本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / A$ {' h, e+ I- q( N# Q3 K/ O / x2 w. J( C; b: o) A2 c转帖8 M- u/ {5 N7 d }0 F' V8 L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # D4 r) G# ]# s3 d : m/ R4 O. I( m+ h( e# A例如: # f V4 L) v# S3 _. w) T+ L7 _) Q& O- d3 U/ W4 g& r: P
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 \; }1 P# _& ]- f
" D& v" r& y& I4 n9 o8 q( NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- T: O+ [- {; ~# a; A8 o
& f' k! o! d5 [/ {& {3 lThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : y" W. B* V* m2 q, s% n/ ?# B. F4 F1 h; @! A5 t2 p k
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / L5 s/ t9 E) V% \$ q6 J+ R/ K + `3 G' m+ b6 _2 o0 d. f4 F) }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 A3 t3 k V" H% k2 x2 i0 x, d : w/ p4 }) X" A2 v: N& W/ RMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& j) N: f8 f0 { f5 h2 _
], C1 ~9 n8 p5 `* h. ?$ g$ c6 w
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " J; ]- _' L) U; u& o+ `! E3 I s: K( y) |
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 C6 T, p0 y, m# q' }: ~' {- ]+ U$ R+ G1 W& o# ~
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 K/ x. i2 x5 n+ H. g % V% s: z$ \" \/ {Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# o, D, ?% c4 M2 u% ~
5 k3 n" M- j' C9 s这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& |: k1 M; t3 C2 y2 A
2 d, U" ^ Y2 i ~ / { M1 ^) W1 _, @$ N7 K3 @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ M( f: ^- ^5 {9 x2 w
% y2 [) Q1 z t: P$ I
例如: 8 K4 B2 I* l+ I- c0 M; a5 W. I2 b/ c; j& z' M( H* z) r( o9 u
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * z- V0 V' b5 i2 H8 x9 _$ n% X+ ?: z6 j, ]0 Y% T y
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & N1 z3 f) L i7 h+ W $ w g' N: w4 II am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % R( p0 h' e( [% i9 {4 Q _ # `& D4 g- z* |0 F% n& n" oHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because): {- Y1 V2 X+ m( y2 }" |
/ J/ W+ ~/ N4 F+ \) N) x3 HIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( D7 z: x. u# S0 ^/ | x* X5 Z- A) i. M
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): \1 F1 g" E; j. ~. R$ f
4 N( x: R+ j; g! t% A
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 ]- z' D3 h, Z7 {- _9 M
1 y2 N! I. q6 l/ S3 `( G
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 C3 W( Q5 }' [. ]
7 v. w; ` @# [( O" [$ C! d( ^The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* n0 u ^6 `) @2 W4 }8 v0 x9 m
$ g# z) i" c; E
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 i9 l' b2 j( w/ `$ ~: |
7 e$ G: }2 `5 p, tHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( ~: p8 a+ j6 W1 B: A5 O: c' m; F! L
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 Q& P6 @% B; |+ Q) n$ S6 _6 v4 R. l& s* b- l+ t
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ ~) o: u) D4 `5 h5 m$ `
7 Q# ^' \8 l; ?) H1 }, d
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! j+ r/ _# ]# F* Z! Q- Z; P( e
. a9 `4 o' Q$ ^0 \2 a. w" U$ U' z0 M
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 Z$ t/ a& U: l' T5 C: g ' V/ m+ |" L& U" S A+ ~( l此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, F, ^" t! p/ L
( G9 w6 W3 t" K% `5 Q$ d/ F- H. ?& w! c0 Z( W5 s 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . x- `7 ]$ [ b$ @ 1 p+ ~$ M$ ~( p2 a例如: - d6 }. W) a+ j: x1 s 5 z; R& y7 b! M0 m, UMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)' r. P- p, k% N! t! L4 m1 i
3 V) j) |; d; x3 C+ d; l
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " N% H6 L! u5 f2 s( e$ q# z4 J$ U: S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) h* l- e; n; D( o7 w" D( o8 ^3 l7 M5 l' F: L" K
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) W/ g% g1 z5 Y( Q4 H5 Q+ I; I. \ 2 R, y/ w4 d' J& t2 n- X) T. WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 y W: X2 t, a/ q6 B1 x1 G4 k! r- W& O
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); B+ y+ P4 R) I$ M0 V
- z0 t. c, d9 h$ f6 S5 ?9 M: HCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 w5 s( j B+ J* N; T5 e2 \- X. N3 K% w2 S |9 c. G
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 l$ x" g( U- i
5 _3 @% q U: ? `同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 Z4 e) Y' Y' P |4 h( W+ J. @2 [* o
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 X1 q- J# K7 V" z & E( O1 z6 x( `9 G( R0 K; F$ ^对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; - E* ^) T; ?( c, Q. ^, U& X2 \4 N9 h+ N2 G0 i9 x3 K
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 t, V" t7 k0 J2 D/ z
a. q* z) x/ W$ a& D+ N
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 s" [8 W- n; a E% R# n
* _( {- U) p6 I$ r k" [对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 J5 }$ j/ Q4 v' T6 M( g
+ m" R9 z* Q0 M, q# P/ b& A/ b
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 z" M& j. C+ B" J3 {" H: B7 [
' B: I" h7 ]% a% m6 r有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 g: y) ~: u# ]0 V- k+ ^$ h# U' n