本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & h$ u0 Q% f6 b) ]0 A$ u3 ^4 n2 Y 转帖2 R0 \& x# H+ z" m' X
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : B1 ]8 P n' Y# q3 m : L% c6 E. [& ^* Z/ e( s o8 F例如:1 V2 O0 S" C& b' s# I9 L( f
3 n: m+ Z) i( R TMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 L8 b: f( [/ J; i1 i
8 o9 f+ @2 h+ u. |Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), d* y4 E) }$ n0 h& G& l6 [ n5 U
" _" k @5 E* g+ M/ cThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 H( n$ Y3 T5 e2 k* s& C ; U" \1 W+ z( W7 H! K# @3 y2 YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 w% y4 i7 `) o' Y9 k C4 E1 l: }
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 z9 d1 X) s; N; ^
: B6 W2 D/ R z2 {3 u" d P, kMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) w3 g" }% b; w
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 I; s$ M8 n+ N8 k, T V6 D p% b8 A/ v
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) : \, F+ z: f; o ' ^) E5 w0 @' I: B d0 x4 A HWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + D6 I9 b9 i& W$ N. X6 ?0 y( o ! w: q1 b( j0 OPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 ~% O- ]: v* o4 f2 |1 b
. t# S* u1 J* d0 |+ t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- e$ Z d1 D/ A# ?' I
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% x2 S( f( i. q+ L, H2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ }8 [2 O' m- z/ l* P
3 W, x+ F& c( Z8 _4 W6 e例如: " h- V0 z5 {0 b ' c$ q- ?4 N9 W7 h4 G0 ?At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). w8 W0 A7 ?5 U7 s, Y3 n
) V+ ~; g/ B; a0 }7 t2 w1 ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) r0 P* e1 ] t
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - O& @3 L! y+ t/ t6 J' A1 h# c& k0 v. |
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 I# H8 w7 V% R# M: p& N
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : A9 O9 @, C, g0 t% |! F & p* D- d1 q( W k: L0 ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( M$ \" Z$ ^& ^+ n% D& B( @6 p" o0 o! V( n+ _
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ R- u& ]" t9 M. n9 d! ?
1 [7 h- U5 j% h7 Z1 i& u1 n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& j% S2 P+ a1 Q6 l* [
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# Y1 ^8 P7 {0 }' q' g7 ?! l- \
5 C7 q# d3 x' N$ c2 b3 aThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% G+ P! d( O- Y: X% k$ t- e! H/ m% Q9 W2 e
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , m7 O: q: y: a/ k1 o' t" h( M0 E2 c) }& Y& j
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) T. C8 l$ o4 r: W# o# p+ e: Y: @) g
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% h& O3 f" N/ P- w$ p6 b; T, H
- {9 k7 D p& M8 NEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)3 V+ ^5 |( f4 r( @
4 B+ G, ^2 i9 A, ]2 a& w写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 p" e3 Y! Y% n& k. E; F# X- E1 C5 t9 ^( A& I$ }
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ [) z7 h( O/ _- k4 s
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" C5 a) |8 j( `; Y; H3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 Z8 B5 a9 q* l: z: H ; h+ @! V4 k: A: l7 U+ V" v ]4 O例如:" w! z4 Y7 z9 a6 k' B# |
) [/ C" K% K9 i2 r5 fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / w+ G7 h5 N' H/ s3 Z % i3 z* t* _0 a1 E* c1 sManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; F' L: t# F {8 f9 n: Q, J" a9 T+ I9 ]/ J6 J4 U
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" _% e1 B& E& z, ~9 P2 e
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。), b5 F# i! M: w" W; ~" R
! _- h [# s6 C/ V! l4 u8 lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " y' _4 ~( i) C" u1 Y - L8 Y" ?) E# CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " {. h( i2 q' i) v. R3 [1 `7 S5 [/ W5 Y; D& H1 w
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) Y. {% l- h5 t$ |# J; m* T1 o/ b; d& t* v5 z
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 f+ g) h! O5 J" k% a* F) j l+ m" m% }7 I* N' G9 B6 n
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# w; R) U) v# p
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 c* i9 Y# P# ~! n3 a7 t" b2 m! | ' f0 x) }9 T; N; @0 T$ `: _对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # Z3 t8 K0 j. I3 k4 v7 L2 u; Q' l8 V- m1 k! L2 a
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! f! Y! j+ e: r5 b( C
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 K5 F3 ]6 S3 \* Z* ~. B+ k6 R % ?5 x6 r* q/ F对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;+ j# f6 T, g# B2 A% Z3 D
& q1 l5 y$ [) u7 x$ f5 I至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. n1 d/ M& M# ?; x ^% N4 ^, E
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: ~& S8 ~5 }# i7 p
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 @! t4 x9 C, M2 ^7 I4 W