本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " F3 z4 T. J0 A7 d% t6 U4 N0 g
, q( l) X" l" z) |% L转帖 : e! o* _; Y; M2 A1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 F1 E5 h1 Z X" V+ ?, Q6 `# G, N0 ~. \ |
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! ^2 u% _$ @9 i8 L, S7 C0 L
4 G! Z; ~- r1 m+ D; P7 KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)3 D, ~% H8 h, Z5 g0 v# `
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) v' h' s* F0 U. z
6 ?9 V6 k( o% q" w7 a; N! \% [The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & ]! z! H9 Z% y' o9 K! z& D % b8 x: m# {8 D' G7 x. QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) # m$ [- Q. g8 B7 e4 e/ h! `: u! D
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 o: W8 c$ v- ?5 N0 g* U$ a
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # X0 N7 D( _3 o `0 E- ?2 ? ! h6 ^& S6 A6 X# m; g# KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 ^ M/ r8 C* d; Z% ]% K7 }# j
_+ ~ ?6 x- G$ \5 L$ U8 F9 J% aWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 X$ u0 j9 S) }3 a1 I5 n& a4 Y4 U. a% M l: o3 v: N
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 M/ ]/ Y7 v5 c i2 F9 w2 {
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 w; j% a# r* w7 Z( p2 T
% i9 y. P1 u! J) O. K2 f1 y6 ~2 z8 l( q. z {( Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : V7 {# T, }% F2 f4 e- }- {& h( T: F- }0 K; A/ U
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) . j- ~3 j, {; Y: r4 B / a6 k; n6 \1 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)7 S" E, ], c4 t1 T/ t0 M n
! B5 o; [* ^# ~: |$ oI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & j& p4 N$ L* q; a; ~ $ y6 A T7 b" W9 k( bHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % }" M0 q- ]- D9 n9 p1 z& d6 @# `0 `
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 j3 W# s T2 i. O3 |3 M- @
! c, q( C d$ t g+ [* }* dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( T* F% W$ z& |; m ) a/ z7 q E g1 t, Y( m% }I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 P L/ M: [. A! I
# H" f- X7 @0 x3 S6 i, S如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * m# G4 ]% L- l( d5 j2 V; D2 M, s0 V' F3 N
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 7 D/ X0 M7 k; [& y! d. P" ]% L& S1 D 8 ^/ c( x& I. yThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , {' l. E$ E" H! o( P8 Q& l% }* K" d9 ]1 M/ w) g* R6 X) P
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' D0 g5 C( g' V ] w; n$ _" E2 f$ K3 p0 f2 i: C+ w8 H
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 l7 G& t( M) t( D/ H4 g
3 t+ |% @9 l, M7 ?. c% t- MWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; ]$ u( R0 V# G% D: ~ V+ n# ]* i) X+ @- u3 V/ u, G
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" L# |* e( ?+ V5 ^8 n8 T
1 l r6 n7 q) l8 n4 I" j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 y( l9 L% h) a- D$ C+ t/ P
: A2 I5 c9 V+ l此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; L( {( n; a6 C: { 9 j( z* C* K; S/ y5 d# p# _: V: e; Q( d) \: \5 B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: q2 x( B i3 k- e* Q
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + U" Y/ |) e, X * L" R2 x% p) CManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 ^& g. D% h5 [8 Y7 m+ d: l& N" V$ y7 x# Q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) , F! I) u" ~3 u& W3 d; `( s 4 S: G1 D8 f! ]* y4 i* K2 @: ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 G8 S+ Y4 S; \3 a; h$ j+ |
% V; N' p0 q$ I( r" [9 wMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) }$ Y6 T$ x; c" ]5 e ; p F6 V2 ^2 T; C/ c7 w* t) z/ t0 iPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! c3 W& |, y* u( [9 J$ n2 v$ U( @% l* z* {4 \/ n* s
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 T: e5 q9 u9 R) E, n ( Y7 k7 l! A. r. a" Q9 |) k. HStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * C0 D8 ~4 b# W; i6 M" Z7 x" M
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# r. v0 a% {1 F, \9 ~) f$ p
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 a2 H- [2 y0 ?$ q $ p1 \& T9 Q/ \9 I% E* V/ T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" j2 r) ~4 y- @9 m3 Q9 t
$ r: Z* N+ S1 J5 z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 d$ D; i' c5 Z) s! M # X8 H& H2 z( k4 g+ Q5 n对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 b7 j/ Y( K% i3 i+ j- A# m ]6 L% `" s$ V3 u$ T6 r) n# [
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % s7 F( {4 g: v' m( G1 o' M, [; c" x. l4 e0 q v' d( P4 [$ l8 q# A
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # L: V, G: ]1 l! {5 R8 H) ] + [- V4 C8 X/ ~! M7 `7 G4 ]+ ^: }8 G还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 a/ G( T- z- {! R: O2 _( U n F2 a& h8 ]
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。/ R' j+ j' [, t1 B- g