本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ @1 n2 p% Q- @+ F
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)- s5 G: [! ~* I6 D, X2 O
# @9 `0 i6 H& i+ [# O例如: 3 J# j8 r* Z% \0 v! X0 R 4 p6 K0 T9 b& ^) CMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 9 t$ k% {9 Z6 z9 P' i: j5 O) C( A4 h0 U M0 c9 G
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) $ q) R5 o$ [6 m P7 d0 V% m- P7 @2 _
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . ]) `) n, N0 H. c 2 C2 h( y' T1 r2 { L1 V# _+ cThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! O N: C7 y7 ^7 B 6 W7 v/ y1 E& l8 t0 E rI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! U# _& y, |5 X. T. ], n
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): Y$ @$ g2 T5 x7 b/ }+ }/ \# i
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 p. G) w# [0 V$ h1 r! L/ {' b$ ?1 y( {$ ~1 ^% g* d
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 O4 W: R3 J9 q/ B7 G6 W; b& m; V3 K, S& D
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 q& i! h0 l& w( j, y8 u' \5 m$ A( p" ?
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" P. H7 Z" v) E* d: X1 P/ [
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 f- ]3 c$ W1 B2 h) K6 g" F) h9 N4 j& h% r4 x
& G( J. K$ O; {5 E( o: W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 ^, R* d* i7 e / [- s! h4 e- o6 p- V, j& a例如: " s9 }, e2 u1 ^* h3 f+ D7 q! a9 |: ? _ V
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' D# t* C7 q' |: C6 Y! d+ y ) k Q6 E1 U) i) e' [ ~+ ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)3 v8 G" J; ]: i0 B) K) O% _
: n3 {# Y6 d% {. }4 ^I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) , Q) y c7 Y. u * ^- M# N! U. a$ T6 v/ AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 z) E8 _0 {, M: r* [# u) L 7 |! q' P! Y0 v& ?% DIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* w6 q! k) }# _* X! g
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 D) d' C) p" j; g; a- R- k& I
$ V" L; t# Z2 O0 _: G( s( tI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ R& T9 O1 w6 o2 K* y+ R
) a6 f1 O7 A+ F. Y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ b+ q2 t8 r9 @
8 @$ _( k( b+ t- j. \* SThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% |3 v# `9 [9 G/ K
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! a2 Q, R3 c) [; _' p# L8 U; L7 Q! z
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - y, L6 d2 g1 S! P5 X ; }8 r0 c! e' n' l! u7 pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 m/ U3 l# r4 o" H* @ 7 [* t$ s) `3 V! [3 p* uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) C [8 j3 u5 T5 [, p% x$ A" C" s6 e) D
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 ^& Z5 ^" I& e; ~6 T/ F+ f# b) a' G6 ^ G5 A: D& V; E3 s) Q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 R' |3 Q* `4 x, Y* L2 D: R
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % o& n( z% ]# l% ^, q6 K* L) \' B+ x$ M; i
1 E" F7 T7 n1 i. S: X1 ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # a0 O: Z" C8 [3 I* t5 G( T; R8 P# D) A
例如:, X* }7 _" Q$ U) k1 I' u/ r9 C
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 w+ w. M3 m" _2 C" h
! f' M: h1 A8 B! o7 iManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* z3 U! j& S5 \2 K
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): f. L9 p# [( z, l9 a N7 p
! U& s, d. U1 |+ i. K' |6 c: VHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + c) f4 O3 L* _' N * {4 W) a3 A: hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 O, |- O F% j8 I. a: U7 p1 w: g
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( `0 ?, O- k& z
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 \, f) {; d0 D. ]7 b ) o P9 i& y% H$ N, iStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( {# ?1 F# h& i6 q" }7 p- A) |: O8 s' D
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 t' f6 Q. n( B. u* t8 v! |2 ^$ E0 Q- c; O$ M) `) s
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ y% k' K; z( b, n( D) a