本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / g, F% ~( d1 B& P" F* C- f
2 q6 u8 x1 q; u$ `7 ~0 J3 m) _: s* k转帖 - p Y8 Y: m f% C, T9 d: n1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 L: q1 c- h q8 G% N- u) ^: F9 a8 f/ n' _7 }7 Q
例如:3 |& U2 H' b! \+ ?) \" c: k% k
9 N& t4 M: R& }* y xMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * {2 i8 y8 s) v/ o' j A; w ; K% n6 W8 v$ S: cThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 d. Y1 w8 S- ]7 I! q* N3 B 7 A8 b6 v" _* ?$ AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ S% ?# v j/ E8 R3 L( ~& V! w( }- ] m) ~
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) & a/ D8 C% K/ c! y+ V : `2 s# v' A% V5 T. i/ D, r) w+ xI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# S1 r4 A5 o, X; X) i) w$ @4 {
g2 y% w& A2 y- c& w
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : [. B) N& z( M- s ; f! R& o/ U0 BWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , l! v" X1 Y. l, [! a/ D ; \4 _# F5 ?( E3 @% ?The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)4 g9 l/ e a+ s/ {$ T
! a/ D6 y8 e6 X P2 @# I% GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! @+ k4 R( q) {- _" L# b
. v0 Q7 B; s% c' j/ R8 o- i. N+ }4 TPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# q! u9 Q; e6 J5 Q0 X4 M. T
0 i+ c- a7 d$ Q* F+ d* t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' e. l, F, T; c" G( K3 z
3 x w3 p9 L4 p8 o # e$ `( l2 h7 z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! V+ E0 _8 K/ E5 k+ P; j% y2 L& [. S2 f2 o9 F/ D9 |4 p8 h
例如: 9 ?* n0 P4 p& o! N 8 f' c3 Q5 U' b. c- FAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! x# x7 Y5 w; ?4 P" p8 m) `
( s" j8 {! x) U+ R' K: j7 W* IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 ]( ?' ]7 J% E' @5 r. l/ }1 z . K5 v0 n7 M; o4 j; f1 w2 YI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 7 W5 ?" O" ~1 u* |+ N' X3 T. Q$ W: Q6 w! o* e8 Q
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 m1 [/ Q x& @8 a1 f1 W
- t9 P$ n$ b3 z: C5 U8 x3 }5 @In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 C. x# v! |/ r& l3 ]
9 {' @7 r; G: u& }She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), h: `5 Z% [, P. S% Z4 i B$ P
: e" [$ ^" ~5 Z: I/ a
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ t/ ^5 h0 c7 J+ T
, F# r9 z* |5 c% i) `; r; L如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( m6 c; n4 K! U; f& K8 B7 V) }) c
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) l( q" p! H5 Y
, q( ~1 @5 @# F HThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 h5 N% @* }8 {1 G
- Y" p0 v/ e0 p1 c* ^1 z9 ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 s5 Y m# Y- a9 ]' P7 I+ n# B G4 u- _5 z# @" Z
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% _/ x5 s- A; A1 c# S4 r- Q, I: Z
, [+ u" H* Q- r3 b% d' c
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 E" g a6 G1 y0 j2 b* l/ {% Z
/ m! k0 n% l eEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * }& M' d; C$ x; Y" Q: N$ R# f" R, }& f% h# Q! I7 |( L+ }; n
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) i% z- @+ v# j$ m+ E; v
1 `. q# B4 l% ^/ y5 M7 d2 G1 a" A
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 A3 ^- y1 W) E! L5 t5 a 8 l- E# y( [6 Z* e4 Y+ p $ i( V' W4 ^# h3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 _7 d$ _# E: N
9 r6 K: _1 K. w+ A
例如:4 b$ k: n" R" X' W8 z; E! `
4 {8 X0 B( o3 g9 K: t; ~" {
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- u! ^4 @. V4 p
9 D" Y8 b) C/ }
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 Q; L9 x7 S3 I% Q2 q( }
5 H4 H, Z5 g$ y9 c& i
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)+ G' j5 Z* U: B
1 U$ N" w' G' ~$ ^5 Z/ @* _He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # }& J {9 }* C4 A7 e- B N: C' ], q: w$ |1 j7 ?Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)2 M: N! T# K4 u& ]5 Z: r
2 _) Q: e8 ~5 l2 ^
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% G6 R! Y! ? G9 |
e# R5 S0 z3 ]5 \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 g# {/ ]2 b7 a' D& C/ y( X$ G7 ?7 y
( u+ `; w8 Z6 @) q9 }! i
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) [2 s) j) m+ Q" D! R4 ^1 B 7 K- j. g. K: Q0 L5 Y3 C% J A8 Z. [同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% Z5 P' }' R1 t! e6 |( I
5 q% q0 D" p1 g+ `
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 w$ ?7 R' T. Q3 P
* U2 W$ k* M2 N; t对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# n2 ]; b. D, ^6 G
' I( R f% J+ e# f4 z" v5 C7 R
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 5 h ?! f' L( Z, s4 |, n6 T4 Y; l3 L8 W9 ~2 ~# n" T
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 k: M# _3 c- C
, p- N& J$ w) `* Q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 Y+ U" m* l+ d4 A+ { f) d$ i
2 p1 m" t k2 x/ V
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 d$ o7 v6 `; } Z( s
: [2 O0 g# d- k4 U- w
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 s$ O9 } u4 O+ D) V
1 E/ N6 z1 `7 R: y; y3 Q
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " b8 \* L8 Z0 y. L! d: l. Y