本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 n7 O/ \: D2 O- Y* V+ G: C5 O- w6 H5 D% k 转帖- f5 F; ?6 j# c+ k2 G: U
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - r, u6 m* ]) ~" R* X$ {% f# b1 B% E* C6 ?8 r& f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 O. h. X" ^/ T( C 9 N4 T3 k8 @" {8 m3 hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 T. \' G9 E( s/ P 7 i* F. M3 A5 zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 G$ l" \8 {5 H6 T6 _
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 L( y. E& b* @. T0 R+ D' L
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 ~, U6 H+ F: P& r, W# `- ^! n& _( Y# F/ j! t
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 }: T2 J$ @" U" p3 N/ s4 ?' H5 u5 ?6 V/ B' c v4 \4 M
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ F: i: I; C* ]0 a0 C0 d
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 g* e7 R& {2 r7 y. D3 Z( y# V3 O
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 B7 Z! K& i* X/ g. C M p! I6 d* I" w8 f/ Z) O: dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 I9 s& L K5 Q+ g8 R" |! \$ {
9 L( X) r; e/ `" q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# @! Z0 U8 z) u) {1 v
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8 Z% l" H- m, c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% j+ g Y X j1 o5 I
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 W- E$ d9 m, o; p
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( j( T! M' |8 J+ p
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 H5 s' i+ R, C: U1 j 6 W9 e& m5 P2 h0 f3 {1 [- G6 FHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " K2 g8 g4 q8 _! o& x ' t7 \4 n$ g) u( K! S1 RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 }& d' F( ]2 X3 r' m) W
" `# g% o2 Q4 v7 F+ g# a- QShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + b0 }* W7 }. H3 h7 W9 B6 J# _5 @: a$ s
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 I1 @! n* O3 r/ Z) g
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 j. I* ?; F! v; |; s) I. B
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 m2 e; D3 T2 \* L5 ^3 o, q* R
- l4 Z8 ?1 [5 SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) }; _( d: Q1 d3 a" S" M6 h 3 L/ n8 D7 [) WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): S7 d% R! z4 \; {- E$ c- M
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , n- e) h6 E/ s/ k" O3 Z7 O/ s A! |+ [$ w" p- B+ o4 N! PWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , E$ u7 {& h$ W4 x4 @ e0 v' m4 b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 R6 z" v% F9 b; t
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& _( i9 s0 h5 j/ U! s
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 M/ E$ Y4 i2 o- N! _ 3 M3 M1 n* e$ S# N1 u5 H m , T6 O7 ~7 T4 [3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: R3 h7 |: ~/ h; K- V
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . ]$ b! W( D' e) Z; T \8 Z$ H! d* y2 o H0 l# r9 x
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) {6 i( X. L6 a2 z' J
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- z6 ]. I* I% x4 W- j
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , c1 m0 Z$ S# r3 T7 C ' p2 A# n0 A. {+ N3 s, ]Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" c2 u3 K* ^+ P0 b
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); g2 X* _9 Y0 x/ b4 t( ~/ k
n. O+ u! j& d: t6 ^Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): L* w" g' Q* r5 p) W! H/ [7 p
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! y3 l- ~( {! {0 |! K# x5 [7 l) }
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * |1 [; i Q$ r , g$ `( a6 ?$ `/ V+ f5 y3 ?0 V当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 r2 E2 L2 \% h |0 t/ ?1 F( O 9 P$ |0 Q8 K' K/ M6 _/ L9 X+ q3 Z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( i' F$ G3 X" Z9 V0 T9 K2 I1 p: N" [6 p1 S# u
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * T# j- t- ?: N- `( ` ) F% u' Z' p: D( g1 x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 [2 H8 h. H2 h0 ~4 p9 m" R) p; I1 M9 K, U K0 Y/ z8 s
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 O2 {' K9 s# T5 O( X' v |( F7 E! Y8 _7 o; u
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 O1 H" h3 v1 c; H
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* g$ ?& D/ b5 r5 |
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / d) N S- R Y6 K& x