本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 p0 V3 Y9 f& r' w' w) V4 V1 S
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # {5 b' i6 D2 \0 c& T) N! f9 m( L; n
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 ^9 O8 f+ z |4 U5 Z3 A, `
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' D1 ]: [/ B5 I6 f9 F( S% B0 K( | T- k6 ?- l" J& `
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" W! H1 j) t# A! R+ J. Y7 o
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 S! O8 D$ l: Q& J5 F7 N8 a; }9 }/ D- y1 F
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( p5 \& e$ `% H4 a* ^$ k2 S% K
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), S8 v! A7 a. D; N
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): S6 r) T8 B8 i0 s) h
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 h7 L- ~, s/ A8 J0 u& D/ x5 D0 C7 N! F 8 d" C" p' P7 Z7 JWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 O6 V$ V W( B0 F/ f% i / m' F4 ?& _' x; R8 ^Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 2 G6 S; n2 r, W3 a% g8 M8 Q5 C3 s. v$ q" I0 G, C
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# I& O q$ S7 w' }& P3 C
1 U9 W: p* G2 y$ e6 h% h0 |. P( h+ @% b1 H2 r7 b9 V4 d3 H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # j" b6 J: Z9 e) U4 R/ D( T. P# Y d% ]4 y k
例如:! H" T- e$ O6 f" T I/ |
) i/ \9 e. {' D2 m7 ?0 Y- xAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 _8 a5 T% I# S: e0 ^. v
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & ^2 o, g) G2 F6 o% G8 s+ o0 O' L- C4 o& J
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 i4 \( W0 ]& a5 Z$ p1 K
6 p, E+ J' A* ^/ d$ A7 Z7 tHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 V& h. c" N: b, H9 o9 ?& q* M2 h1 T3 |. d, v
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" e" {* B9 g9 d5 B6 _# ~* a! L
% ~3 t. n" e) H+ |& W1 @3 cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* i- R& |9 R! q+ s
. z3 v: {0 u2 WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) L: s' N6 T* T0 Q
! x( G4 y6 _1 f/ T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: v N1 F( C8 i O% } F8 m9 _ M6 q+ q% F0 |9 G& E+ C9 f
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; H" C" B* C3 M1 A* G5 `, U }% N. ^8 @
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / m3 R8 ]; J2 s" t( ^" p # C8 l, X/ o: n/ @! {) _4 CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) # `9 e" ]- w! m6 I {3 B5 G8 s/ _8 C+ D: V! C, {8 c
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 C; [4 Y& O. m- I' H ; i& y* O' m6 V7 [* RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 {% y. ~! i* b% o0 Y8 d5 X: |3 c8 ~: H; |! H& ^% }( W8 v |
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 O5 I8 ?, k9 W7 p- y& p- x0 E
& ~$ |* Q4 ]: f- C写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 J% ]9 H$ M1 s3 Z$ b8 V; m* W. W |# {# R& u+ M& `- P) z+ t/ ]1 Y
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ A+ F9 } E# F
3 [! @( `6 x- i3 Z- {5 P 2 J$ m E1 R9 U# b" r, S3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ }7 j. N8 M8 e z' F% \
2 }5 d8 n$ [5 B* c8 U例如: . Y k s8 \& t) S! J+ _+ O/ t0 [. Q: ~9 V* z6 C
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" k" s: |! t- s! p1 ~ ]
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 k6 e0 ~0 t9 z: o/ b, [3 n0 ^+ l
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( ^* ~, ?/ Z4 H# M/ f4 i. W/ a2 M" _
8 ^1 B6 A7 [9 p. }* }% v: BHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 P6 a% D7 J) x! E" s1 q3 W2 T: [# M
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* u( J3 ?$ a7 R+ ~/ O
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 ?3 ^0 ?5 G K& t( p+ |' h
4 r+ z* C7 a/ C( d7 a# S4 zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * ?' x1 n/ s- n: h7 u* U( S3 R7 V( L3 F7 [
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' ~: V9 S( X! M3 W- \
( R5 |6 i! i7 u+ ~同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . r+ w6 W6 K" b' N0 Z/ y9 h9 Q% C 8 ?$ ?6 A) Q9 v* ]; J1 A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 [5 c& e, T# `) u4 {! { ' N: B9 F$ ~3 g0 u6 }对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% S6 U# p: Z6 E G5 M
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 z+ K3 }6 B3 K8 k" g" C. Z" p- d
2 D0 S1 D0 g7 j- _! I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, M) H- J8 Q( D& R) ^