本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 # U9 r: q1 v. c W: A) d
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) b0 C' V, w" {' m$ y. M
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例如: 2 O' u V z2 r: c # d: Z3 X& V. o: GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # e& }/ b, l! B9 H' e" b0 q" g8 O
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 E3 `6 v9 l8 P. h7 w4 w % s8 E. B4 |2 w- C4 wThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" ]9 h5 K+ d; |
6 H2 O' d' K( C6 G3 i0 D4 \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 }1 H) j) Z, [( N
- u1 j& n& H( X+ nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' \" Y% z0 J n( G3 o( A7 ~& e* O+ \
) U, v0 M( ]: _7 H! `$ ?. RMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" }: V; ?0 G: i% Z
$ C$ o1 H" W/ A% S" }1 B8 q8 L' cWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* D# y5 }$ e/ ]
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) * i. t/ y5 F2 Y" n t6 f& b4 w & u* M0 m& X/ M+ _We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + d5 [4 [0 [/ I+ ~4 G/ _ 6 x/ { X/ B5 M+ g, wPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , l* u: Y, ?: a0 U% H, Y- L. a @# V- \1 y2 Z( V+ S
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 \ C) u& q) M: x & h# G8 B9 T- {. N; D, l1 G+ ?/ [- A e$ }- L; K 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * @9 K- D) P+ n; a, o9 a+ a. C6 a8 h8 y, P$ u
例如:+ @6 n O5 u I2 \
6 @8 E N' A% A6 tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now); m- z: z& M8 Z& m# D
3 D: N/ n7 e( H/ @Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); N: s5 l4 {2 E# C3 F; T4 O5 ~
% p P* @0 J! C* q% ]1 u, PI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# Y( W: f! R6 |% p6 M
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' t7 }, K8 v$ H; \ l
- s* W! |1 r# o3 Z, q! \In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 f) ~5 x2 u; l# I( i) E4 ~2 B
! Z# O* O+ l( c4 {6 Q3 O+ C4 lShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 F" S+ [" n7 H1 ~' Q8 l
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : k5 y2 p& J: p0 | g& ? ) h- O& Y' F% C7 n( F1 q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : |0 x5 T& ?4 W: N % Y7 ~- J1 g; W/ f$ _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' A1 U$ D% Y3 u( L3 r& }9 ]( n; i/ t/ T8 C) G" ~
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : t; c+ J" t; _7 g n' d / E; D# q6 w: z7 T6 _5 P1 Y& ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), \5 p6 M0 y4 P8 x$ ]
- f; c+ ~6 _+ O b5 w, SHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - [1 ^4 P n( S7 _0 O9 S3 k. J/ W, M+ D ! X* h- T( B. K! kWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 L+ R f; Y1 S5 ^2 m# E
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 B: D3 Y* U* q! }5 E' ~
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # Y- }) C* U7 x K; m0 V: f7 S# h" T. T
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 [- F' p/ k4 c6 g: @ # @/ R" k4 l# t8 b/ q) `9 X" T; U$ v0 V' e9 \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # c6 n5 Q h3 V' U. I. P( p - b( g0 S+ G% {5 X" _例如:! o1 A$ T' F. t( [3 Q/ A9 [4 A
8 Z! O$ L3 D2 {: O7 _Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) R/ a6 X3 y7 @5 o* `& O/ F
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* g" y* N2 ~7 f* `( f' r* l
% U' J, y5 G5 y- o$ pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & j" Z2 }$ u! C6 H: ^ ) {; L! p! g& {& m! hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 O/ p' W" \+ n2 [
1 |5 z# b) |6 ~2 aMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' N, q& K' e1 q4 Y& ]! O, W
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( D" y Z$ w/ W0 C h4 x: b. | & i" n- c$ T3 zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% ^: ?9 u5 V9 e, D
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 [9 J# j$ n5 K! R7 S) [$ G
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 ?8 w$ ~+ ]5 k m2 B9 M" R2 x2 z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: A' A. J# _$ \ I |( l- A : E/ b) C+ {7 A: R7 t/ X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 j( ^4 _, B% I$ j: {