本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 D5 l3 ^ W" W+ C3 x
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 G$ r- \$ b% {8 }4 t5 ] 3 d, v3 k4 T) F$ X. _1 @: _3 ]例如:2 X* e( t* [( a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 a/ p5 a2 `# c+ d0 I$ w( R* w% S2 I( u/ b4 _
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / \1 J8 P+ [" a, Y( L+ {' Y# w/ }# f* l0 ]1 ~7 a5 k: {6 C
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% u6 W( @6 _1 M) D! ?
1 I8 K/ g5 H p5 \5 |The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 h9 r& c( X" m$ o- J) d
5 i9 X) w+ N. b" }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 u1 w1 h2 L9 a" J# n, X* x0 Y1 J9 K5 ?
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ }% J) @: J* B
6 L0 P% k$ q8 A5 k+ FWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , Q. ?+ ?! I$ b" H/ G5 P 8 P) u4 Y. |7 Z7 g0 v# N; V0 T" Z2 \The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! t+ K! n& ?6 U0 z# j% }+ _$ q* F: D# i9 x
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 f+ ^( Y( r, ^1 |# f; b
4 c) p6 \0 F& ?4 @$ |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): G6 P8 _2 Z: X K* [
2 ?/ a' |) g& O- |* e7 P; `这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 3 G+ c6 ?( e; v, S8 b4 @( C; g: S( o) b. r7 S* ~+ S4 N
* P& A8 a- f2 c. h# P7 ]- D5 [" Z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# I+ ?0 G+ }% g# B p
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " ~4 b( E |& ?+ k, n3 l/ M' o V. G( B
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) a" G, d' L/ H5 Z 6 o& q& {8 G0 ]4 u7 n3 W5 cI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # \) F1 A* f2 ?% ^+ e 7 T* \5 z' y& b7 K+ @5 `5 GHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' j, \- {# Y% R3 p7 o5 S
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 W8 H" ?2 R. j& `
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' J9 U7 h1 ?4 @' W* g0 F
- y; x+ p% l6 V! Q. ^/ _$ a: jI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * l/ d" P1 J9 C8 z " U/ g! [5 {* h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % O. L* |$ m# ~# e6 h! }2 a2 Z5 y' N1 O
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). T# l! p' f8 W4 P
2 ^* w9 @7 T# Z0 u; t! YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) x/ l' `, m+ `" h: ]
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 ^0 C( A% O s" _
3 s, ]: y y+ G/ i9 yHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 `! F5 K5 h) r% e4 U
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 H' C5 y8 @( s+ B0 E: g1 l5 f
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( z2 \5 j- }0 `/ x! Q4 |. G( r ]" c+ ?+ h* L
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), C1 \0 }6 C) c2 A
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- C4 a8 e7 p; M0 V& d
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5 q. ^, S9 t2 D( w- M4 G' X 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' F. K9 L [" {& I3 z( \; I) c + s1 G( c( k9 }7 z0 b例如: % R1 ^* F/ d5 B! ~9 t; J, B : ?* }- U, Q0 W; a! P5 {Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 B' ]) z! T) n/ V* H- |' q9 z% n+ D) G* y6 x7 `% R" u4 t' g
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 L# Y6 s3 e& Z* {# R' e' u" P9 |) b
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' U- V+ ?' v6 W! q/ w/ u
8 E# s2 o+ e5 vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 ]% H* S0 W1 D& I0 v! b, W8 _; w
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ j" X6 Q' c# f& h+ X9 e& M) a9 c
4 u) b: e# ~, w' e2 I6 A( l: ePolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 y" x! y; Y3 Z$ Y
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ F1 l( S8 k; P$ y- ?: s& i. \1 S
9 D' a X6 c( C3 D8 }' W' x Y* AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 N- z5 O0 H+ x3 n - N1 c* Z) U# u0 u# w6 B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 ~, p* Q+ ?- {; Y. z
) @) o- K% J0 b3 c0 s( w当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ R5 s% z' e& V9 F+ | 5 ] ~; K' l) A9 m' U K& r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & X& F- b: l2 Z, T4 r* m$ a- j4 h. s0 f7 W
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , G+ d" I8 N% ^' x u* G# D 7 Q. S! V$ j$ K7 n对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, u& Z% T u) H* |$ u& x' @
# B; U8 e' n# V7 h5 C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 Z( a$ |& p" f, ^5 s