本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " {: }4 U9 R- q I& w
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 W$ d5 q2 M: H3 U. L+ ]# e
$ w3 k( k/ R0 a1 m' Q7 f例如: 6 Y" O+ G( t; s H6 @& b5 v. _ $ ]" z" B' K4 Y, m8 o( M. R. s* a; aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # S. x! y! H: W6 N) W9 c6 _$ J& D& Z+ d* B" d/ n% u* z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 z; v$ I, D ?0 f' s- N* G# ]0 G1 v& K' m; r5 S5 v
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * o/ M) D4 N* Q% \ ' N# q3 L b# m6 j \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 v" i1 H" w3 M/ U0 z5 ?' J; Y/ n& B5 A$ {
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); I" N3 A1 i) ^9 ~/ V# @3 v
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 l' M- N% f5 X0 q- \
' m( Y! K2 I3 W1 }! ]* RWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ y6 q3 W. ^/ ?8 N+ {! q2 y7 \ N2 d/ e: {! r! f; e: X
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 w" S1 ` P2 h- Y . h. B+ ]! i9 n" C- U! RWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 p1 s- ^/ X5 H4 |3 u) X
( J4 F" D( _% CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 m- _% W! l% b6 ?3 j1 S' G( i) b7 X+ r' e/ a# D
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 y D; A* u: t) j. |, A% H6 K9 _3 y
5 k4 S2 g) ]6 w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. o* X( N8 A$ [& n, H# J
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例如:1 U$ i6 H1 j) a
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% d7 P3 S; p* v( e& U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & F1 L: h" S/ K3 W7 t9 x9 L6 b+ G% ] f- Q* \
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 a' J2 G7 x3 |* C9 A
( P4 x/ K, [; H% @0 d* UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 o2 ^5 _% ]0 B: m E2 z% _& X& U
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). H" |$ @1 m/ F i6 b e
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 3 s8 i; [' T, ^) [0 d! N/ ], U+ ?0 I s" O+ H
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 W& M8 F& a6 c $ H6 B. {0 [% R5 S, q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ w6 Y% v& b2 |( |& \
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ q/ f: Q x6 p* g. a2 |9 O
8 \* r2 V+ o8 CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & u/ E) w; v2 _+ e$ N0 e& e0 }, ]% y3 e1 u2 ~6 |
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 P g, U# W- C& a , ?& B) X0 M! Z' uHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 N4 m; n4 ?% h5 O2 q0 a
2 @: s$ M- ]' `- hWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* J6 T6 I5 S: B
o4 r) X, m; `# |8 T. a+ P' TEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& f( h8 L8 R- f/ q7 A! R
. a B9 b& I9 u1 D0 e写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 F4 U7 v7 s+ J7 L9 E% N- Z5 e0 C& \& E5 X+ }4 o" r
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。* k; ~3 k( W* `( L" [! J
2 ?* y) ~& l% x/ x 7 p$ x! Q$ Z. I; R( [$ p; f- q3 y7 n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; I8 u" w6 E& `3 n8 l+ V+ h 0 m5 p% U1 ~* j# S- e7 u' h例如: " u1 L+ a, L `& B2 d 5 |' d$ t2 B3 p, HMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): i/ T( \* _" `! b! q
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! |" L. t( c9 Q* s8 Z8 r" a
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 T- b) b) A6 i4 v {8 c0 ~
# W# n0 P) _1 `He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " S" ]0 I6 h* C4 a, j7 Z& Y7 L' ?* b, `" Y ?) l6 R7 \
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 f; C v. L/ _" E
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): M0 l% x( W1 }3 J; U% r
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 D- V g0 f8 A6 X2 e% m2 v
( e, o1 U2 H- `6 F6 |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 N( g7 I* x) G R( Z' U2 t9 A( x& o6 J* }; s; V$ H
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 s7 \7 A% `% q* a, [( a! b' J! g* L6 U5 C
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / d7 d* H; L, c5 u2 s, I" g* a# n7 u0 _- M. X) Y! Y0 |
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ x3 h) [$ I* V% W) \% E! c- y c3 ]
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' N5 [! L4 B5 x. G4 S
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& F$ H* g; x* E$ J+ t" @
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: s- S( C; H, t. y! c5 w
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! M* v: n$ n0 @- e5 T) U" g$ L' J
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 v" I7 d' L( C i
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) v5 x' J" c2 d7 e