本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! I, L4 ]8 T9 W/ [6 o9 o9 ?2 F ! r: R [+ }2 i7 P/ k* H# V* h转帖 . Q P1 C: X) Q3 t2 U0 z, X* B1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 C/ ^ U/ P, r; P2 R( A$ h# \ f0 [. l8 Z) U例如: + Y, M c+ n7 V. T0 b- P6 D! y' {; z+ m7 q0 @
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& p3 z' K- d$ @4 a
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 p/ T/ q9 O6 t0 S4 s2 o% j- v% |
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; v+ j% d4 o- X1 Y6 U3 t" r& |$ g3 { [
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); f; l7 p% @8 |$ D/ b
& o5 D3 s) T! I4 a$ DI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 Q1 m% {9 O/ b7 `$ p* w/ X 3 i( M) t8 F; Y1 |/ d7 z7 t E7 VMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 A; A Q2 h2 r* f: N- C2 b. N. A
! {5 b' }4 w* f; @% rWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 K3 s' O+ Y( Z7 y3 |# U( X
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( i& f& i- t) R# ~/ X! u1 f5 {' O0 D
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). n' y# p3 L+ W3 w$ i+ W
+ `7 [, M, M; d5 A+ Z1 IPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& K, f' [% Z) W; C- f. G/ O
/ u) V- w" G) P( Y这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : {( k8 K$ U: V8 Z6 ] 9 n* _, a% \/ a* s$ v- H) H / S8 \( v9 ^( Z" E5 [: F2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ R+ Y. s; }2 V- n, p# M. F
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例如: ( J0 [. ?# G3 n" N* A3 c 9 E3 b8 m" @) W Z2 |; nAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 k+ B3 k l( W; ~! J9 `3 c" y
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 {( B+ U9 b7 h Q0 g1 O6 }( L- G% d1 A
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 D. e8 u9 {4 D3 }+ o/ _
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ ]' {" u. t2 h3 d) w* W
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 B7 v9 F7 p% ^/ p9 U. S" I# y 5 k1 {- B4 A! `& S8 CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); z' s x& P0 s: H6 n# [0 K
+ ~4 \) j) X, P+ B \I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ `. j7 D! y: {; y5 E5 d" V
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / R B! _) U6 x1 X- [ T2 u 9 n# W: w) y* Q d5 a. AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ?3 q n, {* q: m0 \6 t
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- W( T" e8 N% `! U+ C# G& z9 q6 @' o
) ?8 ?* T/ K$ [& PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : S" ^8 k( H2 z! E5 n$ D* }' R' X0 I
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) E# \' A1 i! |, _- q
2 ^3 Q4 m% a; _; iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)1 d& i Z) i. i; a8 F
: J) a) q1 Y, `' ], mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 Q4 q2 Z* q: N' p
9 f% ?8 R0 P: k( {5 w2 P8 v7 \3 C写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! o# Q) g9 W" o" D' T
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 x2 u3 Q N9 y' K( y2 Q
5 w1 S0 Y; g b( M- ` ) w9 N7 N5 e% D; ]% V$ Q9 X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- Z, `1 M: |; q! g0 [
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 6 _& f T% ~1 ]/ b- E6 h ) g$ |# g% }/ r3 p. qManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 M! u7 Y E4 D0 H4 _$ t& s; i- L' c0 t: e7 [4 Z* l& V
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) K, O" E6 B( ~6 ^" s ^0 i6 Z, M3 H1 b2 z+ P3 p( q. {
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): ?5 p: o) ^) L% [
t- G' v; A( w7 v/ k- MMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ {2 v( v4 _1 ^5 w5 \
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 q# Y) r) ^4 l5 P3 S
/ i& k: t6 f' t) T0 v. zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- ]9 H4 \6 q. {* v: g- ^" d
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' Q8 E* ?! ^' x; W9 p# [& L
; x2 }4 b' [5 t' E) {5 X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, h) `1 N" `3 s" }
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / u( l; p8 I, ] Z* Y1 P% W' M) b8 t. T1 `) r7 i# o
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 t' I0 [$ I/ ?
( u! p( h0 g {# v8 c; a对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; b2 _" x9 L Z c+ ?0 a# [% O+ q4 @8 e6 G; b4 ^- d2 b/ d
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 h9 ]8 ^) I6 O0 M1 k, \4 T# o2 z. P" m
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 ~, G, a+ \# w/ V. i% j5 A" n ; p3 C C' R/ x至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . D* t7 B/ G( O$ k+ t* @ , `8 y G$ J8 q9 g还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # z$ p6 W* S# T: K/ { w: N) _! ~9 ~- X7 k. j
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - s1 p/ s, t4 [* C, M9 r7 M4 H