: ?$ Z5 f& U. T# v例如:4 a; |' n) p5 u2 l9 P
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 I! w6 r. B# H8 w2 `- J4 H6 C! R' m9 J# B0 a1 c- F
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / m" @8 B9 p0 W1 l* I. X4 P) n/ I * M; ^8 f& g- }3 w$ _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) L4 V7 E5 m" H
: o1 o. i, S" c0 d) c( F, GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 t, ^( N9 ^3 r. K7 K6 C0 m
- _) g! d7 k$ j1 dI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 ~$ c& y) L. I% t' [$ G1 p' v& o! w; E
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . V( O- a, E; | 0 T3 M) S) v! a( L0 u( l9 s5 nWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * F( E; p7 M" `- L3 ? / s( \4 r' A1 A; i2 O; m( Y6 N2 RThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# X0 R, N w# y" X t
2 t' a" _$ q0 A3 O* V5 j! \We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 r; K" S0 B% o8 a
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! A5 f# P& L7 {; L/ t6 h 4 c9 x, ~! R$ o" H/ X' X这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 _% D' W |# z8 p: X0 s; K! O4 d7 {) U
% t9 y; J/ D$ T+ C) F3 Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 3 p% S( h. f& b. `6 V4 o! H, }3 ~ - b1 i% t' h+ }6 {例如: 4 G9 a" Z' e& \ 9 q( ]9 p3 U* |& |6 bAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 j7 Y. G& k; ?/ j" u7 ^
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- I' `' ^: F; K9 B
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' T8 l6 n. l0 [# K ! R$ I4 }- u: _: Q/ iHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % a6 T5 {; Y& L4 \8 r0 N$ y 8 x w( t4 W5 J6 O" W; `* x2 W3 CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ( f( n3 A0 s( V f$ o! J% I' \+ x) Q- q' F8 X# t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ V0 ~1 ]% X' D' S" u4 ?# N * d# I; U+ J6 iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 T; j9 A" o3 X" e4 |* W) z" @' r; P; B
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 |6 q" t: y: `. E
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( N7 {$ _1 S* X2 U
4 y. W1 Y2 v1 h |9 pThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 Q9 P3 w: N( g
) ?' M+ c* Q6 B% Y x- y7 WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- `7 L7 U" h- ^+ `3 g: D: ~
, J7 E0 r& _8 u' l0 A) R. A; _He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) ~1 U% c9 E/ o; s0 L1 }0 C3 I& h7 S: F
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 o L6 ~/ W: v8 B4 ?* w+ N; }
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( p3 E, R1 i; l/ d. ^% {5 [) x& E- [& Z8 @$ C* P6 c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : ]: O( O; C0 U% Q2 A' y# i8 T) T * Z1 e/ d5 B$ H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / m& v9 U% y+ j& ?+ o& r h2 p 5 e, L9 X5 o, V) W6 ^. l " z( ]# G% x% Q+ [ ~3 S3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, U% J- ?. _! o
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例如: ) Q3 |3 q7 M% u( g9 V$ l6 b& ]( x1 h# q+ L* A+ X
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 n& h0 a' g+ n% c6 z1 c5 z: _& @. [ ]4 N8 p$ O& ?3 b9 \& @- R
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- a8 H. H0 u1 z1 z% j6 Q
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 F- I- G# B z+ M( f$ v/ ~, _ + `7 ` G' ^( SHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 c2 m. C7 q6 n* g; Z' y" o 5 u3 T- b8 o5 mMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) T( h0 J6 Z Y* v* g$ |8 G4 k( S + |& [5 r+ l) ~4 v( x2 D4 ?Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ y1 e. v2 s9 W$ N
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 g: N( R. F7 J, X7 p% _/ a7 b
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), C" `# z( [. u+ t$ z/ R% s0 ~
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。1 T m! ~" B+ t9 N
+ f) c% o, w! o1 n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" d0 [2 V+ E2 W3 ^
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 R5 k' h# i1 c# ?& d" k* F4 E4 M6 {6 ]: f9 L2 [. d
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; - Z) J5 F) V' M3 X. B; E 3 n' v' |1 F. r! r1 K2 z. \2 G, G对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & w) P' L% T* m4 r1 s+ s X- w1 D4 u+ B* ]
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' ~& s& M' v- @9 y
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 D6 J& b( d6 F, P3 d5 J1 p) U, q' s( J
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 p! A, q5 y3 M' R& X3 M& [6 S7 T; a3 i# N9 b
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' u$ p6 y1 J Z" [$ e