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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 ^, P" U, `0 P! @ ( d% }$ ~$ B& q: h例如: . t5 C1 k& u: ?8 o+ U; f2 R+ B& R; k- C, ?' j( W8 j
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 d. m7 o/ {* C N% X1 u K! z+ m8 ]! P% V/ e
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); P7 N0 X0 P X3 V( P
& P7 U2 I+ P$ D& C/ B9 r2 [+ b2 v8 D" QThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). k6 H1 `$ F2 a* `
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 H c) q" ^5 d% N: X 9 z8 r, A) j1 dI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" q2 K' Y) ]9 I( O. }
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! Z; b9 n/ k- h
; b- ?9 y# w! V" I. hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 K3 p7 h! w8 C' F/ z* k
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): w9 A# m& h, }2 l$ f& l) X2 t0 P
& I5 Y& g i* Q8 }# G0 |9 E/ N4 Y* w2 ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & I+ O0 T% \5 [ Z* ~6 h" [6 J( s! X5 I A; [- P
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & O2 ]8 V3 y3 S - `+ }' y9 Z3 ^" G4 }, @9 |这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 S3 @- C7 c1 g% J; b+ P6 E , |, c+ K# j! w! r& U4 k. d ; W. S' B! e+ S3 F) C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ f9 w( ?1 L2 w5 p3 _: u* j
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例如: . n* _& E+ a6 X5 r3 M3 i- R! [6 Q& I+ t, B6 U; s
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 W) u! { U- z7 ^- y- _ 5 T$ h/ g6 p( s `% YDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) E T$ b& |( Y/ d 7 V% }. ^8 A9 ~- L. dI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 D$ U1 P4 Y# E2 o & [% B5 D# ^% x a5 H. i RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ V6 ^* D$ Z6 z" A# L
% k, r( [& x ~- _& Z7 \1 bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + }5 I7 J4 B$ r1 X6 j) @5 y9 G # L" C4 Y' T, b* G; y5 pShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) + k; u; M1 H6 K) W! h / ~: Z2 A4 O+ w+ ?! y' hI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) f+ A& a& t0 M3 x3 b) B" j6 o9 p$ ?; c. d/ J
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 ?3 d7 ?' k5 W$ D- S7 I9 a' `5 Q$ ~+ k: ` T; Z+ _% T1 z5 }
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# c% ]) R6 E5 r( F% A
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! F* C, b I3 [" i9 S# B
$ B* D9 m" n) q5 w* D Z6 j, kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" L1 `2 ~& E# U/ M% F6 u
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)4 Z0 d8 c+ J, i& x0 A5 g- W
: X. a6 O% b' Y# W0 s8 s6 uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 K! [4 b$ n( a* g
, U5 E/ _3 U6 }) mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ }2 D7 T$ g4 G% m7 O
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & O6 C9 V! S/ b/ \/ x0 A0 n+ T * I% V- H% _4 q: Z8 a$ R) o此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! W+ W% o- g4 @4 S l( t# X
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+ _1 T+ w9 t% [+ A3 r 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ m+ O$ m d) A/ M) _ ; P, h/ i# j9 d. F I3 K例如:9 B5 F4 m& q" H; y
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * d. m, f" }+ d2 `- v0 M ' t7 L, ^% U% s4 l. o( a3 oManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , p- |! i1 w; D. U$ r. \3 w' Z! i% ~& w. q% w1 Q' e& R
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) ~5 [+ v+ q2 s " v( R# e& f9 H. Y/ P: qHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); U3 q o4 [! r8 F- @
# ?: {9 {1 ]% `) d6 ]: OMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 r7 x$ v: u, _ G# p+ ]
I& S V9 z9 b7 o! aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 [3 S; s, Y- i& k; Y3 _, m0 t( Z' j) D7 h' X7 P2 ]* J
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 y: g7 r- J0 E( u
0 q: o% P$ n3 f; SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): r1 x! Z; P* o9 A* }: _
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 d* ~1 s2 d7 }! s/ L5 y
0 G( q/ o2 W5 Z, [3 i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. \6 ~& W% o. J
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 s9 W4 S1 r7 n2 X) S+ E" E