4 B& K; s+ J- O- O' sMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # L# H% E5 C5 O4 q4 ^, { ; P% M3 C7 K; V% a" n( |8 xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 V0 w& H! ?# x) O. h# V/ u( ? ' \ N/ u4 s/ F' f. j6 U* c: PThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 B5 J* k, T' c m) B/ A* W: J* S: v! v: W# C; W3 H, v
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)) R2 g5 W8 r6 S: V- A: g2 G
6 p5 w4 [6 X6 P, v$ p. f! m! W! nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 Z2 \8 G$ P1 |2 X/ @
6 w3 W4 J7 m5 W! z' mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # k% N; s0 N4 Q# }$ F$ [3 x) {0 J0 K- Z* f3 k
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ Q; }; @$ J" l @3 n
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ T% i1 N' D) j1 e) R1 c3 P
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)1 k& ~7 m6 \8 A8 s7 ?+ {# C
8 n3 N: P. O) i6 E1 iPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). B8 s8 A+ r( @ U
& q6 s8 Z" ^+ j+ O' S这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! V+ d+ l$ \6 b; z2 x " U0 ?. _3 b3 n) f& O& z9 q % C4 `2 X- L: \1 O& @: X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % p- c0 @8 }6 i ) b7 h4 L: K: {! J" W. j F+ k例如:0 N& Q0 j4 l0 R; X# S, I
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 _. q: E% ~/ t5 C; z% t: ^
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! d& |3 {; `4 C. |) H8 _
; q4 }' h& M3 }! U9 u0 v* lI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) b" z3 K; {4 _1 M3 P0 ?, \: t1 b8 `$ f2 N/ ~
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 V6 F6 X/ l! F0 {% p 3 L( B; \, M! Y; h, JIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( K0 I9 s4 x# g+ y% ^" |5 R. S
) ^3 D( B& k3 G: sShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 t' o% x0 ?8 G( I! r3 \
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : g: e6 \' V& d4 i6 i0 x6 X1 n+ H6 Q8 v, h7 [ s! ~8 d7 v0 s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " u- o& B l0 s% P, z9 W: f . m# q$ ]! @3 b# `* [8 vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ @5 i, t+ Y. ~
* u7 d( H9 F, L" w- n$ dThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)' B3 m' w- p/ R) ~/ o
Q( q/ a3 T' ~$ O) Z4 PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ `: ?6 Q1 D( R5 f4 l
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) Q2 m0 k6 l1 q0 M% o+ X5 ^' B k1 m7 ?0 l# t% J; DWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ h1 ]0 c& c. F/ l) f T5 m0 r8 |
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) + {/ i2 J( v6 M8 b9 d+ n$ d , t, c6 A3 m8 M) |写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( ]4 F- @) v+ u% m l- ` k) O1 z# a4 \) Q0 W" @
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 p3 n1 ]& s0 [2 a6 R5 A. i
6 w0 ?) C- k" I9 T: u例如: " e2 q w2 E- z$ N3 i9 O' X% }3 _7 P8 F& t- y8 U
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 y4 t( U. D3 ^$ v) N, A- |8 H- y7 ?/ o- Y8 A
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 }3 |) N( F$ k' m
) `) o9 _' X0 ]9 bThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 E5 n- l/ i+ e3 `
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)' E4 h" @+ o/ l. n+ P/ I9 |
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( V9 e. @: p7 N
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 F0 X5 q3 @) o! x# I$ ~: d& q6 d4 f
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' _5 T( f# ?' J7 [# d
9 g0 h; f$ o8 w3 mStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)5 l5 d2 p8 u+ l+ |' l4 ?; R
l$ q* q) x% W! R1 X2 M" x/ v6 E* c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 k9 F' P# Q5 L' R/ \. z- S; R% Q4 Z) P7 ?4 h
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: i/ o' K, x5 c% Q5 k' Z
& Y" B$ b0 H2 Z2 F. n( d7 L' u对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * p- t( {3 J$ _5 K/ Q: f8 b4 F% A5 U0 h
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; # W2 R; ~" Q$ |' U( @7 E # ^- W; o# Q ?对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' c6 A% A8 j$ V2 @; f( z; Y# s
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 E$ B4 n3 q" n6 {- R* `. S+ w# ^7 |- [" C; B0 u
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 b6 ^: d+ n. T. [ 8 F( m& m+ v: \. c' @! Y5 M1 [还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : X* B$ v$ y1 r+ O. y& A7 w 0 e1 n# U: Z- e: m3 Z3 m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , O" W# |4 G: p& h