本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 y5 e) D/ [+ k6 D' {
- R! M0 i! ]( q1 d9 X 转帖4 F k- v2 |8 }; c
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% l9 Q/ P9 |$ x3 ?
2 d- R6 m, C+ \& a; R: \例如:/ T9 \) X2 v% `* H, O1 ~
6 b a& j$ Q" w- a
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 J3 O9 b' ?) f% B; s# L- C5 w, L4 U
" @2 j% ], @# Y7 l
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . S. i3 i* |1 r, q( x% @- c - y) h) [$ x) Q3 JThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 t( ~4 P1 F" ~+ T% Y1 ?" L z
+ l: [8 S3 E$ j7 R: nThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 D; j' s# _7 ?( o& ?/ O
% c& q! Z$ R2 ~* u7 X' C. N7 k' _I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! ?3 M% d9 Y* u8 K& [& p) q * Z% Y$ x8 @5 s# @" b3 FMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' R2 U7 F" D8 G8 Y G 1 u. O) ^0 l$ i# E% t" _! fWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . z6 B' [3 Q4 C& t% ^& t2 N# C( L; W6 h2 v; u( c. Q0 h
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 \. g# Z6 m" c$ V+ Y W8 l
_& t8 ]- s$ y2 M5 E/ s$ o
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " s, }2 R6 D1 U% l 9 P/ d' f) @( J8 EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 v! H8 J" _# l, x6 g8 z" X' b8 X ~! F I
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! * @& {8 D# r. M% u- w$ u; s, }0 e$ @6 f5 Z
5 H% v' H& K2 C9 v7 \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , l2 O' g/ j! ]4 [6 b1 D , }# p& i5 S+ Y9 c5 X+ E例如: ' q K9 d; B* }. ~: ~$ h, O & k& T; `3 g. m. A4 cAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , n$ h; s7 l$ f9 v$ Z: m. D# L) y' p9 O7 r: m8 {( \+ d) w, [
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 q* N: T& |6 G! {. y* n/ H8 }9 a9 o0 Y
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : w1 x$ }7 c: U! j" O4 O) s* {5 O( c/ ]5 w- q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# y4 P' y' b2 G$ \( |) c
, A) e% e& i! F: O7 h
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " {9 o% k7 \" W: j6 c4 u/ y2 i* g; y1 l$ l$ L7 E& @$ L2 V% s1 ^- t
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( K. ^% ~' G+ u* X8 G m7 t 8 d6 H, h3 x# tI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % e8 a/ k( l6 X$ k2 z1 M: f . ~9 L+ @% `$ T$ p如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * A& O: c5 U4 Z: P+ @; ]( A/ W$ y+ ~. ~
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( w# ^% g0 v' u/ ]8 H# S# R
2 n0 g; u8 |, t4 s0 E. m* _# d: A) Y
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " I& `$ z2 m& j6 N. d2 S# O" ]$ g2 V) p8 |% [) @
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 T4 T; x+ c0 P; z" x! i: z& M' _- V/ X1 z; j
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) m. x0 C$ A" b$ J0 S4 h3 C
- X7 r- {- f3 c+ V
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). l( P+ D7 i4 B8 |( j2 H) _
8 v. a+ @# G$ ]
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / N2 t+ T) u: I8 S ! l" Z8 S, W2 i# R+ X写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) " Q3 F1 a8 K4 u3 v" }: e% `9 l; A2 m
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 O1 P$ t0 A8 s1 ^
5 i" T. A5 I" m3 P5 \
6 H! v, S/ s( xMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * @) k8 M/ p! w$ T( f - {# Z0 p! r* n& X& z8 uManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 [- z7 J. S5 `3 v; z* q3 Z$ W: i8 p% d: e1 v1 C
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; K: u" T3 J2 D: k6 H% s, C9 ?6 T2 F1 R/ K6 m/ `
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! O7 Y/ J! \. o6 ^8 a; |. X5 x% t5 F0 u0 F- `
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; w) [) R3 Q+ U) y A/ G4 _3 | w4 n' B/ \# n% n! J
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) z l8 D" n# C; h* E+ F, e7 R1 ^* Y5 I( _6 l F$ h
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 K W; |, C7 b# M- c
! K9 m9 M- v! R7 Z
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 s' U3 Z. d2 `* \# v% g! V( R# x; ]( @" }. C1 U/ r% j/ N
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 o- V) G# K4 G 2 p: h- _& S# w, u$ N8 |% ?$ B0 W当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" `- x. e3 k% _7 f) [: c0 i
8 }- d1 N$ \# A+ ?7 _ R& n& F
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% Y/ q9 \ y$ ]8 [ K' b! z, y3 H' C
$ j! [ B+ `2 _' `- Z7 s o$ {
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * e1 c' T# [) ?/ x4 E9 |6 v6 `( D5 ~# ^
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 V, ?2 Z/ E" Z+ i9 O1 G+ g W; D: c+ q& o. ^
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' R' E0 s8 z& q" Q( y
' y1 p) ?* y5 D& V l4 E3 e4 b' r2 h$ y
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & T% \% B. n% C 2 f0 k* C; s% a1 s还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 W/ g( p8 K0 x4 o2 o$ a$ a( U; Q7 A
+ u6 K% \1 A6 ?# x5 _有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。+ L8 d1 J+ }( P% ^ c