! M) m' U! ]$ _/ W转帖 8 @( g, g; [/ {& z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( D7 Q, J$ `7 u" I
) A! p% j$ } C8 O0 \; I: Z例如: 5 m) S: R l s+ M0 p" w' d7 f( F; `
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& N4 `: X5 \/ w8 n
# V' U& N2 P; s4 O+ e Q l' K( DThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 p" l5 O& @. F$ x, d / Q' N% M- Q% K, a% DThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 R# q3 k- \, t, q5 q
1 U3 Q' W$ K" x8 f. _' QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % F1 _. v) z. W 1 ?* l+ r* t' \- {: m! p% xI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 U; w+ P% b8 s9 z! l0 y( n4 ^* }( i0 y; d! E
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 [: v& H$ l* z S. V( ^! Q
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * o* f# d4 l/ A0 N M! C6 G9 e4 L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- e0 \5 f& f4 Z+ a3 i7 A# ~: f( r
' J* h3 }6 \5 r4 x2 X5 ^4 c; CWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 ]4 P' l0 q% d0 D( o f ) _. P9 P) f/ v3 a( Z8 y! EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" j) r# x2 x2 I n
3 E9 G( \" F& s" H7 r- w! v# f这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 t: G4 r W8 a2 Q
" \: y4 P! ]5 S' p, m( a" z4 N: u8 e9 }' v+ Y9 {8 o, Z' ? 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& p! m. c3 {) S) X1 d* v
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例如:* E$ V& k L% I2 T2 r: G" h X
4 h: o1 l$ [ |At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # C9 q' k' K# U# k4 u$ m' U# Z6 B/ m
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ ^* z. d- X( d7 X, c1 ~1 v4 \$ m2 I3 M
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" V# B* Z9 j. O& T/ p
: O( n5 S" s$ N: ?, fHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 T& a" K! L& N; a$ }- H) z " N1 {. `: ?7 D3 Q8 l( H& Z0 CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; V* F1 [. X8 b3 P' V: C) ~ ; ~& N0 ], G1 g/ h$ I4 QShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)( } P I3 r1 N, q( T
, ^. e* ]; v0 v" EI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . b" Z$ k8 }# m. T9 b- v+ D$ o1 `! P7 L
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ _: u, ]( P) e4 q$ n. p* ?) q2 _# M% k
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / ]6 i, K) |5 e: h1 g" s$ u, j S& s. _, Q4 M' P) `0 mThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 `7 b9 A) D- X3 w% L 5 b4 l# N: S2 K+ f, U# RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) , d( I5 G! X- E% q9 B2 }) {# C. \5 h " R7 Q& i+ k! d. w; y3 t; v" r+ r6 B0 FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . B3 j& r, z6 D3 b1 d ! }0 N7 k/ d5 K }+ E$ \' Y4 l3 fWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)0 `2 x0 t$ a# W& a; w0 Y
1 @" F, y$ F8 p# A+ ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # n; A9 }3 F: r! `- i3 O- H- X( k8 d$ F1 {$ v' j! c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 h3 ~& _1 S/ E$ _* w7 I7 g8 P* G8 i
* q- N# j2 G1 J& \* b2 Q3 b' T此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" E- C7 D* @' X( E0 N5 l8 G7 V
9 D Q; v2 I4 Q& F% a5 E' `0 C' |/ W8 z- V7 q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' H6 \3 H7 x# A; s0 [; W
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例如: + O) ~0 V1 ^6 c e( V& w9 I- R- h$ ~+ K) Q; r7 P/ E: _
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" i; w9 H2 ^ K+ x* R+ r
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) , y6 o6 v: O/ \: H8 J. E9 ?. x( W( j5 a1 Z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : m8 M1 j6 [# g1 v/ G2 ~- z6 R4 F. K- v
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) t* ~( k: D- E: I v. K# @$ r! r$ e6 q$ f' G. s* o
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 k, h+ F/ k6 j( D+ ]) t9 y! r2 _+ H . t7 ~% e* _7 H' }' J0 S, bPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 u: F' l* W5 Q& } b- ?
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 n7 L; Y0 T2 l. w$ C! B m" u/ j( d+ ?4 V; z7 bStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" u/ x N) K$ p- Y, N) s
2 U. Z: a( n8 P0 Q! L3 w) x8 f同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 X Z" Q0 h- ~+ |" Z3 n 3 M! n. R+ z/ H( Z6 |1 a当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 r2 G8 n A0 S v; f/ R6 o) [& F, \; V0 c) f& h1 p2 S, k8 A
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # f- c: d; Y, }2 b p& f0 W5 n& m9 W( K' x: O1 K
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * ?/ u, o+ p5 P( K- W" {5 }+ M) V V* d' {4 t% x
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, s- J9 s S! F/ c: \2 A ^
5 @, G) ^- l! n; O3 ^! g$ ~! n" W对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; / c( j/ `3 \" N7 T p6 R4 e$ p/ |$ k- D R7 G9 F: S z
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 W5 K! ~, t" j! `+ _( j
. y7 F/ H1 V! g; e: l还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. C* |) K# g. t e' Y9 `7 x: _
( i/ L" }' W, @. I( U1 Y2 b# I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 $ O' |5 q; l' f" ?! t, |5 r- c" O