本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 S' L* y8 F; @+ K% r. b1 g8 [) ]( |0 J6 v0 q 转帖9 z5 _. n4 [; V
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 I: a, D* X. y2 z. s
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ P" S8 K$ s' `) k' o
, U B1 y: m1 Y V3 K K9 qThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / _( \6 M* o" ^4 y1 Q. y0 ^: e- s- Z/ R# e3 ^
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) v7 K2 _! n5 `) k7 D 8 h4 u0 L% l0 xThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 `: g. }% [5 n, M/ l' q i- [$ L
* N9 t& f- r: ^3 o" vI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . x' Z, f% X# ?, J" L u& n. J; Y . D, Q; N4 I5 ~9 g0 e) GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 q x$ d- ~% }8 ~9 s # {; l1 h5 @: V. RWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - G8 x6 P2 ^* y" B) @6 R/ n - @" G8 U9 g4 X, W. c, Z- HThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 K4 M1 `& X5 r$ R* y' n* E$ _2 i9 Z8 d, }( s% ^+ p/ D
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 [+ Q, `. ]' w. Q7 R
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 W: u, Y; ~6 N. i9 R+ X% e5 [# H/ d( H0 z
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! g' C- z6 T9 t7 `3 E: { v# p3 i7 ?( y: N" S h
% }2 `. b, \# @/ f% c5 g1 f2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- |6 m- f, `4 e
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例如:6 z, b4 q r4 n. x
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' u! m/ L/ k I1 E0 M! z5 v- o% \' K7 Y* K M
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ E# ?2 ]; U7 L6 S0 _4 \. L6 |0 @
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ N2 v( J+ Z4 k7 q9 n( ~/ K7 I
1 R# s2 s. T# L" `0 @+ E' kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & q" O, d1 H6 g) J5 z {+ J# v" s& Y5 a: pIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- [8 P: d" R& z' C; @5 n( p
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . x" d" u, u" | . a2 h1 D$ E: q: K3 m5 rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - C8 P7 M) J1 u# Z% q( S . \# o2 L6 M5 B: c如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : ~/ K% T+ P8 ] a/ g- i b4 M- t' L# {) T& Q8 @
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) E5 p- B, k' G, z; U$ H! _. m
6 [# t5 m9 w; c* ?The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) c8 a8 M2 j; ], x# b+ B# C7 I& R. W: Q: W
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 d2 p6 f: @+ H6 W8 x
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . h4 z% ~& U) O$ h/ J 9 O1 y! |1 s R- h& A S6 UWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * U P8 p" d/ v: A. o0 J" b% V3 P8 I `7 ~$ E/ B( D: N
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 C: z0 Q' n5 W, K4 N% Z / R: d( u: }& }- o; o# I2 l写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 I- ]/ E, A8 V8 M0 ?7 H# W z) y) `9 V
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# @8 N% L) y7 f9 m
8 J8 G+ K, y5 h; p2 C9 { 5 m0 p& n A+ h/ V1 Y3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 u5 Y( r3 Y' r: W2 s 6 D5 |* @+ V Q/ f' `6 G1 P9 t例如:/ S* A+ }1 @; x- D5 T5 o
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), J& }3 X, U, B8 p0 a% x/ M! [- t2 X
- e6 m) e* E% Q3 M GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 Y1 G2 @1 r1 G6 x% A
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- s2 x3 J8 |. A0 z* m4 t
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ \& f8 ^( B5 s9 _7 ]3 [% b2 j, Y4 q
2 M( X7 n# U% e% H" Q! |: p' ~Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 N' V; p9 `+ r & ~1 u* P9 C9 o0 X) q1 ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * p$ d. h1 v/ v7 q ~2 U I& J$ Y4 c/ I* P0 S
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . J6 d3 D3 a- r8 w- e , O$ H' l ~. [4 AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / @) D% u% \- g5 h$ d7 n6 f2 e. v, D) c2 S5 q
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ o: V& M. K3 R2 t. ^' u- M
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; b+ z- u- C& e* e$ u
+ {+ B8 ^/ }! z- e1 `; C5 ]4 }- e8 A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . Z$ e: E7 W5 r" C 2 B$ D8 A5 { O) n对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* Y, }# K' K* `6 k1 g
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ P8 T4 W+ F# j+ G9 i# |3 z
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / M) d. g9 Z2 Q: J + e! W: ^2 t0 Y; G9 m3 K至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 F3 O+ x; s# H: _5 ~, l$ J! A! @; o: T
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% I- W, K9 W/ |( j! U/ c9 [! V; j
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 M4 ~% O2 |+ `- L