本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 X6 S+ g* X4 K& h" _$ b
o$ \ J1 U$ B& t转帖 6 H$ _2 X5 ]+ X. v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ; `4 e1 v7 g& Q2 R2 H% P1 T8 w6 a: t8 V6 T
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 Z$ l5 y+ F u- a/ h4 m. k
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' L, @# G! O1 [; d+ |
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , D: e, x6 ]0 F+ F. \3 N4 t8 U9 q4 W# v4 v4 H: k/ \ F
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 u; t! P% j0 p* _0 @, H6 C
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( z$ n- [) z# z L% Z' L8 f b5 K3 |
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : Q0 N& o/ A. n- J% l+ h) k9 s+ x6 i! @/ q; ?1 {% d# d3 U
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) H! L* v) O7 p; G & E. _/ \4 P/ ^: uThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), o! ]: L' L7 A* [ u5 _) m
8 ]' l3 q. d& q" N' l/ AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 f* I: K5 t8 K" a) x9 m7 T; m2 F5 Z0 e( c9 ]+ z4 I
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 Z2 v9 X& t' ?
7 r- D; I9 ^& H6 G4 e! B这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 Q& {! O% q$ p- ^# E/ O
4 p+ N' y5 M! {" Q' k0 O4 |6 F7 D$ V/ b 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & } h5 o( N+ e& y( w' G* e % }9 U, g' C# p) ~, A例如:1 W# c- W6 Z, A/ y0 i
X2 F8 v) w! c& I) qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ P( c K8 m8 J" X) X; a3 H0 A4 L" b; ]' R! y- K- o( Z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . ~& j1 I" W3 W# h- A% F' b3 J6 H6 d$ \1 c( C0 e# c2 p" g: H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 ?) K2 C$ Z9 K$ z9 U, P: K( Y
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 b+ w( B* }* {4 i ; Y) |5 _% A8 F# W) k [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 4 ~5 S3 U5 p1 a4 y; s2 Y" i# c+ k( W/ p$ Y3 n: I
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 j3 S& q) |. v# y+ E5 Z2 d0 s8 [; _3 k- B1 x# } Q
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 X9 j1 v, [+ H! e+ _* s2 }1 L& z# Q3 ]$ ~
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: # D9 v- D0 A/ w# C+ s# W+ W2 v( D N2 A' {
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & p! R0 R% m9 F* g8 H$ I/ a9 Y J, _, q5 ^ u
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)% D8 c ~ Q" F$ z3 w- h" I
% g& K+ L1 n' U4 K$ |3 AHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& L: C! u6 {$ v+ o' q1 k
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) p# q% s! Z" o3 C9 [/ E! _) D
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 k2 ]$ l8 |5 d3 `2 g ! h" j, `# |9 v0 aEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / \ t4 _0 [* \- V& B* K) t s% e3 S2 k4 v5 E* K
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( C3 `: P# T% N0 J, j, g
1 u: V8 t j6 x此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。: e/ p0 \" K/ m1 V
# E3 f+ |8 D0 L1 G0 x4 T9 Y4 c; R8 m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 : V& C% V; m* A7 m, l; d8 o) J) o6 s1 D" P7 X8 B
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; h( a$ p5 B- ^$ ?6 DMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . [. b& r: S: k! t9 F- s" B4 O) p3 R7 p& D+ y5 [- W
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 z% Y/ c* R0 u) ]" C# i
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 F3 ~- a- ~3 ]" h* M# p9 [$ p" l9 ^ h5 Q" c, A+ H
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ R8 ]% k7 j7 C8 t$ P4 z& G6 ~/ k( t
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " N+ }- O/ q8 G7 R5 X! ` 7 s# m9 X, C2 p4 F3 uPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ?/ A0 O0 ?9 k" x7 y7 m" T 2 H8 _3 I; N, i* Z7 q: i @. x/ @, TCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 J" a8 F/ [4 q
/ k. D2 m# a: S8 S" L; u& {' o! gStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : a7 p( w$ i7 ^; a- o( P7 n6 L5 d7 z' y' y+ j& E+ ]
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " m2 ]" a5 Q6 y2 d% C5 f. x1 x/ J# G7 ~/ r/ f- B
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , ^. z4 A! R( j- V. @* `" [ - p8 I2 }! o/ T& \# c( Z. z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" w0 ?$ P# t7 y6 q+ |& {
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 B3 u! Z% k! \, t' S
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : q- z5 w& \0 V/ ^+ S4 A8 ]0 M7 S! t- ^; F
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 K% e: a& W8 v) g7 P. f- E 9 v6 a5 G# J. X9 b. ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 |( `/ r+ x6 d _2 W( n' ?8 ?. A& j$ D8 ]! |* A) v, B2 u) b
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % x* ^% F& p3 _# K4 R7 B . O6 K3 ]/ m3 ]有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 q' _# J( i* H9 Q