本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 L- n/ Y( _0 I4 U2 b, ~4 i3 F: b" N0 U 转帖 / q+ a, d' m3 Z7 U1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 m# [/ u3 G4 C& j6 ]: k
8 S: U7 N" O, E例如: 4 ^4 U6 w1 H" k; ^/ w d3 B8 F, D$ |; X+ ~
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * N r9 D! L& \ A4 E& b + \( Q* U. U. kThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' I/ e/ m1 b3 ?. ]4 C7 ]0 q
; @: A5 S$ J( XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ' }0 ^. `: R, J; B3 o8 o" J' a Y7 k; x- q# a
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ J% l) u# s3 V1 o9 O
- P: ]/ E6 \- M1 X, LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! T+ k! H; x3 U% x2 q$ z
" R" A* g/ |2 o. `
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 ^! l1 G' h9 S1 x; @: \) Q 5 v/ K) j% y& i7 _9 |. }; q( kWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 d9 a( c; y8 A, ^3 R
. q- `$ K7 b6 A) q3 Q9 q2 G4 f Y' B
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ P% T' u1 M8 g6 \/ K( z3 Y8 S+ Y0 [
$ @& y: o& _" B* g7 i. g3 p& iWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! ]1 J6 p- d7 k% s" P1 g+ A8 k8 `3 y
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 U v" _$ r$ d
# T" |1 G0 m+ V" I r) T. _这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# C+ N5 D. w9 Q9 K( F
. @- h7 N4 ?9 u' Z
' _ L" t$ ^: Y7 k) ?* Q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ L2 ?; x, E. p7 ]( W
" u* ]) o2 A) l) o( H
例如:7 M4 T( |" H8 k
" h& O( D1 ?5 J* j
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)! I6 n6 _* `9 j z% F" V: B" W4 I
" H4 a( s9 i! IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ A8 @, B8 W Z$ \) A! D
! Z7 E. Z6 S8 I9 r
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 ~: t7 x5 P9 z, ` 0 C1 Z J9 b% g2 @1 M( FHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 d3 b: y" l8 P6 C/ M8 ^
9 y1 @7 d6 U5 G+ g% j: N7 ?4 J
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) c. c. E, |/ E ]$ o! X0 y- V& M3 w
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 J# a. C" v$ E4 T# Y# o
( F. ]# ~8 p- [% g
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , k/ n1 [5 f6 u& G/ |" J! }; x' i" ]- M
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. u7 N n5 n5 U& Z6 {# y# o# u
* h- S; E0 P5 j9 a! k
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ j& R* }! Z6 B$ U( z+ s8 `
4 Z; I+ ]! Z/ T
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 V5 T9 _9 T. K$ h- E; H6 L' \
d3 \0 K1 ~# q: E4 O9 G8 m
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( R% a$ x2 Y/ q" t+ n/ b5 a5 M( Y3 E- ? e: Q, W" u
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( U" R+ L* D& {) W7 m
( }3 ^* P v3 ?( L
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / R N% J! Y/ N/ X" b 2 H6 C7 b5 t1 B+ @' U4 sEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % c y3 R! ~/ R( i ( A. U6 D1 O k9 Y7 e! g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& P/ b7 {# c" Y/ R. C4 s5 v; R& h
. C( ]3 o* h$ B# s; M. E! J
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, p" ^, W, r8 `# F0 K8 O/ W) A
2 m. X! k1 F5 W0 U" O# I& s, ?" ^8 n- q2 S2 c7 n7 T 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " q/ L q5 r) h u; y* V9 p 8 p+ k3 G+ b( k% c ]9 r! H例如:" ?) N: `8 `/ Y+ [
: Y& g5 }8 a! A% x3 j$ n% PMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); `% e# } [5 c- m8 _) n+ @ y
! }+ ]6 L- h8 _9 _, O/ F" UManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 \* x: Q; ~7 [5 W* V w4 [# N8 [8 W
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : }! j# p3 A0 M. b7 e' F3 _7 D; `( F . k/ p" m1 Q+ _ {- K. L+ aHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) {; [9 x; a& g, _3 U4 R* r% G
( Z7 F$ N0 n$ QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 o* N! @: \# ~) i. b& ^
* t) A6 Q5 Q j2 a% G
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)) ]1 h N2 C4 ?" n& R- {
" ~+ o, A% H; `) B3 j k& k7 F( M0 f( p) p
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 |( }3 {% ~; J% |* A8 b. \7 E
/ v) _1 l% B4 k! y0 nStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 [2 E* B J+ v& l5 `" w' B , G! s% e! @. ]* W: |8 d2 ^同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : Z# g/ g( N) e' k! ~5 q. f ; Q1 b) b( [& y- T- n) w当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ v! Q# N& j. d8 i$ u" Z1 W
+ R* t; l! L- T# K' p
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' e# a0 q8 n$ E3 E! M0 z' f7 u : b: C- M% [: f2 u: z: m对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! y9 }6 G# A/ w; N1 Z+ S# C. e! I
) u: ]9 x& `5 h# p, ?
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 F+ h* [. O, v8 Z# z4 t [, ]) \