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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% `+ E; o3 `0 Z$ _) ]- B8 a" K9 v
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例如:( W6 C x9 c5 G, L
' W4 \: Q# L. l% V5 U1 _2 v. e" QMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 G% n( V- `( G( `0 P( |2 U% k) M6 o6 |8 K9 q3 k" g2 \5 ]
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& t) T# O# a- d; {! q
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # ~) X- `1 c- u2 A2 e$ Z5 I& m) X+ ]6 R4 t" B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! d3 Y4 Z1 ]$ W7 o- | & X; P, A4 E9 ]* [( bI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) : o5 e- u6 Q" g0 ^/ Q; K# z - M5 v) n: d2 h9 N0 wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # b7 B! E* v; Y+ i8 A4 @ 9 \* K& f* Q) M9 |+ AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / M/ s4 i) B1 w# l8 Z: K4 n 7 l" m3 K" c5 d; f7 H; nThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词); u+ D' b$ h& \# f$ k/ E# c" e
9 `, N0 ^; f8 k9 \We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 _9 C g8 S( o- Y, [7 y6 R# l, f, Z, p" d& W( d |! s4 [
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* E5 m/ }3 h% k( A* h7 \: L$ W
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ s! o' W0 d/ T! P' U" w
/ q" y. I! o9 l- [) e- U: C3 B. g9 r& b9 F, D, s 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ x- T6 t/ W9 ?, }" ~( k* d
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例如: 0 C' Z, G4 X i. y9 M% ]0 {: s3 D- Q9 L5 m! V
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 l# H) ?' u0 w! }5 ~$ H4 K( ]* q1 g. w" g7 ]
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " A2 Q' [. v! Q( ?; E/ K) K5 d4 K3 e$ [
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( l$ s1 W: Y5 Q1 Y% s2 F! ~3 H 0 D& L! a; ~# T2 V; P' {( G# c# H( ^He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) @1 o8 O% ^; P- P+ d
1 e' C; J. T8 Y- T! |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - D' f6 _3 C w6 b7 X7 x; _+ ]) e, ]# p* D& ?3 ~
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 h- c3 `% ~- M! d" R; |- V
8 [. n+ h7 f; m" NI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 a6 u% S# A6 b( }' {- ~2 b/ P 5 F- R7 o' O8 [" @如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( l. m; r. T. F! T' F! q 8 a) l/ o T$ g1 e) U9 {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 ]. K) k8 V6 R3 v& `1 `& E 7 R" k/ x* m1 E$ D2 hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 `+ {* d+ Z1 G3 p! M2 f+ J- D' V4 v8 q% `! Q. ]
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 `) B$ ?( A( r: ? B
X# J5 }( @ I. m& [4 P! N5 oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 ]& t+ ^8 o2 S$ I( N
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ; M" {: P5 ]0 Z2 \8 c0 v ( D. ~, k3 {5 ?" FEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), F6 ~9 r; v- X9 ~% f
. | o* {; E1 P6 @% T& c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! o: E6 K1 ^. g! w. u
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 M/ ^ k ?) t% v/ w* u. @ 3 V1 E/ Q6 o M3 i1 O7 F : a% ~/ T! b" W+ R+ h2 C0 V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。( s; n" R& E6 P9 V. w
# w! X- J, {& w" l* m例如: ; h$ h! K2 z; s& _9 ^+ l* J* I# o8 z, e: z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / r g; z. X! {" g6 r1 S5 M * u {; Y4 X: b( TManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 r) H# C+ Q1 g6 n . H3 k4 h! N( B* uThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 W5 J2 j: c) T) V9 I # Z, y4 t4 ^- h3 m7 X9 u$ O O9 }He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; p3 B G) z3 c; \# Z1 C & a& }7 E- W* i' J+ G2 OMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : \# Q `9 D+ O; X0 T8 v6 P$ f5 s9 {! I8 D
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 H( r" d; V# _2 @& Z
1 j- k6 C# U- I$ U, C, N0 XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); a% T# R6 z% u2 C/ S
, @; H ]. |/ t$ j; QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , G1 P) x% M- ]( t3 c* D2 j4 L6 p( N2 e
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 E+ J4 m- [+ U- r ]( r$ F* M
( N( @& n8 l" |当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ o. G' W' c: l8 O
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% r7 J1 O, [0 \! L; F' }9 E; W
' i9 @( |9 L7 c2 l" t对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) r+ G% f: R* I7 a% [
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + Q# J5 u. ]: b. `. m2 }) \8 M: F 9 N* m0 \/ G/ n6 Q, m对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + n1 y) u2 d. W! j, H. I/ w ) h- G) \9 e, ~至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# O( {! s/ ]5 G% q
5 j, _! a/ C: \- J8 p还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 y1 U2 A0 |( \3 d, Q1 l6 \8 b $ I" C1 T/ F% g, M0 v有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + T5 R9 q. i: J' ^ v- m" L