$ B4 f) t$ |# G+ |9 ^2 Y) k6 ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): s* P l/ f% }0 H" S. J
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' A- }5 ^6 S. k# g) j 8 L% {4 |+ t6 q( kThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . U. e! U' o) v$ h1 e1 } 6 Q! X9 D- `6 R; ]0 ]- j- kThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( B& _+ A/ F5 L- z u/ H
( Q" B' A- G4 i1 P; i2 XI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! A) D- l0 ~# {& ~0 |, L- S6 i" H: D- W7 H
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " r- x0 `/ P: d+ q: p; X9 R3 P4 `3 {5 N# {
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) k* |, E9 h0 U; q+ c0 O
, @, s' ?+ e# Z/ b; s. W* B5 Z8 nThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 ?% S7 d; G* v7 k . l/ I, x8 \ ^# m1 SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 \. k; F) a' Z- f' b) u
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 w4 m. z! m2 p( X" u+ B/ x$ U& S& [, b
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 V" ~2 q5 K5 l. y T* T! d- S
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- B/ L5 g0 _5 p$ I& \& n 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 b% d4 `, N6 n- z- D+ b8 N& g; i3 _* ]' X3 r1 v
例如: $ [6 [3 ~* p I+ I7 K# p1 h; [2 [0 J+ h, }3 W' G( ]
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 Y& L" R6 q1 o. S+ k. s4 z3 E/ m7 `9 ^ 0 l- L# a% v# E6 Z' JDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " |9 w' y7 O% B+ y* g " S8 y% h: v- Y JI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! N2 n u, _% ^1 o( t% n z2 |" @) r
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) M2 e+ ]3 c$ w; s- Y! j! Y1 V3 Z9 R; d
% p1 [6 r/ D- R b# S& r u; |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / T% F* j) ]% K9 t; s0 Y" n6 |. ?9 q; h9 l) P4 y
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 x; O1 ]4 d: ~9 ^, `' q/ I
& p0 z5 ^/ v) R, R2 e9 PI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - k$ \& e- T6 U- X% g. s- V; d: c7 E# I! B5 Q6 P7 A; D& N
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) Q+ t, g/ T$ B4 F- [/ j# r- h5 f/ \- Y; F& g+ K; p
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) o# R# E; G- I2 f& H) }# Z , T# ~, n. M: s( m. d1 JThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 B* R! P0 O# \8 \4 c% L' s2 e
, Y3 V& G# t6 M& w! Y' k4 jHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( B- u+ k; p1 e. N5 P
% [5 F( B. T5 b4 M' B! QHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ t; h5 q- ~7 B& }* m" x" Y; G6 n" O8 ^0 h" m, z4 Z4 I
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / a4 t4 R @4 V b 3 k- W" Y2 G, H7 aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 b% ]+ o% `6 Y. }$ F0 _; W/ u
' b# F& B7 e/ u2 Z' T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * q' T3 c4 L7 l- E 7 X" O! f8 Z- u+ D2 k此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 M4 n4 ]* P. ?7 _, l# V5 b w5 T8 `+ v1 e& ^" ^( s
( t/ U2 P6 W: V$ c6 v. v @7 H 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' S" S' z+ V0 O$ P& R: Q# L
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! |1 J, r; \+ lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' ~3 |& g! J l7 E+ P- }4 O9 h
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . @# c2 U/ d1 U7 e) }- ? 6 c F4 M4 p4 u$ g' ]$ PThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)* w7 L( F" q2 B; p7 m" |3 o# Z( h: L
1 `! l( y3 X3 w9 C, |8 ~He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" Q- f3 i8 X9 O, }' B5 h, ?) }5 U
2 N7 n, S3 j5 H- CMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 }+ b& ^/ J( b
+ {2 S4 D6 e( U) w6 Z1 y, v+ iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 _. Y* `5 H$ v" g$ W; z 6 R1 {. Q- R' y& ~Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # G5 T& G1 X. ^/ x ( C n# E, q1 E: G, }/ p) T3 e0 dStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' H6 r) T. t: k( S Q
0 \. e4 Y$ ?: H4 n" C+ b% p1 p0 o同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 e% b9 x) G0 ?- l. U7 O - O8 c. q' t! d0 F6 q' Q5 X当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 M4 s6 P; B9 P8 _7 P4 O / R7 a, H5 j2 y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; h; X- o, e C) ]% `% g1 W4 ]8 f , V: \4 g* M7 r. {$ y$ d. ~6 f对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . R8 T) @! I. W( m) U6 x* q' S/ v9 }3 Q- G8 I
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! F4 ^" b) T# U- @: Z( `- |# J: e 5 e6 H! U/ E1 m% F# d对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;6 u. _" Q7 F: ^9 ?8 V
* `( a- U% z3 z) r1 j& s至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 ^+ m: p& i. G" v
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / k2 X: x8 |3 P; O: U2 n5 m; @3 i 6 b, E% I. }8 t: ?有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 B* I+ s" X B+ g) }* C Z6 f