本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # g/ ~) Z! y5 n7 r3 t- ^$ }; a: U, ~* M, ^ 转帖 3 |1 r/ D R0 L& |4 r1 M- I/ a! o1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# w% \) y9 w, N: T. f E
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白); w% ?5 J* ~9 L. O2 j/ j
6 n1 Y! j( F& O7 S, kThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # W- P+ j3 Y* m1 ~# z6 R, a: B$ p* t+ I( P$ q
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 C' `' }, n' D9 K4 L , p3 }% Y p7 l, W* K# FThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 R; v0 A g( r% `2 g7 }0 x. O& s3 H& a
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% Y8 N/ a1 u4 q9 m1 G
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" Z) A9 M+ o. A5 Q( F9 [
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), V' F# _7 g4 p
: H9 ]$ |- f- G5 @, F7 h3 dThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 @9 F1 F: p) b' G" M
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' @; b5 b1 A* Z* o, d1 \ 1 }- X6 ~7 z0 C* [- z/ R7 MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , L1 A$ D7 o* p$ A: \0 S7 P* @8 _. \1 E
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 u: G8 X |4 H2 T3 W+ Q" a! d& m- U+ w E, I: K2 Q
' @: Y! x8 [& n4 p1 ^9 R5 w 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : b8 E! S; |! M) }0 D) t) G6 d . b/ V/ U8 Z: W5 [, Q# _( W例如:, H( K% ?5 U# m9 W v7 y+ d4 `
. Z' c( f2 d/ u l7 I" M! hAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 C" }& @* U, w! H( F 9 l! t3 h4 J! ~7 ^0 u) Y; y3 r7 CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( P( g8 `! E5 {0 b9 _( w9 G: @
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) p( g2 Z* a a/ s& d& z) C
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# }# q+ K' e( c3 t2 w$ }
' P- j5 n4 \- E9 f. R n c: u1 jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! o1 \* R7 |+ \$ q1 f* L6 k, M" L) O5 H9 x( Q e/ P
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& X7 m. ~# @) s( N4 L( }; G% w) m
' r Q* E+ H( O3 Z ]: o- n8 ~I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 w9 z& h7 m. F! C- F# y7 n $ I' Q5 N9 O: r( D; J如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ s5 k6 u( x1 a3 V$ x, F5 i4 h
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), p* Q: J! j) C
3 I3 ~2 y. W* v7 ~( ZThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); l) B! g7 e, v3 q( \
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 E' j1 d1 s2 B* @, b* J1 N" V; m' h; B$ Q/ A
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ U; O. o$ V4 M3 V; H2 Y1 i, I# w6 O
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ o% s# q8 j) }; k" a' h
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) P9 U# j: N) |
+ Z [# a& M B; p6 F3 d) [写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ J! ^/ ? X5 G5 O + _; J9 @( w5 I! S4 j/ T8 `此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / _3 k" Q+ S a" t# c& q4 x R# _$ N( K
4 k( t* C: v2 A0 [( u3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 \/ w1 C& @2 R3 f9 ]! W % x0 e' y' P0 N; C4 a# m( q例如: 1 x8 }% W( S8 V/ A7 p' B/ M! n# h$ u; H3 R
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ( q$ j( D4 c- E! M % o+ U9 }3 Z' s; M5 KManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) d Z+ N Q- ^( w. y/ D* C1 _; j, T; t, q/ L. u+ @ `
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ n: Z& H* ` A* A: }
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! G! w) l' o5 _$ M
* k5 O# a8 f' G# ]Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)3 V V1 R/ P4 H7 j, q/ W
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' e0 k8 \8 c. J9 r
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ q8 r; v! H/ L9 r- p$ `' I 3 E, ?/ j% Q; ~+ y8 J9 z# N3 MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + ]1 _% F/ N) k7 k# }2 C * Z7 l' O) c& U) _, V+ r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( I7 z# y" L( J9 \! U, h( o8 o1 W' x 9 |) G0 O) S0 G& a当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ f& f1 K! b1 p* y1 S( J/ U
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; ^: G" ~) l" n" C, A9 A/ S
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 w$ }2 q `+ z6 S# \ 2 J4 K) ?- S/ B对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 e% A8 z& g* z: B7 V* H; ^8 V& p& u; g$ T! X6 g8 g
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . N2 J7 E0 I1 @/ W& A, c6 Z; S6 j+ s- i8 M
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 f- [3 z+ y6 |4 q8 w : n1 V8 s V* N' v2 u# Q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; G# N9 [: y: U6 G: Z0 u2 j( Y6 n% O/ k2 [9 ?: x" v! H
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) `4 S/ V, D8 O/ h( u6 {