本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 R+ L4 O! @/ } ) e0 z; K5 t3 ~3 n1 u0 \转帖; H X0 `4 @) m9 Y# A
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ ]0 j3 ~+ s# f" E) k
) X1 r) T' G4 Z' ]! M) e1 U7 p( S6 E例如: 5 p2 C0 C) m, _, l+ K: E7 R& p8 N/ j4 A* X* `" ^; ?% ]
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" X2 _! a0 \, l& B
6 x5 v, O$ N. z y5 G! I- A" |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). G: Y5 N/ f+ l9 G, _# ~
% \, f& x' Z0 M7 K- x X8 _0 EThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ s, S3 @! B+ o- O: E) s" n
9 m% L& r- n7 A, v I
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 p# ?5 }1 L9 L( `& Y
5 D5 P& i. K/ g, U6 h5 I
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) R n( x' l, v2 O5 s: _ $ b$ H R# u. r$ [* {3 q6 x' zMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), k N$ D% u+ I+ w: { h& `
4 q; t- P9 v/ [ `# t
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 r8 O/ O: d( i$ H8 e $ c: |* [- w5 [( |) L: N8 FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' x; J3 Y" D i, f0 I ! L' x: I9 M9 s2 lWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ M6 p5 b5 M4 |& T) X7 ~5 c3 v
, R% O. D" ^+ `# D3 R
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - b2 c7 H0 c, e4 r3 t( e: E$ V0 ?( Q& j4 F, c$ H
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( N* t0 b7 F0 l; W5 z( Y2 n- j" A
7 h' m% |4 f0 ^+ F' r
- h. L$ }8 F$ m/ q+ V7 q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ A$ K" {4 Y6 x1 Z3 K9 |
. ~( \7 E5 m/ k4 E- ^, X) S
例如:- I0 e3 c. g; w' P' a6 Y/ U
5 D1 P0 z- v/ L/ iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ P* U, a: c# a# v8 |" Q# P
6 @5 P, o8 Q- y- g6 u
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)) K. L% R6 d' w1 \3 U9 ~: @' a2 S
) T# l; r1 k5 V" EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ H: @8 o5 r) u- e* e7 G) v, G
^% F6 P: e; R' G: t
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( {0 }" B5 [) ~1 K4 R5 Q' \7 R / n% O+ x$ }8 G( U3 H( q! bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' V; T9 @; p/ Q& F+ a. m
1 \/ H- `4 F) k
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : I0 D( L1 u6 C& r! y- e8 m. P! Q, x: [/ L
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ }7 r& l1 \8 }3 y+ `. D. W
0 s; x* B7 ^- @" Q
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 s$ ?5 w; t; K8 ?; o 2 b9 C8 I4 X4 A% vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* p8 E3 X# r9 n7 ], }* o
3 R4 I$ ` V& e6 O, f2 _# U; ?4 M
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ O7 {9 S H; E' r! `9 [' Q, x
& D2 F {3 w1 L2 z, C; A7 DHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' h3 Q1 P) k( L% R8 z) m / ~5 a$ ]( z: ]/ i6 }: w2 }He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 h$ @" u$ U, Y/ ?6 u8 b/ }
) _% j& `1 u7 k0 K' e- _4 B
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 M/ b. S; j! V( y$ m' Z9 I" r% b+ r. Y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' Y0 r% y% x1 H1 [6 d* p* h - w4 J2 K2 w s0 k写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / V6 ~! u* R' V( C' n! M 6 I& s$ o5 e' Z& w- C! l2 h8 G此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 A( b" {1 Y/ z3 e# x8 |; \+ J2 G; H; d( ?
2 p# f3 V- G; b8 [3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' _' n! e6 k4 f
; }& k- F5 ?' e$ Q- A
例如: 2 e- O6 i+ K4 n! X& v$ P7 g) i& A0 ]7 d' b" B ?& ?
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * g1 Z' j/ p& _3 v$ ^' F 1 L2 g; Y3 K% fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- M* _- o. B8 U! \
2 e+ e+ t+ n8 P" ~This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 c6 t: v1 ^$ k. [( W
0 u# L$ F" }6 C d' EHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" C, p- X* b* T% S3 M
$ c2 q6 b) y" R+ ZMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 e9 w# w, V8 W. ?2 h # r1 A7 Y7 J v& v! d1 m' G9 zPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) |- d+ R4 F8 x$ r$ K+ D2 e6 }8 h
- ]- G/ a4 D; r4 f) lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ Q9 A5 [ G* B8 E& P1 |8 ~& A2 T
1 k$ V d" I% D( e! ~
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & l' u0 Q0 C4 J4 l' L' j2 R0 b! x+ n* |. n' t8 H, Y/ G/ z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 G( P+ M7 e5 g/ l
; C8 V# V/ j6 V( d当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 }0 ^6 w8 e3 A$ ~$ B# |! j- Y F# m
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 K9 e- O$ {4 r+ J, H7 Z7 p( O
% p* U" x0 \; T) p3 e L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, k9 W! z4 X _* F: M2 J# s
6 f' q" F4 [& H+ O. j9 Q4 ?. _& z a# g还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + ~: d+ k/ _5 g% T# ?9 p4 p) _3 R2 n/ H: A( h& ^- y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! L4 m% k- c& n1 u+ S