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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) , Z3 ]8 O& b3 F* `% ?0 W) D+ z( ~& R2 S5 z! t- O V5 O
例如: 8 ]' g" R% `! E " [* n [7 e/ Z \- L0 @! tMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! R5 X% u! ?8 u+ D4 i |2 ^1 m9 ^ A- _! m2 L5 X0 d& V3 Y; [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 T; i4 k9 v. B; W7 x! F ; f9 y& m& L; o/ Q1 a( VThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' ?! C0 b. H& j' t# ] 4 w2 Z0 K3 B$ o4 d; uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) e; z; ?, \% P" | : G# q' F7 \; W" _4 L+ [! b7 gI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- u: c; J5 s8 g" m0 r: s, G4 s
7 D9 I( h, c2 }3 fMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 |0 @/ ^$ x- n% Y7 _; a4 {+ t% T2 ~
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)+ y1 [# M: r3 A& J, a5 ?! P$ A
: @6 f1 r5 W ], nThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- k4 G" e1 B f" p6 A5 A9 r+ m
@, {5 v/ m- M/ J4 q* TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # f( j' a, c! q( r. u, ?, ?0 K& j( ` p8 e. E$ C
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 t0 ~: I' F t
( [4 T* \1 u2 J2 X# i这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 E) @9 L* H7 \! G+ A! I- M4 T) [4 l
: M0 D1 k$ R5 n4 r% c$ ^$ ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, a# L/ p( v: M
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& J9 b! u7 V% c8 J. q: VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : {5 Y8 P) I/ c9 Z. ^. H9 P: D+ V- q2 ~* l6 z |" R0 o
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): j. g/ i+ H* T/ E0 l! C
# X% Y# C4 A- W8 m4 i1 [I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / V& q! a. h9 t3 g; ], E 6 m! R9 O2 P4 D. H3 _* tHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ; G3 ]6 ?8 N/ {# p; }$ n- t& b4 J% L7 E7 k+ v8 y \" M S% S; I
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + A6 ~9 h: D9 L 5 N' [9 c1 s) DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) Y4 D! T' m0 B9 P8 P! b 7 {4 i6 g% H0 d/ |& v+ g1 Y* cI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + v) s9 C/ w" j8 y+ K( I5 u- U0 S7 F* `$ W
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 b$ W5 F( v0 E" q! ^ |( Q6 b2 r1 D; dThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 g. w* B" k' V) B: S# X: `6 d : w! U* e1 g6 Y* mThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), V# Q! }, o+ Y7 L- q e
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 l7 s" y9 L, w) {. | M& K Q; e& a6 ~- J/ x: n
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / r2 B. C1 {8 b$ U/ E# X9 V 9 r% a: ~4 v3 E& I' f3 K4 tWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% \* c a% Q8 ~) d2 \# W; C
& g5 u$ a+ I3 M) Y0 s: CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 j& i0 l. |% ~7 I) n& ~: e. g 8 u" u* y# g' G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 L! X2 H: V, O$ c D % W8 r2 N: v" ]6 j, ]+ I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 l# ?2 H% H* v, z) W3 w; T
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9 h; {$ o, `! L% C2 [& l O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # t2 G4 D3 [9 h8 Q. J* k, \ 1 P! ?& d4 B$ j0 ^/ r例如: V, O1 k1 }9 {6 H0 h& B# ?% Q* B2 r$ K8 y! B* p
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)9 Y, O' j% D9 ?* V4 T! J/ T
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 1 {' |) ~5 L. h1 d: ? - t4 i% r8 Z) r$ L4 n" MThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; z" y& n4 B6 ]" {9 z' f6 Y5 @+ ^5 C B4 F3 L& B( q* {$ a, sHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( K7 e2 L; r1 u+ `
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; V! e$ W5 r+ m1 r/ d- z( P9 M7 A ) r$ q3 R( \" w- y& rPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ K$ Z& J4 `& z! f3 t
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 D& q7 C5 k9 l7 R
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): x; M/ o5 a; v+ I( O
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' t5 V+ M) W( o; R& \
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ b+ k2 X! r; V9 `8 W4 E$ _4 i! F
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 G0 l) O( M* R% H4 v7 P
- |4 _; p5 p, t# w对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 h( H% n8 G7 M6 J' k / H& Q- \% V9 J+ N6 ?# l对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) ]7 I- m q, E2 s& }& ? 4 u2 A( t# t4 Z: p, n( b, D对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( `/ ?. p+ ]3 C$ V$ W# r+ {9 U4 B M) Q b0 ^' G: H$ {
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: / q" C. u7 e# w 2 D6 W; r; b4 }" H1 e: c还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 x' U& }7 |4 n; [0 e9 h " J: ~6 k* K, [: _ T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 m5 E0 D+ I. V/ r: N