本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 [' m3 `8 r1 R \; I/ T $ T( ]0 k8 m5 W: i: [) F转帖1 T* g: U4 r* S
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ a2 \- `1 h( C0 q( t) D
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 W+ y( x7 r& ^( f* X6 @1 X" O
5 k4 |' P/ u1 V3 |# _Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- ?: w& S- d8 q( ~
9 c: P' x" I" x( c8 J! |- ~7 H& eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread): i2 Y/ i& W9 ~
/ t" M7 l t1 [The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # z9 L2 M1 \. O) @ L3 w$ k 1 X% Q3 y9 q2 ?2 fI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" s, N$ X. k! A3 @
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & W/ f4 c- [% n4 e8 L, y6 l/ ~7 ]: d- |/ ^! v
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! L$ Z- L3 z) p" {1 H
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - ]5 _( o* T- u! T: q9 p' f9 _. P3 W2 g# q2 Q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). H& l; g4 S) Q7 t, a# h/ O, e! T! _
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) G/ q+ J/ r! W6 {* i- D
+ I* t8 Q4 U: b5 M! {这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 }+ U: ^, V2 G* H, A& R% M) J# E6 E( C) Q& c& X3 p% v3 i% x) g6 \9 x
& c: T1 r3 U. N7 r) d. W6 j' h M$ q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: Y, V u* l) _5 k
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例如: / Y5 m0 L2 r* G5 ~, Y# N* g' t% I2 J5 O* F, c" D- u( r+ @& X
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& a4 L4 D0 b/ K; j& U
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( B; F3 F7 @3 U8 _6 O ; _2 i& P+ w! n9 LI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 d( {6 N& y; J- m, a4 s : H' l4 `$ D) h9 c' R# wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! p K ? H- \; @ n" A: t& p
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 t. R1 V* d9 i4 L1 K $ e) a# o; Q# O; @She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ S8 s8 r- R8 o- o0 n
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 S, t0 |0 T7 x* p0 s$ _
, M0 Y9 I; ]2 m$ W5 z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % w, s5 Q% w/ e7 U& z' d- D 6 m; V4 `2 c' u1 FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)4 M9 G; R1 {. y3 N# S& f
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + f) j$ ^ \2 _- }0 d' R6 v: g- [+ s" x' g! ^
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % [+ X- b) \' c& q- `8 [$ A) d* U 4 q( i9 y3 z) y5 K1 P4 r! ]6 ~% BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - P! U+ n/ z4 W* @& ~4 N8 W. u) E- F3 e5 S
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 i( K: \1 w. q. D- [: B! y8 N$ F6 _
$ x+ \- h8 u) n" DEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); L$ H# j# W! H4 M2 S
7 J* B6 ~7 n1 Z9 ~1 o写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 p+ H) P. r) q# `
3 Z" O; r8 Q* C& H7 u D此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! A3 d; \: b8 \8 z3 c7 U; v' h9 E1 s. r0 I
. _+ _# r" } e) n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; Q+ A3 _' M' d5 T! y/ j0 q7 r- z
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+ C/ y1 i9 Y7 R o9 L& _: zMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + R2 s* \& F$ G K, m. d2 v, S: c k' ?; D' {- F1 O; z" Q
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 T# |" X, Q/ p5 T% I: e
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 V; { Z" e3 y$ j. R
, z" d( x# w& UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): p; t3 `& S- Z; Y+ |( s
& S/ C% }' p, i* M9 d3 P6 XMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 E2 M1 B6 I5 i6 q, J* t- w- T
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % Q2 U% b6 A$ e/ h ) M7 f7 b0 Q/ ~* d A" {$ D pCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 F: `9 o. H% }- I! d
1 G* j) H+ [8 Y' gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % F% @- ^! H6 x) l( c. `2 `7 K: S0 y4 ^; q2 q3 L) e
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。. t/ Y& p8 Z/ `$ `0 y% e0 a: T. U' a
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 N5 j2 h" p3 a# l! L ) f* X( d! i: w' I$ ^( [对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) _) v. h8 Q, ]+ I5 H+ d x
: `0 v3 A0 z0 `4 @对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) M# Q) _# }1 W [6 A) f G( P ! e; E/ u' B' D: ~: w9 P! R% W. R对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ' R$ X% E7 T) f- Q ) w4 o0 M/ T3 E3 c& W对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , Q* J. Q8 P, l. N! g9 ?4 d4 N! H) Q7 J* q" C5 j8 u+ Z7 z
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # S! t, M. R8 ^ 2 e1 `+ N, u% C还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . t6 F( j2 X( V; J9 g# @* ]" z7 o. P' T; |! ^/ `
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! l" Y5 u2 G1 Z% Y" |; l