本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 I% M, N0 y. w1 R 9 `* H& o2 Q) I4 F: Z转帖6 a U, R( n% z' q! e
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 }- b" g! J' O4 a- `. L; M: l7 B+ H' L
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 p0 _) k1 F8 Y2 m: L) I; E. T& a7 \* @" k- V4 I7 f- @( M7 A% M
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 v, [7 ?- d$ F, V: L3 Z" ]9 A4 G" e
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread), S5 a! H! N& i# E- M2 A3 z8 T) d
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ ]) a e5 W1 r& z
/ F: b4 k; _- F1 ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# t# b/ U; E' G3 m5 c2 K
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - [* Q8 @6 s" Y: t% r- c: X 4 c# r2 `; o6 q/ H/ C5 y/ `: n6 _, C4 rWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! ]& q. H! s: o/ _, ?5 m9 u5 |/ u8 L, M0 {6 c$ b9 n1 l. H+ b
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 _" [; E& `, M, R* N9 K. k, U- b+ k# J/ M+ C1 H; P
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 y; q$ t9 E) ?
[8 m, E6 r* w+ vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 ]# T" ]5 J6 V# t: _% `1 h
# ]/ e. b2 C" Z2 Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! f2 B/ x% s! `: A9 e
9 I1 O9 `" B% e+ v3 L H0 s: n- L \% z, ] 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; z6 a0 Q' U! q1 h
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例如:! a7 l" s8 u- h- ^+ J$ {
4 P' s4 A+ P0 g, J0 P$ r; kAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ s7 @% [$ U# X0 ]# P
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( ^- ^& m0 H( _
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 U3 n6 c) k- l F9 [3 t2 W j- S6 x% \! ~& _He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ C5 t0 K- H: Z J& }3 }
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 F6 T; g9 }$ x# @1 M
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / O+ |' F j7 Z2 u ( A! C- U+ K: W% xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " f4 p- m; ~+ X" q. F7 b6 S5 x9 i5 {0 q' @: Q5 r! n
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 0 s$ y* G; x7 G, A8 p5 \7 r. y3 ?7 b $ {/ r' R4 \5 `( k* TThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : l( y+ I2 [4 [, `$ M: G) Y" ?* {# q& u1 x3 j
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 ~$ s: Z4 C q/ B; ~# Y3 _# O $ Z6 B" X7 f: t/ i" H) gHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - E; T6 G* U1 a: k, R; X' \8 |7 [ D# }* b: e3 j
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) i3 h7 b" E4 H6 z/ M$ |) `
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - E9 r% `( I7 m* k/ w, g- F- w( w; o( }! ^$ M M h' Z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 [% k5 y2 V: @8 _) T* l
+ _' l6 e/ u: i! x写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ @0 Y, L& R5 @; ` l/ a3 v4 a
% J# l3 J: Y6 E; I8 n9 @此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, \, D6 b8 b6 {) M7 w5 c
: B. Q, v/ t, r N7 E5 Y+ \ 2 B- H v% M# z# u3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 w9 z6 K$ s Z& k# k6 ]+ L; u9 z E: H- `7 D
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 Z( X' v$ E. \* ^3 @- B
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), y- i0 X i3 c, N( M4 u# [
7 c2 C, ^5 w# B; L) D9 J# w+ ?! sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) g y; V# i; Y- U, ~4 X
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 ~4 O* d' P! ]7 v4 ?6 q) ~( y2 j
9 ~9 A+ e) S1 w, t' \Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * l# l0 h4 A# N4 w. v4 N# l6 _% ?' L" L# M
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别). A" ^" g6 {% s) E3 N- O; v
" @* o4 I+ C# w+ f# d" qCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 E: ?/ d2 X7 I
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' ?+ F7 ]+ s$ P& F* _ [+ @6 \9 m( P( R$ A4 t6 p- Y; f5 W
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 R8 g# J/ D% D: j3 v/ B
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 Q7 b4 ~% a, `. u. L1 ^: p& ^& t9 {
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! Z' Z: v0 p' u, f( w
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 ?, v9 W; e% E/ c6 d3 |' b
" b1 A' U' P$ J- x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; t9 m$ y2 ^9 u- U3 O
/ |" F+ H; O5 }对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ u; G. O9 y9 } z. \5 W5 r
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - x, ^/ s& l# v; |& ~+ E F* {# l3 h3 W' @0 {
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 c4 p4 q% _3 ?9 M0 J+ K# f6 m W; x6 K! g0 C* \8 T! c
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 S4 F5 t4 @$ b/ M, Z* N