本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 w" Z% J; R# k1 e
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 q: m2 ?! V7 b m& Z ) P3 b& N R% D7 o+ E3 s5 u例如:" \) v( m/ A1 ^+ v. N* ^
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 Z; [& {# u* }+ F
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # Z! p& i+ Q0 U4 @3 i9 R4 s* R9 x H+ D5 I" H: O9 i; T5 B
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ l, U9 G, p8 m6 M) E
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" ~& \3 g' O3 Y4 i. W! N0 S
) Q: v+ [+ A$ T+ Y, N0 H9 K$ q( hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 Y+ u) l- l3 f: R0 R" D- I0 z) B( x) Q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 U M! V: @, H1 }- p! K, y7 I
/ b9 k: U. j1 T# _& m& m7 aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 V! B. }- e6 i) ^- v, j( ^4 j% L) M( a3 @) s c/ p
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) _4 ~) l0 h' N( a% A4 L
/ f3 Z: `8 f" [1 n4 J* D+ {$ H9 \! eWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 O4 c) ]5 i0 }1 T# E- A+ E# R8 D) z
; p& N. P7 x- t8 \4 D. B5 GPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! ]/ K' ?) n) N/ J
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& t& ]+ m. j0 a( Y, v1 n
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7 x8 J5 T, \2 e) H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。8 m% ^( X& Y$ a" n- R" c
$ M, F4 a2 c# \$ ]例如: : I# l# @+ ^2 q. }3 c# k8 m$ D: R& o: D7 _( N; p, h1 d/ h0 Y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . y5 l( g0 Q% s1 K2 v( j9 n, C5 W3 J# H( k9 F2 I& u
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! S1 ~2 e* {+ r" U3 R8 |- u% f/ A4 H# g5 Y. h
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 B1 C/ y8 e# h0 n% U4 ~4 V$ x8 p; e
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' h$ f; O' ?2 ]6 Y4 e. z1 o 6 c; x- Q2 [6 m) M! l# J; w- oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# X, A9 B& h& u# G
( o" J4 G( n8 DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) L e: V3 V$ c
, x- e( K- z) M- u `: U( ZI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 i4 G* R% F6 l! p: ~# A9 O Q4 h
/ s' @ X6 |2 a* w* L' S如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : Q( R) x) O4 i% i; c % l% _1 m3 S6 oThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 n4 H# A' s4 c4 i n$ p' n7 M: u7 j5 ]$ Q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # O/ i5 P; c0 y. C1 m+ c: A4 j5 W+ [6 K/ j7 t- D* t9 [
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , _) m" x* O+ |, ?% N2 L/ E 0 Y) V& R9 G$ ~% H) q) vHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ h* ^% C7 h) A1 S ! z$ }& X/ x% M8 X/ n8 ]/ oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 t% q6 [/ O* B Z1 d ^ O- Z n1 v
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 l3 i/ ?1 P7 o& i% h4 l
5 H' q" @* B. L* ]* d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* g @0 @' ]/ j) T$ p
9 a* l% N5 i2 T8 o1 q$ k `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" q& C6 U3 U, F# Y! @! z
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6 S* R6 h, l0 N 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ m' N Q+ ?) P6 i
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* Z% X6 h7 f, }2 \
$ B6 x5 c) W t- `3 @% J. {6 {1 QManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " h2 I1 @! i" q" O& S# o) x5 J ; j+ D0 h* w8 V% C jThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% t% e/ _" Y; ^( x8 X4 R. d
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! d, {0 r ]+ r: E3 m7 r1 q9 }' } e1 D7 T: R! ^$ v! \
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ {: I _) U: i: k
& r; `7 ^" G1 R. n( |' JPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 f; u+ c. @$ ]" w
6 v0 c" ] K% ^% e/ b) `$ FCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 0 @& v7 s( t) P / V# a6 t' h! A* v1 v: S3 ?& ^Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( h9 N: p' H% G K ' }) e0 Y9 `- @7 B' h同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. H* W4 M8 W' l# f! f
+ `' }0 Y; S: J当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; e5 n4 `% ]' E1 Y2 z3 v( g
& s1 {* K% h2 M' r4 Z. t6 u对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 z* O3 ], m+ r4 {# Q9 o# J3 q) O1 o2 r7 K1 T: L( W
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ z8 D( H. _5 W2 N6 g D: E* G9 T* K. B% y5 {0 |
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& d& O* r3 s7 k7 n5 l
: D/ y* o7 @6 M4 M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; j$ ^- k/ ^1 V
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 m) @) G7 D2 e# ^# [ : X$ b2 K8 D. _) r还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 O0 M4 P$ |2 ]0 e" ?9 E% a0 L `1 t. s, U. u! z
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * s' S9 m& T- ^2 h" V