8 J0 E0 v5 |! X, `" y例如: 3 [8 a3 x& W% n6 n2 z$ e l 0 x+ H/ `& S4 r, x" `9 `Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); C, k& n* S; P. j1 S. w+ [0 u9 C+ v6 B
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) n; g4 s& L: J
: k: V; y. T( J0 E; S" s: t: ]1 SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread); @. L1 A& T5 S3 D: y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( @ I; a1 J- P" V0 k$ ? 8 `" Y* f& j" P s$ `% h# Q$ dI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% X/ b2 L" Y" l, ~- }2 A$ m
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 @/ j7 |1 V: ], S! r
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& z8 e) s! E0 C: m
% K, x. @& g- x& KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; w6 M/ ]8 J8 P6 a* M . E# B; I: v6 Y! A4 ^6 zWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ ^7 |: _7 b" C
+ ?1 T/ C6 ^/ h% W0 l$ OPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ b* C; m* s8 N7 f9 Y# D7 z( }
( i: m/ B# ^& W: ~6 ?这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - s. i2 Y; y% B1 m3 K! @1 `# ` * v; b) i7 U' c, q 8 l0 V6 p4 d! M# B% P, s, U. c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( V$ Q+ S: X$ k( x7 Y. Y h) z2 E( s8 y
例如:' e. n0 ]& r' Z& H
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 c3 M+ U. r, D" h; Q# W
% I4 i, Q" K3 ?3 RDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , N: H- V M: ^) [1 D1 } 0 t0 _; [0 @* D+ h% SI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)3 |# G ^6 I9 j/ l* z
* x+ W6 N H: lHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 O1 Y( ~7 z4 {" t2 h5 Z; h* ?$ d P. k4 w
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : C: i6 g/ t( w: C 4 U' L0 H+ n. q0 ]She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + F4 F1 X: ^( _6 V( A9 A' z' ^( ~2 K4 Z9 A) K/ L
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 v* T& m0 e8 }: p9 h
; H7 u/ d2 p; I. v7 O5 A' @) J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 G# I0 C3 x+ v6 D. [) D( }
+ K! l6 K9 G& \. ]. M8 s. p, WThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " E2 w) ~8 D ?$ A 0 x4 j8 Z7 N# W3 a$ s3 T) TThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& ?# |! L [0 X6 p- I; W8 c# w% F
/ H. ^2 d' U8 }% x: L1 g5 E; p+ F+ ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & Y4 T; f1 h; H- T0 {# f) k5 }6 [4 M( t2 e
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + ~9 @* ^% c! R r( ]( O( q. O3 w" x3 t2 |1 h
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 u; R$ E' W# Q $ p7 T. d- z' q# y& X! YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 v) [2 z) M4 A9 I1 J, o& ?
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ w$ v, x; w. g) ~7 I
e$ W$ i+ I7 y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) U( Q0 z! k) u/ `/ z
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! b3 M" r' z! M5 l- ~8 l! R% [ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 O7 k* j' D$ k' ?
+ ~9 S; }: m( J% w5 x例如: 7 O. }% l. [6 h6 N% u" d) Q o1 G( t* q
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 T9 j. K( `7 `3 V# e8 R# ~ m7 Q+ t }1 m2 D$ D: y* R& ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# S+ I( S4 q1 m# U
/ \! H$ S& ]7 K8 E0 n+ Y( J* _This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 r' |& y/ A: {) r/ t5 K$ O, ]8 M* V
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 K/ b# C* f) P" r& Y
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' p9 z; ~% z" E+ Y7 ^6 c3 M7 m4 M# i. l
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 j) s* S/ |. E2 S& }; w4 z" L8 R 9 t! P1 O& ~& \+ l I$ _- t9 gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 `$ ~% V e( I% K, s! Y
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & J' Y) z, T1 L5 b7 t7 R4 Y9 e) G! D
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; ^, W$ [4 Z) p5 @& z* |. F& g7 ~- @. O$ W; r9 b; V& m+ L
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' a: u: o: X* ]. v0 W% X; L, D
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : U3 @" G- @/ \3 e3 w" F: J+ a5 @0 R+ V7 E2 I; t
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* n/ x6 }$ ?4 j5 W2 S; j5 k
9 B. S; p$ i' Y7 o n对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : i) X5 L5 }5 T9 g% W& e5 P, X7 W2 h9 Z: G! W5 t
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % L7 P* v0 H9 y6 n' |) _/ j3 m4 U: D) M( y; H4 B( x# | x
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; j! B' ^7 l' }9 l! x
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ' f- X& ~. R; L" R( ]4 \- n ! ?7 A5 ~) @! j; W u9 q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 j7 z5 ?7 m7 B