本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 H5 F7 m! K2 Q9 C9 Z) K% C0 e7 g
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ I. D% v8 u) x3 s5 X* L: R- ? - Y/ k% k H/ s" `例如: @0 \! l# Z9 X. w4 Y5 R
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 {; o: G# [0 Y( C; _% T
0 k, S" T- q4 Q \$ r, g$ wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . i6 I6 W- k5 c) [ " F7 q; _/ o, l$ N! k4 O) m1 t7 y2 O7 jThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 A( C+ j8 q0 p; n6 G% ]. k/ Y 6 [* w# g3 B, c# \/ L: TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # b5 Q% M8 ^3 j9 W6 h V. S$ r. K! Z2 n0 E1 v' u% h
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 W3 j: [. `; O& K5 P( T: n7 j% Z) U _% ]9 o l
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # h. {; V# m. [% t3 t) _" [) i7 p$ T9 N, k6 ~8 O
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - C: z( Y% z! D$ U; ?0 F" ?2 B# D* ^, L, m1 Z
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( C) b; ` @# k! f
6 |( I; `) K# Z2 J! q/ t% xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); ^: m. n+ {9 `' ~6 [
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); G5 o2 M/ t% T, M8 g6 c( I) Q; v
) y! W6 J+ p4 k$ @- I* R这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ R7 F9 `/ e$ n3 I
9 ?( O3 W0 ^9 k- R1 {: L# ` , S' }+ R7 q0 @% A4 a( u" P2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! z) `/ ~+ P5 I; O" C, @( F& g3 j- c# w
例如:7 V" }0 h( Z# S q; L1 r
& |: y; u/ ?9 L3 n8 P' C9 ?( @ C& tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 N* U( w( c% \ 6 @+ `9 Z/ l: N6 q" }( e2 WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( P0 ?, ^) E5 ?+ `: P6 u+ b
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)) u, J% \1 }* A% w* }
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , t f1 c. E8 q! u( U M c; V+ `* q0 \, p1 N3 |8 J/ w @
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + t/ u5 ~4 R; p: O / T' k( V# C, `* U. F3 k' jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- e k! Z/ U+ e9 h5 Y+ l
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)& e5 d4 |) e5 i7 H# p
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 H9 y2 i- H( H; M/ G @( s
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! f' ^+ ~- b& F: J$ V) M9 u 2 M! z. i, ?" Y0 DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( \7 |8 C0 M, }1 E: b* q# L
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 c7 x6 O$ ]; M, V& a% N# f; {! h+ z
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' b- L' P: `4 z. O5 r/ A% G
: _# I- i1 k5 q' U3 ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 6 Y0 b1 Y6 |4 Q# o% D( g1 Z! A7 J" p7 D* K( o7 R5 y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( D# ?. ~! u# S# G+ z4 O
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 Q; A$ e* M$ C ) g5 ^6 o- R, w9 J$ B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & ?7 ^: k! ?& H. j% H; [3 e6 H! M; y0 E( O5 a: U k0 v
% l! q, J9 v8 H4 I7 x7 l3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 _ Y' ?$ \; q, @: F7 B( q- l
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例如:6 ~! E% k3 W8 o8 c& c/ Z& H
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 O- T+ O# X% x/ F& r7 M8 |2 i3 H) K3 m
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& z4 e# M$ F% c$ ^, x8 i$ V
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 e9 i* `9 `& \( Y- W6 U
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- Q% G1 n0 D" |
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# @$ }) T7 R1 K7 S
* v1 R$ \0 }1 O& i. l2 gPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 I/ O. L# R9 F5 T+ @ r
, @/ e% Y6 Y( y7 k* v; o8 iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& R+ n6 `4 y9 ]( n( j* @( W
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / ?% D# D1 X+ ?% C' h" _8 i8 g/ X& L
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 i' n1 v; u% _# U3 p( y- f ~$ A8 [: D# M( z% G, E3 i& X% C! @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' u2 F* V; Y; Z( w' U6 L; L. `
. k# L- W; U* m' [对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : D }. ?. L' ` f$ T- n . \3 c+ w9 U! E对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) V- P* }1 l }; F1 ]* R. m& u% J: ?8 A7 \- T' A
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 5 `2 `, J) i n" X( `- s/ F 5 }8 R1 ?2 K% }8 k7 V4 `: K对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! l6 \* r) W+ Z ]& t* A( g6 j: A8 a$ u2 @6 R2 w2 B5 R2 l
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 Y$ t3 |$ ]; N& ?. V/ f
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 o! B& m/ c, D+ ?' }$ a ! l1 `7 g/ J( c4 C& _5 n' R7 D% C+ A有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " c) O+ {* n1 k