本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 M y4 S! m1 E1 _" E / Q0 c9 Q- l; c q转帖, S5 z) ~. \1 G6 K
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 d* ~7 I3 ~' @# n5 z2 T1 t. |
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例如:5 U" ~" x8 x% U' O" a" l
2 m. H8 v" i9 j8 e; xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 a7 k/ t! q5 s' B% l$ ]. f8 E
3 _8 h& j0 A& d% vThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 |. }1 k8 E3 m& b0 S
) s5 {9 \2 }5 P( \# U! J! [This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); P1 V# q% R6 x
: a* b @8 @! `2 b: UThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + {+ l/ m+ Q" N Y1 L9 n) a2 j) m2 M/ o, e5 \
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)* p8 f; N: H& s. L
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ }$ U" n; a, y8 d3 o9 {1 | : J% o6 K! m' I( B/ U& L: QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 J0 X3 t2 Z2 c7 w% N; R; @ ( d c- g& u, I: Z1 S& F) C4 ?9 oThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)' F0 ^% A- q! a9 M
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). N7 d. p2 a# }: a6 l
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 A3 N, r' ^& B1 {* n1 b1 y6 c
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - p& Y2 n6 V; Z. S# B+ ` 5 a0 }% e/ G( k; c/ Y9 T$ t - G# _1 @% M+ I3 ^% M2 Z3 ~% A2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ Q: G, Y7 E* q7 e# l' ]6 Z
+ l+ u" I( B! i/ [: f例如: & E P" ~& V# [4 X ) r* v/ b" P# e" Q: r" }1 v7 CAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) `" b, o1 D' [) |! I. c+ j- m& q 9 J- k, [( _3 ~4 ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): ?8 a& _. M" d0 F
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 8 r4 Q* z" Y) B) s5 n . ] Z5 I' A+ W/ Q1 a" kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . ^8 V. `- n" j) X( P6 ? . h# a, b+ m" AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 P+ T3 C: v G0 w! o , ]* W, C( H, Q/ r9 yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! J: `8 f6 y' c+ M
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ P+ w: g0 ]0 E& ?5 L# s2 B
. D* }5 { }' Y5 T9 N. Z7 M0 {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( J) ~3 u! Q& U& U' k m0 b! d$ }
0 f9 b+ b( N2 U2 E5 y- HThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' z5 A; ]8 ^$ I# N1 ~, d, G6 a# y5 S9 \" s" p! y/ B
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 G9 j x# O6 v" T! u9 D! |+ H0 d( ~1 p
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 n1 m4 S( x( _$ Q# E
Q' g) v$ T, I8 P; Q7 [He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( `6 f! k" i( |) {9 ?( J0 p 7 U) F1 d# d V9 P! L. q8 n0 mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): a; v# q- M' d% Q) ]
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - v: P4 |/ i0 L/ Y( ]6 q+ s- M! J1 N; o2 n- Q0 l8 |: d/ I
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 A! d, B- L; p, G: o. \5 a
. w# G" p$ B* L" A' \此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! }8 y# w" l \3 c7 @
6 c0 u* @& c, ?( s& r' f" n. S* D/ R1 [8 ? 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " N3 N6 C3 \, g0 j4 T3 }1 X9 y/ h6 [3 Y! A
例如: 2 {$ z& m1 n! {% r # M$ q9 d. C4 lMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 J1 H# {" L% |4 j7 j) | & n- d, R9 R: D+ i6 U2 t) yManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 K- Q8 k9 {/ B" S# I8 _* h* e7 ~1 V8 ]# f2 k* t1 w1 C
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), ~ _- e/ D/ h& o2 D6 G
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * r/ ^5 V2 w! H2 S' X, Y# \- X ~. K" t
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) G0 U3 `: q9 v9 H4 l
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # S2 P! \4 j. v: x2 `& [4 m" j6 l5 S+ l, v2 W
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % L$ M# s3 C2 |, v+ d7 `' }, F8 |& L6 Z5 X, X
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + h4 k% Z* D3 T' x0 X- m 7 M8 ^. l2 P3 E: b$ D) M/ X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - g% d0 P k$ z# l4 H) ~8 E1 W8 o$ |2 R7 `. P3 o) j( N
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:8 N; D" a# v, F O% p9 L
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- I4 {3 v' ^* @) p
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 w4 K8 r0 T7 ~7 i9 k* n; n & R) W( X9 A9 B$ m6 G/ ~4 b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; @! h F- z" c% A0 b( c( ^% x' f e/ Z+ ^# t7 ?7 T
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * B: h& o0 |" ]* ~ u 7 @; O4 Z Y" @9 Y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 o8 x9 p( R% ^1 c0 R
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 M" K4 m( p; `0 ^6 E1 p3 r4 u H
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 [; w4 R- u; A) ?- b; D" {6 Y, U