4 y; ~1 x2 i& Y: ^+ Y5 U8 X$ d例如: / F; `9 o. m7 J8 U3 b z8 L/ `3 f5 `' a
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 K! s1 H9 E1 B3 l, a # g3 B' }' N8 I- X) V; G/ xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 [: R, {, a7 q4 ? c7 d5 y! N
, e" L. u) I) v, u4 w0 H& LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 _! y3 G6 L7 y* s/ j) G8 v/ e( ^
" C; {, ~4 o4 w+ yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 q! w0 C' }8 O; G; d: u+ |+ D9 W8 l! c$ E
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): n) m7 C1 ? n( m7 n0 G z. d1 H
8 g( `" X3 J) J% pMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " J" m* J0 |# R% e1 [* Q" T9 ?/ p; b1 w& {& {: h4 M
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 N4 K9 E' n2 \1 j% A. M% S
1 Q7 C! \9 d+ KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 k! H% t G& S; B0 I U& i
7 q. j: w; b" n+ H( q/ i9 yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * u- G( U; i. e : a+ p/ C/ h% L0 N: a# APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 I8 @4 O3 ~) h9 d. r* p: s3 L
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ p1 Q q. X6 M; P6 W& Q
# N3 f3 i. x$ ^ ^ }8 J, x% |5 c 3 u a, x8 v; {) d" V2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 j8 s7 v+ W+ p4 L$ b* w: B- R/ D! q3 b7 a, @
例如:, h% h# H3 W# W- K
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) H; J; ?) R1 F9 d* a/ n) k& n: C; ?# m* t
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , C2 ~7 Z# Y; C; e2 k/ n7 m 3 s2 m- j% F0 L# D$ @; @I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) U3 k7 j; b+ _) J. a% o! i( q# |* O: [8 p9 |- B+ j, y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 7 `! G1 x7 U. i6 f$ T7 D+ H# ?. |- D" S1 J: v/ o f3 A, o- G6 ^) q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , t6 x; d5 ^0 |: ] 3 L- y! Q3 I, H. ? TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 R& {% ^4 O0 Q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 T- y& y) q+ Z* i: y3 c- \3 b5 n 5 ?# B. h8 P4 o) `2 m+ U5 b8 z" _; x如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: W. X6 d. D6 e5 j; |* r2 Y
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 Y' i1 V4 c2 W) f1 _1 h0 @. F' j1 l& f( u
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 B9 F2 g5 R; [5 o2 k4 z# S& e ! ~$ n& e) f: a! LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 q d+ ?! G. l
: m# V# n8 Y: \! v: WHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), d$ |9 B( O4 K0 Q4 [. F v
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 G- c# A/ O5 x ]: D& T$ b1 A x _9 `4 s/ K0 D) v
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 e! x- O$ K, a! a1 M5 L 3 u4 T5 w2 Y! [8 D0 m% k# R1 h写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.). C1 a. c& y$ f
; W- l" A; ^3 j, j# t3 v此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 p7 h9 n% g7 w5 d; U# n $ ~' n# z' H8 e$ Z8 Y& w' ~* x9 @6 v8 q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: F \9 Z( ?" ]1 }7 X2 \& l4 G
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例如: " f# ^" f( i5 ~8 a7 _5 K: A' F6 i" w/ m0 o! S! R" ?3 ^6 m
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . p" m& m1 a d' U* @ ( W& C) y0 M, G& z x0 W4 hManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & { N% N1 \5 T9 B4 D1 u& O! |, Y: C. U9 E1 g& N+ z
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 v. q1 \1 v+ e3 [ 4 j: L4 ?- @. `9 g" r, SHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! d' t5 W- b( V b, |
" O; n) X% F1 nMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 s9 |0 @) _) m1 A) G- y7 R( F# G8 U( E# f
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) `+ p* e) Z+ ?' b( h- B m
9 h0 y% \( k* U* JCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& Y7 N9 o- s4 s7 f5 ?! s7 w! E1 p
( t, l0 m2 c' L0 i9 h# jStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 }+ ~, w4 y; h: f$ P" L* m I( c6 D
& N; j- { c! B h& I9 p同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ ]7 Y8 C" L. P) u5 d- N& d ! U9 x- u2 K, P/ i5 [( d当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% K* z7 ~% X2 M% E$ F) a1 I3 ?" U
* W) F; l8 Q; n6 ]8 Z! H# j5 P对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( N7 B2 T# |6 o! Z/ o M8 A
4 e& g9 _, U6 @) K$ `7 Y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : I! @" {' x9 }% m 3 |- I- S! C7 {4 b4 X% z1 V4 C对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ f! }$ w# F- R2 S3 W C
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 b6 }/ T8 }: U/ i r" k* t+ }' T; b/ d/ W至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% }9 D& f; E& ~7 P
/ y- t& d' D/ }1 ~/ @还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, p9 \6 Q8 |' l8 H# L9 G# s$ p5 y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 Z3 Z" s4 n3 {1 s% ]" M n