本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' t1 d0 o) K5 G
2 }/ b/ X; I8 z转帖 8 c+ \$ W( C9 J- J6 r4 _# D1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # o5 `% A, H" v2 s$ B* H \ G. |) C- x a7 x5 V7 u0 V
例如: + C" O( p- g W9 l . B/ {6 U! L7 c& V& T& nMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), @9 F! R7 y1 A1 G
& m6 ]0 I, E9 Q; c; G' fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - L3 h8 n4 X6 M/ g5 {& E" ^3 v+ B/ l% w
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 O, N& F: N& F* T o1 v
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ J& h; s# C& L6 Z$ N 6 S8 q5 u" W2 e7 @+ NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), c$ o0 i" H1 a1 Q6 R
( l0 B" X' G$ ]1 h' Y; R* HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- T) A5 i: d8 e4 A
7 i. b2 U' p1 c: R6 a/ GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) % s# s* t8 D( B" `* n) Q$ K' {: w. K7 t0 @ ], G1 f/ @" q
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 I- D# w9 q5 z; R6 @2 O% p" z& y- b, X$ `% Q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 I! e: F; c w+ e1 t5 I/ L9 x. U I I4 V" o/ G0 `4 U
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)- n5 e$ j5 v& _4 I
9 C/ H8 A$ u/ ?; _. @: ]' t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: W" v- v8 ? n8 c0 F9 n0 s
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6 I6 m2 t5 E4 `5 x5 ~% X" o8 `2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 I+ }/ R/ H1 i! Y l
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例如:+ v* E9 _( A( J6 ~
" |: F6 b+ N$ X VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) , D C) i8 Y2 D; m( j$ V& \ ) |4 a$ E) e: K) YDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 x$ z3 J$ L+ M9 A' \. Q) H W % C9 Y" _, L5 _I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & J/ O% b5 Z4 N+ D& [; ~: M# f5 |) D
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ s1 Z; f. N+ G* }
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- O; e% T' [! m5 J
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ }$ k( R& m) i# x }
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 r' p K+ s; k {7 D( F) L! w# `( c* y* Q* V' U& V v7 s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) |5 ~# Q2 C4 ]* }2 d& y4 \ L* ]! ~3 q5 t9 o3 _2 r( C
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : u! k1 L# u) t) @) W0 z0 N+ z; b5 v$ R) J, N
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ! _( V: q. x! I2 b# l$ p& m" R/ K$ R - L7 n, B4 Y. C, {" [He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 y1 C$ g& b% R3 F: d+ W9 ^1 [ c 3 w- x# t% Q! o. vHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & o, ?9 B& w; _1 }1 G8 ~8 N' \- E" n2 h
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 a8 j, Y6 B$ v+ T2 }
4 q0 h. R" f5 b, |$ Z1 ?Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& w; }9 ?2 ?% O5 b8 G8 _
* j* ?/ }1 l/ U0 l# W1 p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' j# l! p$ N0 ], W1 { ) F& `3 z4 @3 n- a5 H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 P. z/ S5 b) Z! R* f2 C: ~
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@; ?# Y: C6 g5 L8 m3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 * L# F3 W- S, c! O ; C7 l5 C) C9 H' X* s例如:+ y+ F! R7 p# {6 g& w
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 7 J3 B; A7 k# w/ n" }1 X5 J' c! P/ p/ S3 `
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " d, v" f8 J" w; V" P1 _) J# d6 a" J/ W Y
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + I' _4 V) J6 q% E4 G! M& H# ~5 S7 D7 h, i" Q4 w& O
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 ], w( H2 @; `& T0 Z$ N( j- H
) b. w, g2 F/ L) [" n! s* [5 gMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 L4 @& I' L7 ^- f2 X / l5 P8 b& [6 r7 {Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " @' f; t3 y, K1 g/ ]/ Q7 R; H3 [3 n* T
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 c4 b$ o9 a2 W0 j s% k
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " g. n- Q. S" w0 N+ K: w. O3 D, R ! p$ y3 v" }/ U$ R! o" _+ I7 @同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 p. _* Y7 K! n9 P6 u8 r
5 [ `( I5 U" v: M( g; m% {9 z当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. z1 R+ W' n+ [6 X# Q2 t
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ e4 w9 f2 M0 K2 z
4 X4 s- Z9 u+ J- M' @) B对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( ? Q' r& ^2 [; A4 E4 v& L% e9 |% c: B% C4 p- [' P
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( ^3 E- F8 M/ O% @7 Y ^7 S
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # x. ^6 J* |* ?1 f V( J. O ( j; e, |/ Z8 t1 g至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 F1 z: W6 P/ H* u* s( h ) \2 S; M4 b6 r/ {9 L. I' W还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; |* i3 y. N6 W6 h9 p5 { 6 l. j" F9 r+ G) k2 O2 K有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 _0 K4 F5 R2 X* R( M+ p3 `