本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " h3 r8 i; }% W. y; n
4 O$ j' H; \/ f转帖 0 D8 ~6 M: T. D }8 c! y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 U7 C0 \3 g3 W( b9 A# ]# i$ p/ \* I3 w W
例如: 9 Z3 j8 W. ?; N3 T- r4 K! M" Y ; q+ g3 `# r- [, w# V5 \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): P! X2 c4 `3 M" V4 l7 B
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 |; j4 X/ w) o) { 3 P9 m7 r7 y. v) [- |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 J! Y3 m: W3 x0 h a2 J
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' p. r! M& q3 ^' ~2 w( V1 x/ D# o( K9 i5 {6 q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , F" Q' [' y1 M' j/ B, ^; B+ b ! \. K7 n2 ~- U3 t( |1 Z0 uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)2 }/ d; e0 o4 M; H* Q# c2 g
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % H2 \0 J, s* B e: _( I1 P% P9 X& X. }5 C1 x
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + v4 P9 x L6 k- I2 i0 t7 T$ ?3 L/ c+ s1 M" a' C2 Z& ]$ Y `
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 D% ]$ D. r$ E# j1 _ ( e$ V: C4 t& j8 _4 C. D; m5 uPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 Q! g+ w' b9 Y+ R& _2 {( [
) t7 q. A. X* l( t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% t% ? U) z" ~0 H& `" L& y$ |9 L
5 `, R' _3 R; J7 w$ Y; ?9 O) n7 i3 j& K8 ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 c) s$ F/ j0 E: X. P
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例如: ! l; |" L' C. E( a* v% X% @/ l4 z; f. ~% b, Q- c3 g
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 ?1 ] g5 ~+ e
" s+ W$ H N1 l/ B- a" O/ a5 ~9 iDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " D( M- P" j1 n( O' z ( U* B9 Z* n- w% jI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 J. E @- M1 p4 u0 Z. z/ t% U6 g; \# u2 O( X) `
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) T# J9 K' G* m% P7 T
0 P3 v/ A: X) K0 JIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & n, _- P) J7 K) _' R8 M2 ~# _# n3 h2 o
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) y& I; |3 Z6 {1 e0 Q" e
4 w/ _' v7 t' j) C; }I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . n% n, F9 v0 @+ j; z$ S+ p ( S2 }' V0 g9 \) t. Q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + J0 w- o/ ~; ~4 B( I' h/ I' x! u8 _ 4 q! S0 }8 l! Y0 LThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" D3 l; ^( D! }8 O W
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! z( D0 _4 x1 I, f, J5 n n
* O* ~7 `9 {2 P+ a$ xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); p- I8 V4 S7 i* O! f; [
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) y+ `) p) b: o/ C$ |' L; R
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 h2 `6 p, W( v2 [1 {' B
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 X# I& B+ [1 q& Q$ H. {6 a' q$ X4 V7 d3 Z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 d2 l$ F9 T$ c 9 ^! Q6 _+ }& W1 w% E# e' b此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% v" u4 [+ l+ g; |$ h& C' n
; M) Z, O& f$ U I& Y( `5 `- e. l$ y# j2 k! F' } 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 4 X5 m o6 x6 k( K8 Y * v; F2 A2 a& B* h& _! P2 W+ \6 K例如:: o( e! z, ~6 U% [
8 o3 Z9 u8 G8 IMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& |( o+ q( S7 n D2 p v
# {8 l: H7 J1 u3 M7 A2 \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ P3 H3 T+ ?0 o# }
/ t9 [7 ]5 o- ~8 g" DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . [/ P2 p. C8 C; B * U- f4 p; W+ ]9 oHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): Q5 Q) q* z, C
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 8 J$ U @, M* |+ n# W+ V6 g5 D4 F$ U0 K
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 F! _0 B8 S. G% m
3 k* c! ~% p' j- J" z2 ~1 P9 CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; i- `$ b4 I9 q) R& T& v- m% I 7 T6 C" ^; B& zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 M4 c* \+ `1 Q6 t* i+ j7 D ' c) Z2 m# ^5 h& u) ?4 U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * f; x8 s: T6 c, M1 g8 D+ C/ P! V* b e( E4 F: N2 N5 l
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ n" l$ C9 T: f7 u5 n; U! O2 L/ M- w5 C3 M
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 Q, ~+ X7 x, @2 f! ?
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & p8 ~8 p6 @1 [& D) e4 j7 s 8 G& |- |; ~% u- X) A6 V对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * ~2 p, L$ `* Z. X. ~" Q- ]$ R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " s, }, _0 D( g% A 4 Y4 d, q1 e! {$ r, X/ W至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! r0 C' `- c4 h) O. N5 g% m8 I o6 I6 I2 N$ [
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( p2 ~8 C3 Z1 c: f" M1 H+ H" R" {% ^2 O% b: a' l
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! m" w; m) j* M0 a