本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 r. O" _5 J* P; D' ~1 W& n6 r" ^# Z& H* y0 G 转帖 & z$ X4 D+ H5 E# a. ^4 s1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)6 J. s- _0 ~6 r1 q- e$ U/ ~1 @
8 H* e0 W( O. T0 E例如:' g* {( z& o( I9 w1 U* C4 Y1 C
' L8 b) V3 @. SMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * ^; I. b, U1 p# d I, Q# r9 Q! p7 t( g* ?, z" h& L6 @
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / p$ d# m3 p/ I' B8 N4 {$ ]0 e+ p8 F2 R+ X0 o$ J% M; w% y
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " c& O8 T' A- X5 u* t) C/ D: P , @. V2 R+ t( M% XThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! C& L) h0 K2 s- K" T- l/ I) | 1 _! o& t, A& m; O9 d' zI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 c/ t N# N C* L! b
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ M6 Z& ?( w# Q8 @+ j2 W 6 e0 y) @# G. l$ V! g8 r2 L+ MWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 l. }# I" S1 e4 T* B' [$ b/ F
8 m" N$ x n, S3 u0 x/ ]The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& m$ J; z9 |8 E3 `; B5 V
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)2 Q9 @, J8 z+ R5 O. V. G8 t
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)( {" ^& P! A7 u( p# L: D
( L' O6 f9 R' f! ?! S: o* z. I这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 g- {6 {% g& a8 t7 A5 J $ @5 J1 f: ]7 Y9 p * B; X0 ]. h$ K l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: S; [" {; t3 @+ a: S8 f
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例如:. H/ W! @) ^- `7 e' E6 F9 N
+ ^+ P. }! c! Z* H( J, yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! R1 y% }% `" c8 c 5 v+ G; a& [' m2 J( IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , ?& Q( _- z, p$ ~. U" n) r& j0 b
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ b' \- |- U9 U2 D+ Y' @* @ % P9 G" x! c: a& E: y# G5 l8 t* N$ mHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ N# l5 \% f) i4 G& ]9 o* d
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " [ D* B- I3 ^% O) n) \6 w2 i' X0 x2 @+ |+ e; c# `; ^
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 Y( ]8 J a) l; p
* E% [; U9 {: ~: \I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) [: r4 {- g( y/ z
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' T! m0 f: _$ x. \; h0 p) P5 N& @. I& c3 s. d4 } M& s# s# x8 U
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)/ c$ e, T9 N6 o G1 r8 Q* K
$ L% g' d# |1 R9 ]0 aThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 ^. _2 Z) Q: T( b! R# P0 \
0 j. q+ _5 I: V8 s' G& zHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' y, @3 Z5 A& u) a9 r$ G3 W
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)" t! c( c9 P+ M3 A" p6 ^) K
- ?4 t4 H7 V- Y/ W. r* q9 n/ CWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) - d0 d1 H0 D8 w `+ j: i9 {" y) }( M7 J/ Y, y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; d2 O; P! i, I0 L# v1 S9 s' m2 ], n! h% D' B
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), W2 l# @3 G! z& z: A' {
! v5 ?; s9 b& J+ U, a此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % ]( u5 I. t7 b) h; @ 7 O8 [& _0 n: I+ H3 _ % H& L( N( C* |( E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 V# j) T$ o8 h1 C% C/ _! t" U
% D1 f5 u6 S7 {3 i" e* P& S例如:6 J2 x( |: b7 W9 j( s
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& v+ x8 d0 |. }% v
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : w2 R! I( N0 o! d# K) K' U% u* N( w& s# a$ \1 y3 u* N0 P
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + P9 T. v Y3 K5 N6 n- G% J - d" Y! n+ r/ t) ]+ o8 {9 bHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 O' T W1 O+ v' q
0 ^2 ?1 [! {. q9 N) C) f) AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , b+ w/ J* J& J9 e : }5 I9 Q2 ~: @4 yPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ e. o& v8 O/ n7 _: X. V5 G
+ E* V- H* {4 d" A3 yCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 X; o3 o3 z3 l- } f" {
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( X8 V; e* b& c! h% E# |1 ?8 J7 V
' ^# k) Z+ Z! {+ l( ~有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. O+ K0 e$ X) Q/ W