本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : M& O) n5 E7 _1 V1 j* Q& D* t3 @/ U- k$ T9 w Z) W/ D6 x! i: F 转帖$ o( x/ F; S( z+ ~1 o9 X3 j9 E
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 s4 G, u* @1 W5 e/ ]% }( ?7 B: N1 v" W. D3 n1 e/ e u4 i' ^, C
例如: # L& f6 t+ v$ c# ?6 W. Y # Q) V/ P: [7 k3 |7 Q# r, zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 a8 G6 F) x$ d
% u+ g y/ S/ {3 d1 J) Q2 H
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 J" A) ]9 V* b4 J3 R9 ^: V9 ]3 ]$ i
- U6 l# Q& S( [/ j+ G' jThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& \: i5 B3 H) h) @6 t2 |
' b5 Q" ]" Y& h0 R( ?
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + `8 U' ^ ?/ S, p 8 U& y" |) E5 o3 |9 l0 D% sI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 ]- t: H5 n# n! n" Q, P) z- E
# A, W4 y; @2 e1 ?% y' r
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 s" ^& Y2 p8 u( F8 m+ x( z- b
/ A6 z \* ]8 C3 T D
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- E% ]9 A. a# ^% |$ S( |
: t! J8 h) k! p* Q/ A' S2 k( x8 D0 N
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ V9 G8 R8 A+ V; t" g/ @
: n% f* R& R+ v% d" Z" O
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)( i; H+ N" i* A3 |0 [3 f
- O# V, m) k+ }9 z0 U8 N3 m
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; B2 L1 h2 g) O- X, m5 y " r5 C. x9 R B: w这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 c6 Y* @/ Z+ W1 f& V- m3 b
7 p: o. n9 Y( t0 E2 L# |6 P1 `& Y2 Y1 H+ | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- t" C2 i8 Q" z: _
5 m( T, }0 V% G. @
例如:/ w* o' m. H3 |
! c$ M( C: [+ ]6 d& dAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). m& X5 i1 m1 b; p' h- G
8 x0 q6 l) \+ n& J* k* J; iDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 \9 E, O/ q6 G; O
]6 Q# e" M. b; Z% p+ }+ i9 R! F
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 G! ~$ N( B2 V3 l1 x3 B; Y, t4 r3 @% y" e
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) # _: I# K) l+ i! C9 ^" Q ' a" e, I) E( }. \: W c+ BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' l) z0 ^/ s o* L7 z5 y# R; Y |* v& ^+ L4 k! M5 `
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ j# X+ y! ~" f
$ L1 v. q( ?+ k" H, l+ i8 xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 T! e. [' ]. A% j/ g( I' h8 F) R0 ^% X8 ?$ ]$ {( {1 j
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; P! _" M8 S& \3 g) ?% @3 e/ | - b& d/ K% S0 IThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! S# b9 a' W$ `6 x
+ o$ H3 e# ?) N% y Q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 j" N/ I- s4 I% \8 R8 ^8 f 8 ?4 a( n, e3 g- ]' HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) }7 q/ ~+ r- N7 f7 { % B& T( U! A# V2 K5 E% NHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . F9 s: S: x' u. k- u# d5 Y/ Y- E, r5 p: B
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; h1 ]6 Y* n+ a& m. @" `) W: V5 J& ]7 G# g1 Z8 X
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 g; }3 T7 l: t
& w ]" Y9 q8 E3 \! f% H
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- r; z' d) E: L" s" N2 R! \3 s1 l
& v: D2 ^8 I2 L) y9 q; W$ |
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! i1 U; k% B3 n0 c; g, M ; \8 d" E0 X* T8 f8 y3 ^! M) [5 h/ R 2 l6 ~/ F# |8 n0 J" l. N0 |# H3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 f' v3 w( C* ]8 X/ a+ } Z' D
2 \6 I! v. I( W1 I. m. v( I
例如:0 H6 [% F& m3 i9 p( d# I2 T
+ ~1 w" [- u& e8 ]! U; [( w
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 k+ U( O# q7 r9 g# q 9 U) W' Z0 L& L2 Y( t: C4 pManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 p# O* n; \2 t8 Z. e" g+ ?8 n, H3 H' [# b5 z& M8 A: b
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( N) n$ B0 I" \3 X7 S" ^: ?& {1 b+ m. x' m4 T
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ g% b& X3 N5 I& P& I
& C! h. w+ z$ j* d1 _' EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* G% j+ S5 e& d9 `
& u! b, y2 |: b3 l
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 ~% I0 Y7 o! N' V 2 h# d6 o7 a# S: mCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % F W; f7 F$ }$ h1 B" @& M5 Z' S4 ~2 y2 O1 ^ |3 g! s
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 f, B B p/ x" f& p7 l
' p w6 @( w+ V" y7 S* M9 I& x
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 @6 i6 @4 L$ s9 J
' E! o v r- U! S3 L. L当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* w: ^2 |4 g7 f* R: I
9 o' x; B6 @. L0 u
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% Z: U( L! F' q# f( b
. y; ?3 W4 U* k' |* h. L& x# u对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 I% O1 ?! R) K) D7 x% N0 G / o; ~ o2 ]! p& {3 Y8 d! L6 z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- K8 F3 ?" C& @' I
, u+ Z1 n0 ]! @$ y6 E T, k
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ e; o9 M/ ]' I. V. `0 X. T $ n" v* T3 Z0 c* i至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 W! W! r7 ?/ `6 `" [' T0 {) \4 j/ b; _# Z
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; v. p6 t! G. u( G. C1 y7 z" n, x6 m5 P
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 ^& S3 B, \- g: K4 ?& U1 M4 N