本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % F4 v; J- ~( \$ a4 _1 {1 J- p; @0 @$ x
. ?7 D! w. \3 h; o. D& m 转帖 ! |# n8 I( N) }" h$ p1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)+ ^- a) ?; j$ f
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 f* x/ o& c9 H+ m; X: f W
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * k; ?, M2 ?7 g% Z/ Z7 N : Z# R. o5 X: Q! B0 O; uThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# e3 ^' f6 I3 `# n1 F% ~
$ | i2 L4 v9 I! Q- L, D( tThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 C9 {) S( }( i7 J/ X# @+ l9 D. [# J3 Q4 h5 W1 Y" P. I8 Q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , H* W: e. k0 E) d* t ( N; J0 ^$ \4 s. D! |* D5 q* ?Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 C9 b9 w1 v% c0 B; @
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - B5 k9 q# M _* a) B3 r$ |. N8 q2 T; o0 M' n
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' P D0 k8 D9 H" k" I# W# o7 ^1 n9 b! I; p: m f9 J$ | {, ^3 ^
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 v$ { f& |0 B: Y6 z" X) k ; c3 o9 I# \ ~4 ?: nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 s& l2 O. \' e) z 7 y9 _0 v8 l A0 W1 @6 }- f) R这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!, J' D# n- r* v" j6 m
! a: T# Q# ]$ K2 o; c$ G + h1 H( d7 ~0 Z8 p7 w1 k2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. p/ ~$ ~- x- y
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例如:( w" S/ ]1 B) V( S2 s) O& x
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; i3 H/ |. e" O! B / b8 P( b2 l6 Y: j! X+ W* TDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # a6 n- q4 ?' q2 s; x$ o8 h L9 W1 ]% C5 k
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - s' v+ o6 P% `% m, E: I # X/ r i4 w6 q# jHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + S+ j# g8 t) K3 s5 V % r7 I8 k6 E# ?- x9 ]# mIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / R/ A2 I" I$ r2 n5 Z- x. Y( h 4 f* I- Q- e, r. rShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' s" Q G4 ~6 m2 m
/ V. v) a, m. L7 l6 ?I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , q8 }. h- Z' @1 ~& t! ~0 C : d1 B1 J7 S5 {. z; X如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 D. L2 |7 S1 X9 T; g; g 1 ~; H# S* I: r$ }- E* N* ^$ f; mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 ^3 T4 l9 U& p1 ]9 a$ M" w" d
1 e/ r. ^/ t! P$ K# vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 D w8 t, G7 Z+ F! _2 C: C& h: @
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * a, h4 ~) e7 \ % V, S2 r9 s! f1 k1 P" i# `) ^He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 W. \0 l: {1 y* ]) P. A# {; N/ p. F1 w9 Y5 ?
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 s8 j2 R7 [" z4 M4 r: l( @! M) f8 L8 w1 n
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % a* M; C% c$ [ : N' w" j: {# S6 n* ~% v( G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) {( T! ^4 w; }
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . Q) w7 y# X5 D/ H0 M( u B' g" K( L U; H& F' ^! ~, t& z
% q& ^6 [7 n7 K0 h8 q3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% h9 M: c/ V$ Y c1 x
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例如: % N0 Q6 S Y0 x( D! x6 Q1 o # e: o2 f- M5 P" |8 F# j; @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 C( G% l1 V# P6 F
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), D! v o2 h/ Y O4 E! y3 w& G s
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) k: s# ]1 x4 {) a
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" Z$ Q2 p: C6 z/ ?* t9 V
- z% W) F; h$ d/ Z' a- b' TMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 a, R$ m! I6 K! C 8 X P Y# U- o% D- EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)# x% f: y. m: H/ l z( ]; L1 n0 J
% }1 _- V5 i: V H$ K* FCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 S5 I; Y9 ? S4 |2 C* t! i * \# {) I8 Q$ n" l' r0 QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" k1 e3 L7 x% p. X5 p
8 B5 q3 a- S7 f% N& g3 I同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 ?2 z7 e$ X# Q5 C# N) ^# U. e n' p- U2 g' A: e1 t
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 }. k" e; H. w# _ / j6 z2 y/ y7 G9 O3 D& f2 k对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + k9 ]& F1 j0 x& v7 L' Y8 e+ @ g. {' @- Y4 p5 M
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # `; B) j# G7 T5 B- f3 }, m6 m4 S# l* u* N1 L3 P
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ d6 {5 {( @% Z }3 h9 n0 H, ^- D) s
! d0 `/ e9 ] g c7 |9 F, z( Y对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; - U W0 N. x0 E5 S" [: r+ [8 V! a 3 P( K: ^0 ^% t* z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + @$ ~7 \2 N5 T" k, X: V" V 5 q0 Q& G6 m( |还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 p& Q/ f/ j% ~4 \ z4 {1 m; v" W ! l! q9 A8 i- d) q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % {6 g/ \. U. Y c# V6 _