3 D& G/ q0 u" G$ M8 c例如: ' K ^! k9 z) v. \- ^1 u* `0 R - g/ [; m3 c% hMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- k$ Z1 ?% t9 X$ `
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! l; C2 w1 U, d4 r5 e$ ]; ?% t
0 f @' E% ?& AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) K" h/ o7 ]( F1 s4 `- T4 h, L" K. h / E, f0 L- B9 q9 Y- v& r+ b9 k& ~6 RThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 b/ X: E" X7 g/ e" a8 y6 X M
. ?* L6 X" {+ r1 ^% tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! n! u( m, _% l: H! j5 f. Z1 i9 n ' B; V) u7 \$ r# V* T5 uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 O5 l9 _3 o6 f; W! H1 u+ }, k* H3 [9 V! P |) |
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! M$ ?$ C) \" z! h: n! q
3 Y, }+ y, B( R+ r' k3 aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' I- [3 h) W; u+ B y
) u) M' R- K ?9 ]7 x7 {. qWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 Y# O! t; k6 m" z& i: P! S& {! O) `
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% Z# A; W% B5 r9 U+ I# y& e
' W8 m. I J0 V; d8 Q A这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( C; q0 ?# K0 ?4 t
6 O; f' g, n. a% I+ g3 E+ j7 k+ ]9 p5 _9 \9 ?6 O! f8 U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % H. y; N* K: B5 Z# w9 I ) }- q$ ?) S& i* V. P0 ]/ [例如: * K K/ X5 E9 |. n6 X 5 g' Q0 Y& H" M$ r9 WAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* ^/ Y# G8 ]; m, \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ _% R# ^( |" ? ( B# y" @( b4 [* k" e% d+ }# SI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! ?4 t& l8 B" Y! w 6 T3 o( K- e, c" KHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# K/ L9 `) Q' M( {, \
$ U( d0 P4 x) X4 O/ o2 ^) `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); e8 R, A& Q. ]7 h- K2 w% v
& u8 B: G4 q6 S+ Q4 E% lShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % O) L+ e! o. Y: d' F* T ^& e 0 k3 c9 _8 V8 XI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ?/ a. d4 X3 n" c7 X. m ( Z$ {2 U" _5 s& l# p6 m如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& A+ _$ M( O! g3 H1 C
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 c* A, c _$ @7 o! i8 ` 4 A+ {+ r8 ^2 bThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ Y$ n! z8 Q9 A# q" `( \9 {
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 H5 A6 U4 q& }9 O" Z/ q, J+ ^4 u8 Z
, r3 m8 q# {8 }* B uHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 |/ m( X* X U' U1 n/ L
$ M' ]" D% Y/ j* s- jWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). O7 _0 n( o' @9 L. ~
4 _% J5 A" U+ m( p2 J' ^! ]/ t1 d! eEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) p8 c- x$ D d0 Z" |$ }1 `
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- i1 P. B- ]6 {3 j( E5 v
# M# U, R! i6 e% g2 E" n此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) j/ h7 `. w: n& W
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1 d: |' N) i: Y8 r' s7 c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 l+ o5 B$ U2 c8 p; o* ~' v3 S$ y9 W' o" ?- |
例如: 5 p n- b* ~( J/ q9 f ! \1 _) l4 Q9 u, bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 j9 K/ J u8 a& f9 T
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 ~- _ N2 t! M) E; q8 }* d4 R8 @( f( a. H5 x
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 u& H3 f7 C/ b4 U8 i3 r
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 2 u% z! o3 ^1 i$ c8 X' |; E: U) j1 W F
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 Y# v5 d0 I2 j5 W( P4 a
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 c6 J/ ^% \! n6 w3 V- [2 U* ^
( Z8 U9 a; ]% E: K rCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 {! ^0 \ P3 Q- Q' F _2 D% F7 e& L" S! S, p) ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; T5 o/ t& |( A( U& \3 w7 Q' O% ?+ h8 ~1 }& t) T: V8 f9 I) ?
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 E+ f* V. O# _& R. _6 W2 p
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 b) C- N- W7 [4 d8 B
E+ w: o0 P3 R: g* i至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) ` `; c2 C9 ?& W# A9 Z ^5 J' C+ R
}- z1 C Y$ x+ c* v9 H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, t F) J$ v6 G3 B$ J0 s
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. o& S3 a* P7 U- e5 O$ [