本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & W( h' `9 [& @& j& |! s
+ U) k, |2 m! x s) q' H2 y& H转帖 8 a4 c# M/ k! ~# J5 ~2 Y6 E ?1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 A( {9 D$ x# E/ F+ M7 z" o" n3 [$ `9 s/ k, h3 o7 V
例如:. G7 [* D' |! [) L! U+ t
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 W( T+ r; z; `3 P ; E) I3 Z( j, I0 [Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# j8 y' G. e0 u$ d4 y$ g9 ^" p
6 O$ }3 _8 v9 g0 c7 G/ z0 Z: u" ~This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ f/ V/ G* v" d# M4 @8 m* ]; _1 g 5 F4 m. p9 `4 j+ `( zThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), `( C p$ ], C+ Q: x
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 e# d' o: J# ?
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( D1 K7 t& D! \7 T# w" J 5 R, W6 K( v) K4 R2 R# zWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 c' [8 W" ^ q2 }6 e0 `6 J0 d/ R" ?
, h. N' ?( C0 g) nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " {) l( M% x% Q' U 2 w4 \( h# E+ T) s1 U3 ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ |+ Q7 A" Z _+ h7 \- v/ A: ]
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* F% h5 A* H# F% f2 j& c8 X
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1 d5 [( f/ ]5 C- c3 f8 `+ j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( g2 N' S! c9 K2 q
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例如: 8 B# }+ j. {* K! Y8 v) k! t( i6 s9 O7 V' K* C
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 G9 g$ A4 v& v2 a- I* t8 I* J: e8 U6 C% K( V2 b
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) & c- l9 \- t8 z) q. s K/ x+ d% s. V& g: v# c1 z' b
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % X: O$ i7 [- i) `* j( F( c* J2 M2 l) N: p/ [- ~
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 R* ?# _ @; A6 S# X5 v 6 d( R6 k! B+ u0 U3 P! F3 s3 dIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) P( E; C( G+ C& Y- S( z$ `
0 I+ M. T8 S/ hShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 u& H3 Z) N W4 ]; P' Y( o6 `
4 f8 C# _, L: H$ P- \( kI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生); P8 p, A5 y3 D4 G7 @! W
4 j; k6 m( |# G8 f$ ?如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( ?9 a6 u6 z/ [ / P- _; v1 t$ `+ j+ k; z( H0 NThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), V+ \) g; y7 Q2 @. ^# U9 Y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % f8 T/ d, Q6 Y4 C* h; q7 r: k: c( j: f2 s9 Z. W# {
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) | j$ F* N& l) x' f
' l9 t) Z3 s+ E: D' W6 `$ ]* A- @He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - r5 h! d& j8 `- {& a3 n0 f 2 c- P+ D4 D7 i/ l iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! x' J6 F0 s3 R* V( @4 V; C * k# H: u( e3 e) OEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 {" X; }$ Q7 W $ t! B9 C3 |- N/ d& {* N4 Z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); E' p5 U0 [8 ?0 `0 f: }5 q) v
. t' T/ p! a9 e" Y# L# y e此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ W/ \( c6 C/ T' Y& E! P+ } - z$ Q7 W9 q" R / L' ]+ U9 e! t2 e' e3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " h5 w7 D6 a& c, R7 g0 B- X 3 y- v2 g3 D# A例如:7 O2 R1 o; |5 i& m0 m" w, v
7 \3 H# c$ d9 ^5 [% h' sMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 H, {: i% R- I! \
7 [7 [: O! u" `0 rManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 I* a5 w2 P5 @$ l: Q6 b6 j
6 Q0 w) F1 Q7 }3 s7 HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 a) o5 L6 r) o' F$ p) M+ J: g
( Z. D1 y0 Z/ ~5 H* i( \+ y9 XHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; n( `. q+ j* \ G5 F 9 H* P# k z6 H1 pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 {3 m. ^, _, ^% c4 O6 H! X& v1 @8 `/ `$ B
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 x: Q% _( Q6 n. v- A* d$ D: [
- q$ q! L: a' \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * ?( | r6 O; l; X% k' h2 L: i( m
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % J7 ~0 U2 B6 o5 [; [% D5 l0 b6 i* j
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " C5 [, |4 J" s. o2 u" S* m" b; W ~7 [
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 @4 G5 B' q5 j
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; t" \0 M" B1 U# p . A6 }: {# x- b. ~# Q) \( T对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' p" p) N! Y6 g0 J+ C8 d ' x/ r' E. g( ?# k7 H对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % v. P4 o. ? Z Q1 E& a ) S* l! \# Y4 T b& x& l对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 @% V7 A3 B8 |0 X: |0 I
1 h) g/ o1 Y+ d" e至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - C1 \' F9 }- F" Z$ Z6 @$ A R) ~/ }8 n6 t
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 H, M& }6 O$ q6 p
/ X; Z0 A/ I E' a. p& m Q有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 _4 z# m/ U) a3 r' e' ~