本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & A' z9 U' m% U7 F2 c0 Z0 j3 e7 O% Z' P$ v7 R* p 转帖3 [5 \+ W* v' u/ R
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* w( a; S/ Y% l$ m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' @- l* e9 c0 y! V 9 Y1 T2 L6 U# o3 n0 Q3 fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 Q! F/ ~( \! l; ]" D6 [3 `
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) z( k$ h5 Q+ p3 h! t
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 u" o8 m) m5 o 4 p5 `! O D6 L; `' T$ T2 fI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)/ ^7 `0 K, M* \; r( i8 M' I
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 o" y7 y* K, H' q W: g( F# p0 g; Q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + W6 J) W9 R, y. O& f. e' o 6 F* o6 V; }" D% Q$ @7 B/ YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 A8 ~/ ?. [0 u8 E: I$ h, w ( u7 F1 R9 h2 ^' yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , k& Z7 p1 {' R, {9 H # O$ b* N/ z1 {0 b/ mPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ ?( |2 w% U4 Z% K
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & y1 F4 k# ?7 U7 t . c; ?( {2 E7 H( q( G) K: l0 `9 L# a! ]! S 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% o) {- M: l/ ?* o
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例如:( a! W- S$ A+ f
, X& K1 I, b/ P& oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , o: ]1 A) x9 L I1 J9 E( r8 G R0 D( z0 \# X
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # i+ V# c/ U) E# ~0 A0 Y* N3 C ! z4 d" t: j0 ^; a$ II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 V: ~ Y0 A+ R, d, c+ y1 e( \2 v6 @% W, |! r4 B5 C9 W+ h+ y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) i! E8 @4 a9 D" P " r' C/ K! a' |& Z Z, g3 ]9 ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 W! ]0 ^8 _ Q. O" m0 y; L- L2 s) r; s; H% I; Q0 O* b$ T5 c
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)% r2 X; L) r# l0 l3 ]0 k0 _' V% x& \
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 j7 Z6 O; F) Q; v4 [, u8 y$ ^! R: ?* `! f: F* y6 H# F
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 t; X8 T( {0 ]6 O ; Q" q: g! T$ `: KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ O. g0 s3 E w, J4 x( P ]3 \
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 \9 K2 f- ` r+ K i+ E$ `0 O / O4 v' r* h/ D5 OHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' G8 a9 z+ B0 i& K; g
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' m" r+ n! v& f/ ^2 k+ V- X7 x% a! A1 g; s
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " `* {* ^ L$ Z& N) P$ j& i* u+ ~) { W2 ]! i3 r1 Z. q9 y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) g) Z3 ` f9 l" A# ~
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# R, a5 n% F" F5 t
$ Q/ _# \- r& q1 |+ z5 A此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 x* B) _/ O2 T+ V+ n4 d+ @ ; e5 a/ M0 u' \# \2 s3 p " K7 r" e, G5 b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 i3 M" ?# l D# t x$ Z8 W C4 _: ?4 ` X4 E1 x0 z6 {
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * ~5 ~4 p, ^- g( }1 L: o % f; w! K! N2 DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' P8 q0 r( B; q) ]; d7 f* `# f
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , J4 Q2 P" o/ X+ A: B- W " e8 E8 \( U- D+ K/ g& d+ sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 W& u) u+ x. { Z+ T! N: W5 c* U- j% `% k' N
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& }# f( ?" K4 }0 C' ~7 r, M
* `$ ]3 \( i% j9 hPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( g( l8 o( E* n: I$ e( [5 `% j& V8 B7 c' d8 @, W) h
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' f# P- L% o' x: r) J " k% l7 M( G2 |( A8 _. e# F* P: ZStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ F$ R! S4 q. M) o9 W, X
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 % w' Z- E9 C# W2 l w3 p) Y* Y1 W) O6 r" U5 f/ Z% I. y: v5 h
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 R, i' x b/ R& k' K : N) K9 d' x" p对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 4 o5 h8 ~. [# T5 s+ i 0 e! l, p& a3 b( }- k8 C对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % N1 V& T1 G5 J$ b, p4 q6 ~6 Z, g: j1 H" N* f" v+ u
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : p4 d2 r. M- U K6 H& ?1 C1 {# [$ s+ L+ N9 T6 o. _
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 K7 H0 C% Q7 Q4 q9 l m
5 l! Z; P' F$ O4 L5 ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : u+ ~1 ]% }: p# u t8 z$ f$ w7 q* t9 {! _* J7 i# f
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 c+ ?* g) U! p9 ^7 r/ J6 p + B2 U- z9 S% i6 H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" j, C, U/ C+ ]3 O j6 _