本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 e! [( Y; W/ \# m9 ^: |8 G# @7 k3 w 转帖 " ]# M0 s* d5 f9 z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! b8 R7 m" H3 [5 M( r$ q0 o% t2 Q% D
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 }+ }5 Y' v( R; a C* Y 0 c& v8 W1 V8 [5 hThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 W6 Z& P: @8 B2 ]0 \& c2 ^( m
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ }2 H, x8 F4 |( A& ^+ Q# ?
s( K+ f, w- C' UThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 Y4 [- M9 j) `& A% d5 @ 4 Y( k5 [: g1 q! A1 j1 _, }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# e m8 L( @- c. q
U4 z/ F' y; ?" ?2 tMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 9 u3 b* h& s7 f/ F) W) K% L4 z $ m* U" ]. I; b+ w3 ]/ a" X |* m) SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 W# h3 h" a9 i8 \/ ]
# O+ b' T# [* w( YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : F. p) a6 s j& w' K: x ( u, `5 r6 J5 p% ~8 I1 r9 }* PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & B8 Z' v9 B$ Q9 s A( x; h " g0 f6 A' n, P9 s* ?Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 D) f9 p& l3 M6 v4 s$ X4 ~$ ?- {
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% {- u$ a, q, j
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1 p! F+ w( {5 n( X 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 G# b/ |. H8 \* X . {; v4 u0 z" t4 n9 ?例如: ' j) I% B. N9 X }8 B9 Y, X$ a) \( a3 F8 w4 i" X0 t) c
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " x0 z {% r. t k' {5 V2 T" O1 k) f6 f& c0 V
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & }$ j J ^* j/ s' k. n+ Z+ A $ C2 M1 [, p# n: Q- z* l7 h. ^9 YI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& q+ ?5 M, A( E( O) n
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! k6 y- ]' E5 @6 s c4 W
- V3 G' K: w: e h; uIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) `6 E% B( Q8 |" L9 l: z7 _* S( c8 E6 p5 a2 X
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 N5 E% K$ y! N% h ) ~8 e# l2 C* B u2 b/ L6 ?1 @5 {% c2 eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 H- B0 ?. g* N* F! R* Q* n" k! u, P8 ]" N: w$ x) Z* b
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: \" r; A. }# H7 I: d9 b/ p: [
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ v$ w! ?/ O0 s
9 O% e3 D& Q" C8 R, j5 r( BThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 }4 K5 ?* e% R4 h+ h! p' j* D3 @. M, ^& T9 t, s
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 u5 s3 @: ?- w2 P. q* m) o 9 Y2 ^+ p2 T; P1 K6 fHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). ~! v9 e9 K* U4 N
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . a0 u: w9 Q$ R# K4 L1 |5 C3 f, c. ]* M) G+ {8 u( o
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : j1 { T$ s1 D3 d- V7 S% D: ]1 f! D8 B1 p( C8 W
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " ~( x9 {& _$ m) z1 R) [6 e6 ?
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: ~6 S8 F8 A' P4 d2 Z/ o9 }0 ^: C" R
) h" z) v e: x) D- n- g& ]! N W: d7 e5 u0 n0 W/ K& @: t: u0 \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & W; A5 n- u: ^4 C" [# k % V$ T- a% C0 }8 d: d& [例如:6 u6 D4 a! \% z& b
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): D" z& J$ I& X: z+ U7 j
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 r+ W$ O r, l. { a' t2 Q/ M; z
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 R- @0 _( F T0 D# G- E0 l+ } B
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 L) Y6 O6 x; s
4 Q/ H" `5 h0 a7 zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)/ z' @* R& Z3 | s$ X' t
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : n Q: K$ m. p/ [7 \! q8 L# |; Y$ N% P! q: N& t1 u8 p1 \
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % T3 J; E, O8 J2 Q3 l2 s% E+ {% I3 g) U) v; C
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). b' G) d( O* s8 u% V
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' H4 V6 F1 P& Q C& S" o6 G- d
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; e$ r% I1 B- a* X# ~' w! I% s% t7 b
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! M0 k3 ]) C; J7 _+ | p
0 L( k6 e3 Y" ]0 o7 Y. f7 ~" J对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, T- a. R8 l. l. r1 p) X
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: o: R* h1 q3 p. A
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( f8 v! u' x+ g: B! q# s
3 K- U K( _5 k' H至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + p/ U1 Q5 n# {6 z9 G* y - ~2 v) x; b$ i! m7 o4 G3 I还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 o9 k* M0 J9 n7 D # q6 |- ?% ~) o, R9 g5 j$ r5 n有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % v- q0 m) [, b6 Z. y; S( w