本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 F) Z0 O2 t. A* T+ n0 M
, y, E4 ?1 i! H3 ~" H转帖 ; {5 U5 q3 Y1 V9 U" k( Y+ Y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) & ]$ ` H; {0 h! b0 l! o- j! u$ h1 o, o
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" c2 B$ P- F' o
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* v3 _ J' }& e, j; ^' A9 D; v6 F# f
2 M8 P/ T) c& @This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 h$ i/ ?/ c& H8 L" c/ b2 x9 T2 j( W , U s Z! l8 m* J1 fThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)4 \; b7 M& l* q7 L/ E& R
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" {/ g5 J8 N1 l
: L* G D3 f$ F7 w- z2 K$ yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) d% D8 ~$ X8 C2 |3 d9 `
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 E' }3 ?: o* n- G5 O& z! j! E& w+ N' Q 1 u# H$ R/ q) O3 _8 bThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( t4 f, Y* S- D& B
2 H7 s1 r! j6 _* xWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # A+ W7 L- Y: A' s" T0 P8 Q% c0 Q H d2 }+ D* ^+ H1 u7 g: \
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ |7 x- y; w1 `
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 U% S# \6 p0 j; { d2 Q: x- W
$ i9 y- c. I$ Q8 F $ a7 V& }( T: s- [7 r. m2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 c" {# J: @; z- v( B " A8 ?2 F/ Z) A, ]# j6 d例如:7 J" j; Q1 s4 ?* B/ B. m7 g
0 [# f2 g" R* |& b% N$ O- G' }4 |At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 H" b0 C1 l8 l1 n( p$ O3 U8 g0 v b8 W* l$ l( h/ B3 a
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). _% g9 R6 N6 @! P# `
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; r( Q% d1 V- ^# |" \ y/ v2 `& h6 {3 n/ m3 q4 S6 `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & H* W: i# e! t/ c: {% n( t ' {* k% G: N) c: ]. G; RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 ?! W1 p0 s$ E" q* t9 Y3 C# K( ?( t$ b$ B3 G/ h
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' s9 ]5 a# M3 t# T7 A1 B s, Z) s5 ~
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- {4 V5 v6 f7 h* c
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' d- b$ i1 F$ T. n3 [8 j4 r+ E7 M$ c0 u/ v
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 g9 r# h4 J; m) g. w
F5 s+ D/ S0 lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( |0 `5 [5 n+ `) K' p- o" s , e( g" a: O5 x, K% ~5 w& |$ dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# L2 e0 {7 _5 z
( M5 o# E. ]( \ F; OHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)+ h# b6 P+ K- U( w# {
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 Z9 j% I. L0 u2 @8 }3 w. _+ }( {. i0 W6 I+ ]# u
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 }! I7 p1 j) x) o/ }, q3 k+ D: D' L' Q" v
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) : g, |7 |8 `9 f8 ~6 ^9 N% s& ?+ _1 q 8 S0 }8 p2 ?$ D' b- Q& V% O* o此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 R: p+ [1 w6 C5 q3 J & z% \; T7 u ?# |, u2 E* T+ Z2 ]0 k0 J1 t) y- D 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& v& } O. F/ t7 o
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例如: # `( Z( `9 ~* Q) P: a" i1 |- M( j) |: L: ?5 g3 f4 O' W0 E, r6 _
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * b- z d7 B! J 0 s- ]8 n8 ?- }4 N+ n& ~Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 q7 m+ _! R8 l. @7 {9 M # y9 P# P3 }( B% ]( T7 qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 K: J* x: l, T5 v
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 K3 ^% V- ]6 |$ H# B5 v& h! b
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): }# H4 h) P; u7 N+ _3 \# `/ P. H
& S3 I0 A+ t" a# O3 d/ D; w1 n4 jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % j8 J* K9 t) E& X2 G $ M' A0 D4 E0 R( m3 J: i& HCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - x. i! h' e7 O. I! c+ m 4 B) Y2 S; K1 h V5 I( m9 Q1 TStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # y. R( ?* |$ Y2 v2 ^ . s: ]5 p! [# R' J' X$ R同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! ~) F$ d/ E3 I7 y1 d. B 8 {2 K/ _; z6 N& v1 `当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) F4 e3 V# R& _8 v / `6 L0 |9 u. U% \) W# \对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! @3 \- ` {8 s0 ^5 P
; E( w- a8 _* ~/ g7 Y$ o! a4 a对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;1 h4 M5 h7 W% } r. L% h
2 S, @2 B% U& v; }( D$ | F% t对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;$ H! |' d" t# ?: s( ]+ f9 D
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 G, {& K5 r1 Y7 N. |7 N0 X
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 ^/ i8 v$ |1 b3 Y- \
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 |/ {1 X; d. p) \+ V
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , v+ r* v7 s( x" m