本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ D7 R% i8 U" N( C# B, M7 A
}# F: G2 G' [9 [0 l 转帖 8 }) B6 W) ~2 x3 g8 t% A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( Y# ]# Q/ ^# h# x- T0 @
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# J0 P3 `4 x" F0 s/ e& S- M
7 f$ L* ?5 p- F5 a- g* g4 yThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 D5 b1 c9 N' V7 R p
' ^8 n q7 y! s, B# I- W5 VThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' B" j5 m" o- h! K
7 m. h- b! U) ~6 @8 hThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ P* L+ A( W' X: J4 F; G# i
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) o' i' e5 a6 W: c" ]9 Z* c! E6 H' d& r. z" c( y
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - M3 m9 q j5 p, I2 _% ?0 U3 j" V; {& H, X( O( k5 Z4 J
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 i3 X% @2 e" M; \3 y 7 N. J% F% I" p; g2 _; NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). b. O: U# z/ ~2 N! N
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( B' `) [. g) _2 V+ Z% y8 ~ 3 H8 ~5 |- L7 U9 ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; ^) s1 w% P# i4 @( [: r5 F7 P+ w1 A- i
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 `7 h& d% D' R# F6 r
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* Z& Y5 _. y5 K# |" g2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 " G' }. b0 i7 V- |( V; v7 @' Q* p! p8 w
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( Y; C% a' _ W6 s 4 U5 ]! p. S) {5 X4 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( \4 J5 j v4 ^ 6 V1 Z& v1 o" BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : m& o- T5 | c3 S& W( J; U9 j8 r4 |% r7 j8 ~, O
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + u: i4 K0 X$ A* @4 i3 u : U! V; R+ y! v# L: T! bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - a! t: }9 s9 U5 a) t0 j0 D1 q& ?+ ?4 @3 v$ r& g: ~: n, q) P
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 7 }, _5 U! n0 T7 O3 Z6 o0 S : f4 N, R0 h- X: }# rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 m7 S$ e- e0 P0 C s5 X, J
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ C3 G# G6 F; m% ] g* H# I
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% ?( g) D1 ^" M1 x; n$ J
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 V. O( T u1 H2 D d' K& r' h9 x1 v
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" h, \ p" t, q5 h0 T2 g; o' H
E8 z2 O2 \ t* ]# q" n) xHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 ~7 o- d: J# u3 c: j0 Y+ e
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), t' h$ D) ]' u
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 l$ O s" y7 N" S9 k
2 k( I1 M& {9 {1 L. j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( D2 U9 K" x0 m& K3 V ) t1 v, y6 ^, e8 q0 q, x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 {6 f0 L+ r1 E 0 ^( e/ \$ f0 H2 V: V4 b. f & f" ]- Y/ S8 j+ K; Z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 @- F; a, [7 I) |! G9 G
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+ J% V9 F& a c q2 K" F: h9 TMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 M' M* p' {# c/ s( T6 E) Q9 \. b6 E4 c3 ?3 N7 v* I. Z
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ a- r) o8 b" Y$ C2 L
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 f- X3 f& m" ^! [2 N4 n {0 f1 L . h9 ~7 S3 n; }9 @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / u& M1 V2 b; `. Q9 b+ j ( {, S8 P, Y g. i* [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( X8 j( r3 P, u: e% O$ ]1 Z6 G0 z5 V/ Z' [4 g! X- h$ y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ [& ~- Z, B H6 Z- K
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & _9 q! {) @! {5 Z! g: b2 ^: W$ L6 Z& v& ^4 f( K
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 y! B" w v- G
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 b' \4 Z4 b1 s2 Q4 t$ z( V2 d# G " m8 f/ a7 E9 \6 `, U4 I当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 R9 |# M9 ~0 V; I: ?& ^
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 k9 R- [3 d5 k
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ J% w8 _9 V* x5 }" N5 H. S# y/ f8 C& H1 R3 ? a
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + r) e+ E$ t& n+ j, p' h, `; i6 D7 L; g
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# t9 q; p* ]! \' F' V+ |; z
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: $ @! A/ W1 h. s2 x o0 b& ~# s3 X4 _! S) k% J' A/ k4 Q. `
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* |5 o A6 B1 [9 G
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) p; p6 E' B# |& S, y j: g7 G