本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! \; i/ ^* r9 h. W# L4 {+ D+ o ' K% o/ t( Q1 Q转帖& ]( x7 I0 G% y0 e
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * P6 x0 k1 _& F( j- `' p% C1 w
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % m, ^ h m4 k# | 3 `6 ~; D) |$ X. G8 D' t( w) ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 E- F7 h; v4 I; |; X9 L" y
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): h8 n* B) C" }' F9 C; o9 g- c
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" R3 _ i8 T* P5 P
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 y) {1 D( V( t6 r) n: w" p
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! b1 R) J5 f. u M. E
4 @8 ]5 n9 v% w+ ?# zWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 W! x o6 [) l+ s: R' O0 y ; N5 t6 ~3 _) V7 M# w+ f, q* Y6 oThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): b1 h& i* g0 m
$ ]: S4 R9 _# B* @0 E- p9 c! ?We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- L- K7 \6 \- w, |% L9 @6 A: F1 Y' P
/ S+ @7 ~6 W* S. r$ Q" D8 jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) V" r c2 t; K+ h
) ~. B" R0 E. y0 O* N$ r这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( H4 b5 W& x3 M2 k+ p- R; l! P' m5 | U8 M% i3 j* K9 n3 b" h4 ?
- h, w y4 \* @0 I) Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& C5 K9 n L: z
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 n, I+ M! i' W2 P& b# U- s+ G
, @5 j- u G$ ^; e9 rDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + m- E, ^- Z( G' k: [8 j/ M# X+ ]" J. C$ J* H i; d
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 Z) f' ]7 t; y, B2 b0 K
; Z* J( C* Y. e' o3 i" a1 kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' N9 `! f5 y9 o4 P
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - d7 x" g; k2 K! Q : }1 T3 V1 W1 ^& Q* {She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # H( N% U( F" T% i # i: D' [9 q- \3 e: ~: K5 RI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* o3 s9 o$ `' t4 x# T' y
* |# C; w% ?2 X2 ?如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 \4 P) L: [5 E# x
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 J+ B! p) ?# q8 m2 y" D6 t
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ S) p4 H5 T( f) f3 i/ U) h- L/ Q5 i9 c% D
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " {5 h% s4 a0 \ B# l) K$ ?- w- `8 P& q( M9 T: t+ a9 T1 d
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) v6 w) `& I5 O0 D* r$ y
7 _. v- k& y. O) N6 i5 iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" r, d/ g, p ^- r/ i* I
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + Y4 t+ y { N4 @+ ^* k; j1 `% I . B8 `; ~( p+ }- v. v写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 j+ n- E: F7 X D7 n6 M ; P: r! h0 N. x. H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 m/ T$ m# i+ W
9 m9 x5 A) [+ s% z. J% X5 @2 L9 [9 w# M6 @, q6 w0 `4 i4 [( I 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! m% p2 f; I: A8 x' a3 s" b( H
9 f5 q+ k. A1 p$ b% c例如: & c- _ \8 d5 K1 n& y% X ]: l* W0 V }6 U6 C2 @+ P
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - b2 q" j* F+ f' u2 O( U% P7 v7 e8 v) |3 A
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 R% y7 B6 ^, l) [ m7 x3 f& q
" i$ s+ u# g! {2 m% x; aThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( @- {; H) V, B! q: W8 P0 B; [
9 V. |& A! ?$ Z4 X/ h( O) THe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % c1 G4 [8 j' P& k% i8 w+ j6 u) J1 }: r
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - C( t# q. V$ U! p% N# `9 D0 t% c9 B/ E; c6 h* S
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 @! a1 K8 M/ {# B3 p
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 ^1 ?5 N) g# ?$ V) T# ] ! ], K; w1 V* [Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 G. G5 s1 a4 S8 ?! _+ ]. N) Q, K* O. B+ g- c" g- @
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - ]2 g' d; m" y- O. M6 w# R/ S) { V" J+ `
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! O( b3 j+ Y& I 5 f4 [- p+ J- S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - {2 N) R: I# F- I9 \/ i 1 C1 X* V9 I+ N- B8 W4 ~对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 C: g) _+ h( X' z % ?6 M8 `* h7 o2 a6 U6 b5 x7 F对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" H5 U3 ]" s9 c9 f7 n
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + q( g/ A3 N) g4 c3 E # ?# {! L, @7 c4 R5 D' s0 @1 j至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) r& l! A2 A) W" d' T6 n
6 _: x0 R0 Y/ ~6 ^- Y% O" H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , i5 e& V: e! z; e1 [3 ?4 R& R. i$ K3 ?* f% p4 f) n, g! p# L" f$ @8 m
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% u. v: A' w$ S0 g8 N; J