本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - h) R/ f+ K ]! x* D6 g; d$ |5 s 8 @1 E& c# |# q/ h/ Q3 T# Z. y转帖4 I9 u7 x1 A$ }; p0 z2 `: H- M
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 |- P5 z3 d9 ]# N# l9 ~7 P) ~! r- z' M. M. q
例如: & \0 @4 o! N$ R1 F0 |& e- q/ C! [# C, y1 X. C
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 }0 b$ n" |2 a
% h" I: y* s- ?4 s9 Y% \
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; i* l' m4 Z5 L2 z' D+ R; Z- U3 p2 X3 x2 {9 O* Z0 ^7 l& l
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 \2 d, c$ Q# O
$ |4 ~3 ^2 R. [ P& T' `2 r$ u
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / {' V/ n @. P4 m$ j- d. L! W8 b% L6 D0 b4 V: G$ u
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) B0 F! a6 x3 F" d' J/ p! q ( T- m- |& @: z( c2 ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " c3 _& l" x; T$ B/ [( O8 \" ` 5 \4 V8 E, B7 U/ k9 ]% DWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 w6 u) \6 D9 ?3 }: o- i2 m- s$ Y2 [9 v' d. i0 D0 z
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & \) \" z. @' H4 Y) F( c& d" }/ i : S6 P! q6 Z; Z" u) T7 r- a1 DWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + X% l- Q9 {3 @( E0 h$ x) P 5 D' |! V* |6 b$ E6 P3 [1 q6 I1 }, oPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- l$ \+ \& T7 R% N
; O. y6 W8 w5 \5 o这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: ]2 B( I% M5 V* {5 \! s7 f
/ @# D, Y# J" |0 P% y: ]# j6 p
. a0 v9 l! x1 n# |. w2 e2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & {0 M; n* k( r, w# b, S1 ~0 h; A1 {) B( B# ]9 ]3 w7 B5 I
例如:* z3 V4 z4 B8 ]" L1 X; d2 i* X. e7 F
7 A9 ~- K- S! a! T
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , Y$ M9 F+ j- L + x: x$ A+ K$ p. F, U4 ]5 IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : j" x" l1 O* o' m) |) E4 w( Y4 [* ^; {- y# x: e
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * k5 z: X" f9 G9 P2 j/ A* F 0 z0 q! Q7 A; z& p* t4 c( Z9 N) JHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ ^# N$ t8 ? d1 t
7 ~" `6 O) L9 G9 MIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* T+ F2 M2 C6 f( |. |0 U
# g! p! s) e0 M8 `4 DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) `; W; u5 Y5 O' ?) m J% s6 J+ L( i4 {- ^
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 P$ r1 v# |9 |& s' z 1 G2 H8 U; E) Q4 c; V( Q7 x如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( Z' U4 J# @% f+ z
" s; ]4 t2 x. B9 [
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 e, a3 ~3 F) d3 L: K2 x4 v8 y2 Y( p# M" l8 I( G
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) G0 B# c7 X0 d& j) R+ i0 g ) `$ G- c) Y; j& w" AHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 h+ l" h. c; n6 ^2 y$ t8 Z2 _
2 o& x& @1 F4 l3 Z7 jHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 O- p" g+ h# |2 b: N- n3 S/ j
1 x B, W" _) N3 ~3 |4 u& z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). T( _/ S5 h7 |+ ]: i; X
, D4 l) N" W; J7 \ I9 wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ C8 v9 ~2 {# J# o/ D" K ^# e
$ i% T, J$ [, D* k( k! [1 H5 `
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' K- O/ I# y) [* M1 Z7 f; ?& T& E4 e4 R
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ n1 x, q3 O2 c; H6 m( |; \
4 Z) n3 ]' M4 Q. |. \6 \4 o, [
' O# X0 E: {: Q- g$ @$ N3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : ]' G9 n0 J! a4 K % `/ J1 c6 P/ f3 K; h例如:# ?5 l/ d/ D8 F6 B
" z6 C6 ?/ ^3 X |8 u
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) q* Y; ~2 L) n8 A: g f ' u' m; t% F( `# y; P* I6 s5 L" hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% m0 }' s! z; |7 v
N N# ^, ~6 n1 TThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 P& G8 q" J d" s& } G5 [# F1 K% N1 h6 Z! V$ p N
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - B5 Q, u) _# f8 ~' Q0 j, X; m' {2 G' d. n2 h3 N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! A- C3 v6 _+ z+ {; J
( j U+ S& B9 z% D7 |2 l0 k
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 C( J3 [( t: [. W f& d& Q3 S* D0 P0 m0 ^4 E1 k d! M
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), F3 W+ p6 E3 G0 e% {9 B
5 C' J9 h* _) G7 E# b% T- w @Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 X% m$ c( D( {( K0 B9 Q. v
- _! M; e" P6 R; ` P" H
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' C. v8 v+ k, X+ T' W& V; L r& M0 a/ F: ? ^
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( w2 G# s f: N0 X' Z 8 Q# x& G; m' i7 [ f$ c( F7 U, P( c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ R! G# k; j: u1 {& w$ m8 x$ H9 D
4 A; ]- q# |5 ?" U+ r
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, @7 p$ l7 B/ q5 P+ V- j% V# ?
: `( g( z y6 }% t H s对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. R/ h: z, i$ r8 f6 ^: V
' m& t1 W! m( \ w对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ W+ T& }" Q- a) p E. D/ S2 _
+ ]4 d* p+ q% e7 M0 n0 i) Z4 f
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, D$ @# ?! o& R
F# N& b) e& _4 F' l0 p3 Y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # v3 {/ E+ o: @5 g' W: }& h# P& |) h9 V2 N/ s* M ^. u l" b! p
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; X$ v) B! S( A% l- a K