本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % s. C, A" r7 }% I6 ?; ~ $ B1 k5 t2 g f: ?$ a7 _转帖9 q' l! }8 Q9 k) S6 L4 W: j1 ?1 N
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) @# {) t4 a, \+ L' B% D( ?# ~
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0 u d, A% s- T6 gMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( m( }- b6 x3 x# R
7 z$ S- Q; f3 E& h& b% y- eThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), d% l& R- A# [5 Z& ]
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ _* w# W( o% ? G
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) {- v9 J5 J) m2 {" F ' q3 M/ H( N! X& |& t% iI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); H i/ T c) F) B1 \1 X
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 v$ D2 Q7 E J8 p4 U) N
! m' f) U: p- CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" k7 l1 [ {/ T* D, W4 n% `7 c; O
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 Y* ?% C7 ]/ x ( y0 r" ^1 ?9 K8 W- _+ TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % T8 C; q, g% z( j, V- y" j ' `: t- {. w+ W# ^1 XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % U9 _) v9 N% J, l+ ~6 @9 X" e7 Y" L' ]& g) l
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; q: B) W) p* n; S4 L- K
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0 |3 i, B0 U' F# {# L' X+ O 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 {6 ~3 t: M0 T7 ?. H" \ , K. \) b) j( X: F% a3 L6 i! D例如: ' s& V+ o' p- l% _& ~ 5 r+ ?& I. E/ n* v' zAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; A2 o# ?2 s- C- G! v z1 e5 k/ D: @' O8 \/ l. w
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 ^8 X1 K/ }4 c
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # ^+ P5 J' f/ N& [( Z/ _0 V* Q2 ?* O! |# v# Z2 k6 `
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ r) g5 k6 q2 o+ R# q i$ D3 m4 ^" p+ x2 u( a1 F
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- X4 E$ `+ `- u) R% s/ }3 N% B
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 @% B/ ^7 v# l' m2 y# ~0 K8 t; x0 ~
6 N# l m! M7 |5 @5 SI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 o2 Z- ~/ P+ Z/ c ^1 c5 ~+ H A5 \) O2 }9 Q; {+ _( [% |5 L& W
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ K2 q5 F# H! ?5 O _
) v. h) j& }& u t9 |; @The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 E' M9 ?9 E7 d3 y. @* o; I- m/ ^" Y% E* a
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ G7 m' M2 X8 G/ U
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) L/ X; _ h6 t& v4 A4 o3 z
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 s! i+ |5 N0 n7 s, \
" g. L) |; K) i' C5 L0 OWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)4 o1 n5 A8 K2 C( R
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 m4 a- c+ d# I- }* O1 ?
$ I5 m# o1 h# K/ @写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 J# N6 h5 M/ ^) }) N7 C# C
$ g* Z: H1 q0 O) X此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % `: p: o: e4 |5 r' @5 E8 k D4 m3 G* u1 M8 g9 N
0 ?5 |! t: i' U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 a }* o ?, O) C
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( c. K% }5 Q. b" b6 @# J
" s! T3 Z: r* [: dManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " e* ?) i# E( x \$ `6 X ( E. @, f" W2 B* u, u! w9 r( c& T3 yThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 N" N! T7 q, H: V P/ U # j% S# [* `$ {0 aHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 ? }& |5 Z: \/ ~2 K6 _ $ l! Y1 d! e) s, i$ WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' W) a: a5 Y1 u# g) z
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)" Y) R# R& \* W% ]3 n5 p. x c& D! u
# s9 [( T/ v7 j8 x: }Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), {' j4 a8 u. s: t6 n
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * J( N T% Y5 t P f / O$ J' e0 ~8 I/ k( |) B U$ B" r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 ]8 R9 |( w1 N- Z& [ `* e; g3 X$ _+ t: D* z/ P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) t J+ q& H# a0 G% _; W2 h
" j) W1 \" g3 W. ^至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; P, u1 k I! T . t. \6 d5 y( V7 f还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 : q, i5 s& w' v" F; ^5 A& u1 v2 o! ?2 k; x" |
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * C: `3 g1 {% q$ K& d0 c9 C) p# u