本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 x1 }% W' R" d; W* s & V5 v, V' c( o转帖7 ?1 X/ w. q# x7 T N' Y
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)8 R2 G1 c& ]% @
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例如: / R% }0 e. p/ g; v w # U0 A& Y0 t# M9 ~: BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) `1 s! \, t$ Y: f" ^/ D5 v7 n1 B4 Q7 j
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)2 |3 P" P# W: g* D* y$ r
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & c4 |$ _! H' \ 9 Y+ [* }8 O- ?$ |4 `1 oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . ?+ _1 \% ?: o* C% b' V2 s% N; c$ } I% n: Y0 u
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 p. x0 N% a$ ~7 M. N& R
4 N6 @( |0 F) n) U; \. u0 ~Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): K3 K; Y& R* @4 n" {! \- y( [
6 S! E& G" n, ] KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * Y+ [' P* j) U f) e/ ~& q . y9 N1 a$ p; Y8 s" u2 U; R8 ]" YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) # `3 z8 A: C0 w$ ~) c5 Q }6 u8 F2 Q. Y& O/ _9 RWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 D% p+ T, X% g1 X g* j/ l/ t" W. F. D
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , K# o# j: R9 B) p # Z% q: l+ M+ K. ]5 }( q8 M这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: ^4 @% t3 X$ D
* |6 P( u) H3 a 1 e, d. @( m& \4 l4 _. Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( p6 E& c' G$ {& t * v I/ d3 N4 e+ p1 {8 I( |0 R4 X例如:) s: X* }& u6 K$ J5 V
8 P$ T" [2 K2 z) f: g& S4 NAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# p' h* u1 _! G$ [* h6 f! B J& ]
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 G' I/ ^, i K3 d9 w! Z# k9 C5 g& `- @
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); d1 x9 l1 |: y. o7 L5 n
9 j) _ c" c: q( e+ |He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) v$ n: ]2 ^7 F/ [
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) G" T, |: ]8 r+ ^# Y
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 v% y2 ?( x( {4 d7 C. U
( i; ]! M3 b3 t9 B% v: bI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' k8 c- f* X. O
! j7 p+ o) h, l6 [如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( N7 z O: v- I! ]
& L( u7 {& x: [1 m9 `, [! a8 S) nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + s7 J- E; t6 B+ s! J! q 7 O( ^( M5 ^& I+ ]8 Y6 B# {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 s. Y) f9 \$ E1 [$ I9 T / o ^" \% h# H3 [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 g& M) A: `6 p/ p) Y
( I. O. [1 @% m$ U- V+ K4 A* }5 d4 t2 {He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ T1 O, N1 I" M5 R8 f0 i
$ y9 s5 R% B: I; Q% g- X' YWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); t0 S1 G7 _8 f+ [; S- R( X
' }& s) ^! X& P/ X$ Q& R6 gEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 e' e8 @9 I$ R, I: i4 u$ t3 |! L+ n
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 x( B+ a3 D o/ R1 x1 p" q
7 d# u) q0 p/ b* D* B6 f, a2 X此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; ^ F: d2 h' M
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$ R3 S1 d* r$ K# U' ~) y: f7 u8 Y9 c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。! V0 _4 n3 h0 v
3 u) H; D- v* } Y/ w例如: 6 J! n* _2 C: U1 w; L& K5 G# E+ c% i9 ~8 s) G6 Q3 U- `0 ^
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- V) v7 b% q" G2 K2 O- y+ g" {
8 j8 E( t/ S# ]# ]9 h% Y2 dManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 g/ b4 j7 G1 s r4 ?: x4 k9 }
- S; N4 S* b9 rThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" r6 }2 ?( ^0 g8 o$ w; F& Z% P
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)( g3 @' |4 {5 N8 O0 q+ N
) K) u& q# W% i9 n3 m0 \9 F: EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) Y1 I7 D3 W% _. B8 W$ f$ S( E8 A# s7 I2 l6 J
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 }# P \3 g5 R- B+ Z
: l, `$ j+ s, B( x8 FCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ?" p( @( O8 B5 S2 f" ?. P( [% |* _* | {0 ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 v) r: H( c2 E; P
, F# s9 \; _" q- m+ A: i- H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; `. G/ H& J j4 m1 U$ s% M# @8 w; ^
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' a' \. T. m: q* e
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;- g+ }7 q; b6 @
" O Y$ p$ r9 P' d4 d) D8 N6 S对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 P9 ^+ Z) |7 K2 q& r, G + x+ d3 Q: c( s' T3 M+ x, m对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ r: W0 G% S5 {7 _ U
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 \5 N/ O6 C, v# |" t6 X. m s% l7 A 0 Z* @! W }- H% J$ e; N$ z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 u& s/ e) u: ]0 h
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 t1 o9 x/ o0 l' X! K
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, l- G1 I: R8 U4 i