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) k6 k# r F5 f( C+ J( T. {* m6 T 7 L( h7 h. h- ~1 G( d6 BDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( e) G! [% M1 [ / o4 _7 J) S- G& M# a& HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * y( L) t$ O9 q 7 v" m4 j1 b0 Y- D& g: G7 K' wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 h1 K" X0 ]! H0 P$ G) r' o3 y) b
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 A" m, K3 R& R8 V6 k; Y- d : K, i" c& r5 g7 r8 N! r4 q, SShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 Y" C) R- V8 K: T/ B- r* \
/ R4 T$ r( y4 Z8 nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; }" r0 a, c3 J8 U1 O 9 w; ~+ q: m! a- W# o/ J+ n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 q+ F/ Y% }/ g5 I8 ]
/ S$ K1 @) _8 y' \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 f; o* p, e# y* M0 s7 \* D7 z' ]0 p* c- Y9 Y$ ^ L% L5 ?7 m, E
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( r( W: H$ h/ ]) J4 L8 T9 u( u9 r$ r7 |$ c
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)$ D) g. [/ R; X* }, g
9 k# \+ Y; H! {6 l4 c: M- ~5 ^He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 s4 f! ?6 P) t/ ?4 P+ { $ ?6 y; K3 g9 e; W* UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " K) r( {: j5 a2 S. H% v! ^5 d P0 O- k4 v
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / j7 e! T9 i1 t: M/ X' `0 Z: F2 v6 E! Z+ C
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ J1 b" T' Z3 Q9 l0 _) k
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# \ W0 K7 r9 [0 Z" I3 Y
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* z9 h$ a( y& ~! T% G" Q8 T7 EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; c. X: C6 T+ b5 U, t6 J' f6 c * F# r% M3 w/ Q% y% QManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - T- V) w0 Z) J% r 1 K( S! P2 I% O* A, `7 z, A+ rThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 U( J, r/ A p' @1 Y2 }
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' h0 V b3 g; \7 z
* j; _* C$ _& L2 ]" M0 [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% _6 {6 e, } `7 A8 u/ {' b8 J ?
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% h) L8 t" k( `# {$ h
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " H# W3 S: C# N2 k. L" s, e; ^8 [+ Q' d" y' ~+ u
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' ]3 B( @/ Q) _
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , `7 g. U1 Y% R1 K* k# o9 T% z' _ ( u( J9 r0 M7 b1 M! g. Z% R当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 O: m6 I7 A# L, R 6 _# D W) I" ?' y. R; r- Q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;, x; O7 @: p% v* H2 M$ Q
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / A( @5 D/ |+ c' d1 e% N j# g( E: |9 y( A9 j7 j: l/ Z0 Q: @
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , O N$ v( R& U. r8 F 6 q' L( J# ~& V6 H8 g对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 D- t- r$ h" f# p! {* s* @ 0 u5 D5 B4 x# |- |! r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / o- J2 I6 @; b5 @1 } - U" P6 b" \2 k; e# Z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( W6 v2 \+ C3 z. ]6 J2 ` . L1 W, a4 n: S1 w" G# b有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 |" c8 Z4 f$ F9 _/ N7 i