本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - n* ^% a L9 [ |* f/ L- T. E6 t* I, E q0 t 转帖$ F$ z+ o5 \3 g) M6 H" \2 Q# U i
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)" Q" K5 q) G( W. w" F, E' o
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) V! W2 L( Q6 s# e7 b0 K+ i% |: N3 i1 E3 A
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ c6 u& P9 p0 H8 N- K1 ^& Q0 Y 3 Z5 ?( U& M9 HThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). N* Y% c5 y' t8 z; q2 H
9 G- B, f' a% }7 U7 ~The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % c& L# e" V& g6 A" S u2 b) `* B9 Q2 @0 @' t4 e& X# m, o' W
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 _( M9 _, E) @- K
3 H' U! E& m$ b1 z7 e4 ]1 x* AMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 H$ q- v `0 K1 O3 s) R" K( v & c7 ^2 l& s# E! ?1 q1 XWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 D7 q1 N* Q& Q4 ~) g4 j# C4 `1 h
1 H$ {! V1 C8 JThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( z2 {1 S' J! }1 D5 {! ]- { 6 K. I" W# ^4 [8 z+ T6 RWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 m7 X% U' K9 A2 _/ Q+ q% W ' z! S; [9 b3 I5 zPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# U9 D0 Y1 |- w( e+ {' o
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 _) u" I# s0 n3 Q3 O/ v/ ^- \. x
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% c& a Z- ?" j4 U4 x( @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & R) r; j& F# {# S$ ]' k" z: c0 h$ f& ^5 y
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 1 } z( w! [& x1 t; w, |7 W5 y7 X ; ?* ^0 j- p' K2 q |7 h, K* ~Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" f, C8 \) k2 f0 {' [7 b
2 X1 l* L( I( W2 C6 z* s5 n/ PI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # K" u' u0 B0 m2 W1 I8 s+ L5 t' t& A" k0 r6 d7 j' D/ [
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ S+ g4 c( W; f. a ^" k9 T , q o O1 s/ f$ |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' Y' B' Q7 l- W8 [+ _7 ^- T# o- Y+ _; }. A: p" T. J/ c% r0 w F) [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) ]3 i7 s, p+ S1 x5 D* h) O
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ p, j4 `4 m) P3 k2 x
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 B( T! Q6 ^- @! ]/ p% `/ a, m: }, H: L0 z; h
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 T1 h# d$ b* g0 H' W+ y. l' q
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 ~5 C2 D' j3 B% P- r5 n% }6 A
0 Q2 R* v! O3 O2 z3 X0 M: C5 QHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 6 S' X" g' x0 S; s3 ~: Z/ Q" t ~2 v: U1 O& R) t( @- S, t
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! |8 J) W: i$ |- e
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . H3 {3 |" L5 v l 5 H8 C5 M0 Z9 ~6 j$ FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ! {0 s5 `3 |% Z! {: J- U/ B1 }: e; b0 F3 g3 Y# @
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - X2 ?2 m' ^) W. _9 G% r ( A2 k$ ^3 b1 x( A# o此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" u7 Z$ V$ R( I( F& g. x9 ^/ E1 k! m
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" P ?; E3 J4 E: m0 { 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * n' ]/ `( f' ?: w 3 U; e2 M$ n1 P7 c N/ R) w6 Z2 {例如:5 s% J, F+ ?% k8 c2 @6 d6 T" E
; L4 Z: }& P/ F% KMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 0 ?* u6 d8 J9 h* J* p . s% |/ k5 g' k. U4 PManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 ~' h. n6 Y. l
8 z7 P7 G0 K# AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 U& l* p, F& b6 n1 M/ i* Y H) b- B5 p( Y2 n
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 P. z* a8 I3 _0 [% Y9 ~) J" @3 s7 [8 b
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 f- R2 X: W, D) v: P% j / o8 F: G8 f. [5 s9 E) f0 ~Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 t+ Q/ i1 S, k9 \* } . A* ~, S) L( L+ _" l: A$ t; V3 XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( l m& _5 s' w8 U @9 H* ?, K' g# y% f% Z- L L
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ^8 C. c" ^, n! u( F+ Z
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 G& D) l5 T( s+ ]6 r, N/ O, R
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, [2 o* C! o' a2 _- z% i; Z
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * x' D% O! q* o5 ] o% s ^8 J+ X$ h! {( U
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 \. Y1 @& e/ q2 e: x2 [" |5 a2 k; T2 c% h* a/ B
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; e5 l' ` o8 Q# y1 i' h; U6 Q% R; B' z0 z9 e5 L
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- l/ O+ f5 O1 u+ ^& n' a1 W' r1 C
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:' r3 K! H, i- t0 Y( M! }
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 H* z e; U0 z0 V" X$ b, x0 q
2 q4 e2 X9 i3 u6 O$ x6 v$ H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " M/ D" g/ ?" I2 y- c2 @' P+ @