本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 Q4 J# e- G# M: S
2 Z y8 _2 Y2 u) f& W转帖 * F3 P: t3 r3 e8 J1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)' Z- z2 j2 i% b- g K' d! _' U' i
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例如:9 N) \- Z9 \ W ^, E" ^7 k3 ~
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 F/ i& n7 n z* }7 P; T6 e, p2 H C& w% I& \+ l/ J
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); l8 T: P& q, t
0 B. \; T. [* B! l9 z& X+ bThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( {; _' f) _( d& N: B. `) b0 l, }
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 Y. I0 a, p, p2 p+ R& E6 ?
1 _* O9 u- V8 S* L( G& T" TI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 t6 f2 Y; ^0 N7 F
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 u9 r8 p5 K: K- A
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 _( b. @; l& U6 D1 I . N' \7 H6 p5 h4 d$ N; \ k) BThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), I/ n& h$ _4 A8 h( j" q
1 X1 K% r9 M; E3 ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + {4 h8 G m) @9 H- ]1 k # h) E" s2 M; G4 `. y8 a* sPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 ~$ c/ h- L+ z; x) R0 n% h, C s4 ]9 l V% ?
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( q6 o h" A( p/ @
& N2 L4 ?' D6 `, b" H4 Y5 r7 {+ F$ r4 c! y% x 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # J( G& B1 S7 ?6 ^$ s7 a) J) `- G' X( H' I* U9 t* v' v+ x5 u
例如: ' i# q ~+ l- K$ e' T/ q c3 t2 X 7 r5 g' C3 l' ~2 V' H# g8 jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' @- S* A5 @, I) l5 M; [) X3 @/ j) M1 {3 {2 ^
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 n* F5 O g7 h- d
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - W6 T; p8 a2 ]+ r" s9 s1 d1 l, P0 {3 D A: D
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 Q- P; y% {/ n0 o
9 Z" D. @1 [/ m' m6 J4 HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% i( a5 ?# ?5 q$ X/ y& [& z
. E! }3 P) |* A$ \She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & u& T4 S' V5 f+ U9 C; A3 g3 a; `! @& E# V a. o* z
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 p/ R, K$ ~3 m7 i- Q/ F/ D$ E% g0 D
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 p7 A/ s( k) b8 f6 }1 P# c, k9 V & e& l0 u# w+ l3 ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 {# E( x# o* n X0 A; ]6 E. K. u: ]. t4 }! \& k
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 D' {1 P% f+ t5 a, W. h- p5 J4 l o5 x; o8 I- Y/ ` D. l. X: M
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) Y4 f( C& g* `! U3 M
4 A% l& l0 J7 J+ O8 n9 `! EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 S9 V: s, L' Z" P 1 q9 {4 E, W' K5 S+ |" uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 V4 h I* a' f' P8 M3 a ) G6 B4 E9 L. lEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) w" m) s: X& U4 B
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 u/ @5 L2 }5 E/ \% \' L8 H4 ~" H' w
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! O! q" h! c$ q- ], m# @0 X! h6 n5 l, {& _5 Q8 u3 l' k
1 \; ^1 W( @, f( h( ^5 _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . ~$ T4 O- N6 w6 ] # S3 P2 @2 v& p例如: 6 W4 L% ^9 t0 y T 6 { H4 ?0 B e" s& jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 h# [1 d, N# C7 P6 G0 f' W: u& e3 R6 H: g, ?
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 I* e7 P3 h- L) }9 Q% x
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) D+ t& A: w9 [' C
, _% z% Y) z1 d( mHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' _+ x# v. Y# E' r6 M
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 J9 o) g/ \6 f/ B- \4 B
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 K4 I! e( g* P, q6 g
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 B) s' n* v( Y" x( T9 [$ {$ i
+ n* ?2 A' ?. T# Q# U LStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 Y& a0 h: x0 v0 ~1 W( [, d6 k7 j& N: ]
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # T! S; \" w+ X0 `) G1 d" J; I$ a) G# C4 Q5 B# g' b# f
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / }2 P6 ^, ^( c8 Z 4 S! b! e0 N8 E- U1 Z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;9 A3 f/ C, [5 q% a$ v" k5 [. T4 Z: S
4 f& B5 {! I" ^* z e1 c对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 A) _+ K. Y# h- m$ i! G% ~4 s4 l4 H
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 i5 O' f' R* E. V, |9 C 1 K3 j1 d0 {& c3 g; K2 z对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" q$ t2 o! S0 q5 f$ {3 ]! @
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( k5 E; ^! K: J! L: P* P
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- \% }0 [6 n% `3 h/ k
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 N6 ~ @+ j, \4 R T) ], I