本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 6 @4 n# O$ q! e$ ]3 H+ D- V8 Q, w1 d Q 转帖; m$ C9 S K4 }# ^8 R9 P2 E9 Q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 F! }6 M u2 u2 j+ P; c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! p) G0 z$ {2 s- h9 E4 _7 m6 W% s8 A: b3 _. s
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 5 A9 ?: |( [! \- ~! S : U* Y0 ~& t8 \5 C u1 `1 gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / l2 ~% y% _ m6 k9 X% S8 }# P) p! N9 B$ v
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! W! i" y1 D* f+ K% } q0 {
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / i6 V5 l" Q0 E, a6 S0 B9 U ' \# Z# D1 a: _! e5 yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # u9 V2 h+ T0 d/ c, b$ C3 j: V4 d5 m# g6 X4 u/ q6 h) D( x: Q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ l" {7 g: o' j; D0 ^7 `8 v4 ~# \
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- A: Q& o/ k8 Z, o# O1 Z) r
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). t8 m9 q1 D6 k3 q$ |3 h+ }2 W
6 ^/ V( T0 i4 ~. y \3 X6 ~Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 N3 c8 M3 l/ l; e0 X- E7 k ! v% E3 T4 q: D# {- k& I) O* t- j这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! H9 [/ G. W) _" r; T2 Y) Y' o, `7 |* y1 M8 R0 p
# Z8 p+ k5 `; O6 J2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 l1 o- m8 T8 r6 J. g" a+ V ]8 K' B3 h, U; c+ ?例如: & ^$ B. n1 D7 F5 ?; Z8 K) v. g9 E5 o6 k1 f: d
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ q: s( a1 Z. p1 i9 L1 x" d" ^+ `- B# M& t3 m* ~ t: @
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + h6 A4 k% P9 l1 L8 X; `1 E, E& H% u7 V
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # K8 [% s4 C& T0 m3 g 7 q* G# H$ g: q# K1 WHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ a- \& t" T& H6 t# j) Z8 _8 g- l+ V 9 z' }: U4 v% V1 SIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! G+ R$ M- U. H' m0 o L+ @: d' b; K! C( E3 x) y+ r
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) u6 v( X; ] o5 g* a- D0 J8 | n3 K: u
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 f$ P% D6 o ]6 ^" w, j$ H) a1 u8 P) q5 l3 N1 l# z2 T
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 z( C0 A# Z* R b4 |% l3 {, V" l
. w, R1 v+ B/ `1 K/ Y' W+ _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& ~7 N& f$ W; x& `- O
N8 R8 K- T" W. w3 XThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 ~6 o$ B1 ~' P& }, v# T % G* {6 F9 \1 |/ C. ]1 PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 H6 S/ ?+ z/ ^6 O% N. w 3 M/ r- M: C! F1 THe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); r; ] h2 D1 H# C, I& @
5 _7 j, ?* @+ m% BWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 E; z' ]% ~2 H. x( l4 m3 C+ a
7 J4 m) Z; I' H& L4 z/ l% B- {Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). P( w8 w% V, V m: A1 O4 b, z$ E
; a) k. w6 x: u+ G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* N- y2 J2 ]; L* D8 c' O8 [& v1 d
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 y+ }8 Y# o6 A* F! d H3 V5 n' d/ K7 |: [: M" Y: r: Q& H" O
0 C- g) F' F9 T( x/ F/ Y/ A- l2 I3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 H( y: o- O7 V
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , P- l; a, F& ~/ E4 D' [. P ) i( y: ^2 A6 r, U! I- eManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' h8 c$ ^- F. ^; K4 ?
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " s5 ~! |/ J5 l7 d$ X1 U& ]- D4 l ( \9 U" q+ Z/ Z( s E2 g7 f( tHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 N/ ~! [, W+ P( H6 v) L8 x2 T' s% r3 k. Q5 X* t `
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 ?" M1 N# B) n0 @) q! [2 t ! j, a1 Q1 v4 G" v- v" ]Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), }2 H; F6 P) q$ G3 W6 K9 U7 A
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) . ^$ l$ Q" m6 n h [ ; S" ^/ R0 g9 F9 l& V6 UStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" f& |& C! @! h. |
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。0 J* M0 `6 I/ \ }
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:: ]; v1 @* g" G$ u4 h. e4 }
) s+ S" A6 l( q5 G0 ~对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 ~9 B; _# A% B3 q' ^2 x 1 l1 ^6 z2 @1 X% L8 G9 a对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;# ^ o2 i' Q: j
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . y$ ~$ e& ~) x1 O4 h2 B- i2 U/ B3 E, ^$ t+ ^& m
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 B( A. v) [& h; `7 S0 v ; y C) V1 [' A! V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 O% i x5 h* D3 `
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / \9 \1 k# x$ Q: g# |0 F; B5 ] - P# t+ r2 q- e* U2 [: E a4 N有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & ~- B4 z3 |: q$ f3 {; o