本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 j/ o5 u3 O9 `3 V( t) Z" x u/ C% k : v9 n$ H/ ~5 h4 r: |( _转帖2 m9 s/ z% c P; E; G
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 k p; D( _/ L+ d6 u ' W& [6 Q! c) q/ \. Q; d) g7 p例如: 7 P% D) Z& X5 \1 y- i' }. k8 J' K4 }* [- E h# O2 @3 {* z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) m; l% o5 n5 p9 T( o* J* e3 {
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) I) G% @/ x) H; ~3 F! [ Z3 r9 n2 v2 i
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! F2 M, Q4 K* e
5 d6 [! D- _ {+ `8 fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ k/ _" r5 x9 K+ R- p) Z/ j6 u: d! Z; m' p4 l$ [( [
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 h2 J% o; u9 \( r, D% s# s9 @ 6 |/ H' a3 r9 y5 n; ?7 CMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 H$ X0 Z, z+ h" |
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 A; W) v$ T2 `, P$ D , J: r! b6 B* P7 S( g* e5 C2 gThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% N9 D7 {3 U4 D1 S1 X
2 L& ~& T, \6 z" nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 I+ Z3 @3 y/ \+ N
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" }3 \9 w3 s: Q! r+ i
. @6 E$ {6 N, G' p a这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 a* v, I/ n' u
1 A n7 i0 U7 M9 L) Z 3 h8 q" C8 u- D. U2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) x& h }1 P# e
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 U) i9 \$ N* H0 w. X# m, G$ k$ H' Q" b; m7 x* R
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 w& i2 B9 g/ a( j" }3 |2 U0 d) }2 G7 \) W% i
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + |' ?4 t* E& y+ U/ }! E* s1 b* m$ X' D u C& f# |
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% D* M9 f3 P/ B+ q9 Y8 p. X
- @% e# Q8 v* s- Q4 y8 r% V5 CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually), {3 f* {6 R' T, N9 i/ ?5 J! C
* w" @1 D2 v0 p) h* X" P) S5 J3 \# OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 Q( ]0 r# h" [3 R $ w1 c- x" ], bI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) * X4 F2 E8 ?+ U4 l, A5 q1 ~+ d% l
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! g7 s' n4 D1 ~4 P8 N
; p8 j8 Q+ \. `# {- MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! g6 f% H: F2 m( q) V" e; o5 n
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ Z1 O* i3 d: g# F' ^
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); ]! H) J% o1 N! Y/ W6 K" K
/ }9 ]! G" k6 H7 e+ oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 k# t5 G( G9 H, d/ P$ w; ?* t1 h& O* x# a" ]
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! L; C) `& \3 H
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ( u; T$ P. y: q d( F; r: Z- [) k0 u' t9 C9 H
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 M6 K" b5 n1 y1 j& z6 r( u+ g. ?+ v- ?+ `( C5 d
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: l6 V; {3 n$ t5 d4 r; @, R
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' v% `# l8 _$ g! I& B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % @: q6 D2 k8 f; f7 G L8 M: \4 A, ?- A) _/ b) u* G8 O1 @/ G
例如: $ l' S0 `6 s! w: r) H: i b( W) \4 ~- J! j7 K* J: ?" u
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- l# M/ W5 J- A4 Z+ i
/ m- B9 w/ y+ y; y4 f& cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 I1 R) a" ?% `& K% }6 K; P! x/ P% E
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 I4 ^. w! D$ |% T6 C
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 A( f# Q( v/ {! l# V4 A4 L 3 L, u+ `: O% ~8 _) x6 d% S% u; zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 c. L+ [) T5 `( [ 7 s, ~/ I) j9 Q `$ o: ?5 o9 @& | xPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) v5 v# W/ d; [/ M
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ ]( x6 r% w3 R4 e- h
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 D3 k9 h4 ]9 D7 F
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 # d5 N# j- c1 g& t6 j- g* L) x7 J) t8 w9 I. ?
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / F% V; E% d' S; g ?& ?$ G7 T, O7 Z, w0 H" g8 _5 U6 q. d
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + C. a" B( ~' B 4 N. J+ h( \% U; T& G% i8 S: c( {2 h对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( k. v2 p: i/ x) f L
. M( z# }& x; R8 d9 W( Q9 ^对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 N" o( y& q8 J: f" v 2 l- d j2 f2 O0 |1 p$ z, K对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 M5 F7 e, Z3 d1 [, D- B# g1 k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 F4 N5 V% b2 h3 V 1 e/ {! A- `# Q# Y# d/ I- {# n还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . R( L: j. M4 G9 R$ | + ]! {% D1 I. V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 Z& m" O. X& q* y7 C7 g) n5 _; h