本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + U: Z* o: G9 j- y* A' a* v+ p - K4 S. |! `7 c转帖* _0 W2 C8 g: X" {% e- s0 ]" t( ~
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# H6 O L1 B# ?( v( j
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 4 c6 a6 i5 P" K0 w" C- x$ a3 t/ l0 b: J$ O, l2 q6 q& F$ I
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) Z6 c K W: x1 a! \' ]" w
& K' S, D, m9 }. y' a+ g d$ T3 dThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)4 S# }3 C. L' {2 Q7 C8 `- {
+ C5 p& O/ z m% z" w5 YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), d7 [2 J% T0 S9 s5 ^
1 N, X" I, @: N. J8 n7 ?1 t. Y5 fI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 I/ D* j% t8 c1 s0 o1 `! W9 U
7 }# P2 C, U- ^1 T2 ZMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). f6 A$ b1 |2 z- S# j: w# ]
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# H! o/ K: z, A5 c6 [4 d% `3 @: g
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 Z; f+ R; x6 w' I) k) g# [! \7 n5 q8 X* E, ^: I) f
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); i Y% ^# B. q1 I+ s* s
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* B9 J( F% }* G! T) B
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : `. k- y) q- E5 _) G8 S8 y3 a' l' ]2 a" J, E
8 }" b# x k" `+ V/ p4 ~& `& Z) R 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* D# a0 g) N3 N1 \( u
3 g( r$ s9 P7 A5 Z4 |8 U例如: * L# Z+ U3 @4 k# r4 j) v) n 6 _8 d0 W+ q) p+ tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 p6 n* t& [. A
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) M5 l$ D, c- M! S1 F: B- W* g" M- F) W5 v8 B" p
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 t" c, q: S3 m2 U7 \5 `+ a
! f; C% |/ F2 t e- XHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 ?. I5 N% A4 k$ C# M4 I( G! w5 U8 `8 [
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 u' R1 i4 i3 a3 O z- m9 K8 a# R; B
: j" c j7 t2 S0 q# W# s; FShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - Y6 T# |7 s& u9 I2 [ n- N) T$ C+ \8 s7 E
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; Z/ c" Z" O( J2 K $ q6 f4 S# d+ V( B* x2 ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 [! C ]" ]/ g$ f- l4 {, z. P) \
2 w6 p& I* a) B% X% A: `8 [# eThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 f5 E* ?9 M% M( _& [
( A; A3 G: }: s, iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 q$ g' }8 S, ~ 2 v1 x1 h( W# R5 n3 g* RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) K; L" K0 I/ t! w9 M B- N* T
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 ^5 O7 X7 U' R* m0 I; l$ n
; U: h$ d( i' J) yWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 }; t2 G, A1 H \! i7 m% h1 `
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 u, y' X" y, |4 Z3 Z9 i4 v / [' m$ {7 @! i! ?" T, I写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 f7 m3 }! |' j9 \$ E+ X. \8 c$ v# H& Z* A1 I/ b7 ~
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 R) o+ _2 A: \- u" U- q / d" t( g* U/ P2 Y, y0 W4 u! L1 Z" D {& j2 a1 S+ q- k. w 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ( G$ M8 [7 h0 O- d/ \2 r 8 b* W7 ?% }& J6 j2 U3 g9 x# z% H例如: 3 p- T; n7 Y, i7 b# D# A; U( W4 N) g2 [" J
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & [" m D3 K: j- p- }: @" c- a7 P! J. z! _
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - e; d! R! ]3 o" G( U+ `% `* @# @; D- y% d$ \
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * W; O1 y6 p2 z8 V& x3 }" ] e8 u5 T W" @6 m- b" ?
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& J3 m( D+ S# E4 U
( V! `0 f6 z4 c9 N: c k6 @Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : M6 P T" @" H* X + N, E ]& S) j- xPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & h6 Z7 G( P- Q+ {0 C$ L9 u+ y. ?) H: e
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 f" R5 o9 L3 _- n$ ]- t/ f7 ~4 M) n
8 K" m! T8 ^ i! z& yStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 x- M% U3 i' n& \/ ^) L" W
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& a& s, |. d: t' T0 `+ e! q
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 Q. A4 ^2 r, C6 x: _7 J
& g) q+ Y/ r* d; d+ m8 e5 ~2 G: @& x对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- i) d4 ?3 F' _% b
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 `: c7 {6 k% f$ |) ^
4 h1 q9 x! v; I* d4 q& q" u对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 y) D7 L. o5 [( \5 d% ^; r5 N/ y8 ~1 |! G
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + b$ _; i+ v; `' W5 G! {% m0 N' p8 N0 n4 f$ G
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* ]9 U, h) X$ ^0 }( Z3 S
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- k' c- n9 l; f& U; H3 n% C) n& n
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 l {: O' l! [. i