本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) F4 x& T1 @5 u% D" U5 v8 @ 7 v- c" g. R0 C& A2 p9 c1 }转帖4 O* [+ Q+ ~& b+ r9 H8 y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( F8 w" |3 p. a7 p2 @5 n/ | 7 `( f7 v1 V! F% c; n3 h例如:, R" j$ U$ Z/ J- K! W
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . ^% Y7 e. b8 B0 x! w! b$ D0 @: o# l# n( d6 ]# A
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + J6 S# M2 S0 t8 Y( C ; L1 i' I& }) o% C4 x/ Z$ XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 r* B8 | x+ ~/ G6 w S. ]* {9 u, i9 L7 @4 A& W
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% A+ P8 v ?4 Z( o' u- v. R
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " r8 T. _3 Q% ]/ D; p5 I. V ; N5 x( e; G4 r9 CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 J2 R k' h/ f1 E" o
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) l; V2 X, Q( Q/ J \/ E; ]# |( W
2 A: s) i0 N, NThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- r8 K2 |. T5 {% b& D1 @
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 }) I* G `% P; X u9 p& e9 ~% o 8 i. ? l0 W+ u2 Z5 _7 @9 |4 Z6 cPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# ]* t! ^/ M/ d# a
; z2 X+ x) F' B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 J! X3 u( S5 a* M# a9 g& Y8 b M8 {
6 Z* |% T0 Z, h 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# U# _* e3 x& v" _+ M
) X5 C' V7 q- h例如: ; P6 D6 S8 @* ~, }% Y1 _+ J : L r# b! o5 G. j7 `/ LAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" u7 _7 X' q5 r b# ?5 {
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 `7 b$ F% {0 a. u, ^6 Z' P* Q: t' ?% ?! Z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 P- `/ B. q+ D, ]& m
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , i: K- I1 i7 D1 Z P& j5 D2 t$ T1 p' U0 ]
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)3 u5 g; H* C/ f9 i9 d6 Q: i( O
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) - [) _- ]9 j" q, k + a, `; W1 g8 P) y6 iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 }: y3 Q! |& A. K z: v$ u: D3 _6 e; M/ C: T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % z) d) x& o( k1 | 3 z% u( t2 b3 w/ sThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* f# R+ V+ F T, y1 V/ i6 X
) V) P B2 D* w1 [! J/ j& fThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( w" B6 k; _# }. P& ~# o7 ?% @" K4 \/ c% Q" N! \8 K: y# S, @0 ?$ x
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ! p2 V: { r9 m: k$ \3 O7 A 1 Z; Y3 K6 z. A5 Y' z- g! {' aHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 s3 `- Q$ `& D, r6 @( d% m/ Y; Y* m+ U
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 a" A5 `5 W1 w$ u/ J
2 q) j& l9 u, a/ a$ Q3 YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# R$ V8 p0 \. b. @
. K( ?5 Q/ |" i+ w6 C' _写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * O; B6 b# m, `2 H6 j * \9 [- | I1 w& ~2 }6 ?; _此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 Z' z+ F3 T2 D: v$ h/ T+ u7 Q * M) }/ ~; V {8 l w' g0 [+ Q3 ^' B! E2 s, ?3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ D5 X' a2 V W. |: f% a
E* [# D- J O/ W' bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% y& H- P7 N8 N% g. [1 ~+ Z
4 @: f7 {) v% vManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + b; J) B7 R! Q$ G* A5 z9 o+ A2 l' }' T( p
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 R+ }6 @9 j7 i4 z9 o# b2 Z* ?: E* [1 q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)7 p! H5 N1 Q! x9 `8 E# I' f t$ J& c/ ]
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 ~- q0 c/ A+ v) u* j9 _5 V # n( @3 ?) d! ?8 T: Q) h( N& E/ J0 WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); y5 h- z% \) T. X* n% x+ U6 |* ~- `
* _3 E$ l6 W9 oCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , v0 K; |# ~6 x# R3 [ 1 {) H; l2 D4 l$ P5 M# TStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 ^" {7 H' g0 e" c7 L+ z/ v9 [- B8 D5 o! C% q: o7 v5 G/ f6 E* ~
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! Q6 X2 y- v: @& ~$ [3 Y/ ] + z8 Y: w: U5 ^8 U( C/ i* N当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 o6 o, u+ \ B: \9 d3 X( S! b/ B! |7 u. S; R6 z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 E% F ~ \- X" J, C% s, c% l- B
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & ]% e8 ~4 k5 L B7 F : W# Y& y) Q9 o/ K9 c对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;. m3 Z" H8 k" T. N6 b
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 j) T' j6 j7 Q5 x; `6 L* _9 d 5 H. ~, {8 L# c3 B至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: : ?# v& s6 x& A3 ~& S' U4 g& R* Y: s) |
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& c- m8 Z5 B" w( k0 _) Q
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。" C$ R( M, d. ?- b