本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 h5 A2 \( Y3 D 4 O& k) q b' f6 a* b, u7 U2 @转帖0 K5 F4 g( a4 t9 P+ e
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 R( C$ L8 z k/ v5 g
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例如:4 ] _9 g4 s$ _" o0 @5 [
- X/ m1 _, G' K& R. s: _9 B1 pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)% c' p! p2 O2 z
* N* ?7 d: h' m3 {/ |8 }; k. xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ \# M+ B R5 w/ ]( l; B
% k3 J l+ m3 n' ?- i/ dThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % P [; w. L/ e) J' `& S/ u; \6 @8 j2 m4 k% g
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 [' X- P. T* \ k1 q; V' K6 Y$ r
+ ?! C/ ?! o) U9 r9 e! iI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 u8 n8 X, v6 i1 x
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 y( H* }+ u3 m4 d8 H7 `/ E8 c . A2 v6 P! `% x$ g# j$ s1 D+ N- RWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " N% ~* R5 J, w" P1 G) {5 V * U: ]( H$ H, K5 nThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& r/ _% ?0 _1 P& ?* h* |( w+ X
; ~0 @- x! g6 ~1 UWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): d# E& W8 {; p* r/ X
( g) I6 p2 q- M" `Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 s U0 z6 U+ u* p+ s& f! \5 b2 r6 ~" a% |" t$ ~ t
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. E* K3 \) X/ |8 |; [( s% m5 o5 o
4 `4 M2 y i: H* e' ?. _* P% v% m* F2 Y* ~, X3 T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 G4 l. L2 T3 r! R& N- R: K5 M# V& i
例如:7 c' F/ Y$ |7 K
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 M' h' ~- d! u( J5 d& v! X: R6 w0 U0 X" y/ \5 `# Q( l
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 q0 w5 {0 R+ w: D+ q) O ! w! ~9 ]: C' bI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 U* w$ y3 R& H* Y& A ' p# e% Q9 B+ U% F. ]. x a! |He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). M8 \. o: ?4 L
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 w# f7 F4 v" b+ T3 x 8 N- _0 m0 \1 i7 ]0 m% t0 ?She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 ^5 n, ~- \1 z7 F/ X, c" Q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! Y& u* L6 u9 f \2 f% f% L( ?7 j- n. _; ^6 [1 b
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ h+ P/ W. `- P% X$ p
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 ~% y3 [8 C3 ?" c, I
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* M& Y) D5 I* f9 F; S
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 ]: }( Q: ~ O 5 S$ R8 ^ x+ P4 S) X5 KHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 H7 }! R ]' a- h1 G2 ?4 ]7 i6 X
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 t/ S& Q' ?4 B- `1 O% G " P* `/ V# f. K: J9 w: wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ `/ o4 `* J5 w6 r3 q8 N( p, b0 F
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) \$ [6 z& O: S, k ) L# T- z0 Z$ m+ F1 ^此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 C( R- K' T o! ? & r4 j6 x$ l$ {2 n. t) e% U3 E2 D3 i U! n; n9 \& V2 i4 |1 r, m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- J. ?/ ?- c8 r' u
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例如: 6 D5 B5 }' [. D! o7 Z. W$ F( y/ ?( G 8 w" Z& O" e; BMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- E P3 h9 p/ O0 Y2 j" m
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 ~& a5 U6 Y5 |: O
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ @6 T+ b. V; K& B. e# {0 U$ P+ t% H, f, E
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % m* f, {5 u% p# O% q : ~0 N* O5 h5 L$ A5 r0 [4 ~Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' e; {+ g/ r" P" ^3 f
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 S# S+ f6 M- ^# Y7 B, L, ? z% [/ R8 W- a& L7 ~9 m1 j6 G
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 p4 H3 H( v& B$ ^, Z
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- K, U) b. S2 ]9 t1 Z7 {
0 v; M9 U1 p2 S3 y- J& c; k$ J有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * ?0 I; P: b7 v