本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( Q5 P4 |; V9 ~. ~, \4 S/ |# ~. W \5 x* B! t2 c 转帖% S6 i+ |7 p0 A) U0 A
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ( x5 e9 q5 R& s `8 M3 v8 [* s$ s- g" f1 g5 Z! {1 b9 V6 W
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, J4 r. H0 u" ]2 w& iMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 W, t [) @+ ^0 W8 k Y ; Q6 {/ V. y- p6 O' FThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) I& ~5 o( s' I6 v5 P
2 o9 R) H& l/ @7 C& EThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 2 m1 _9 s" L& L5 U3 X 0 ^+ f' N E9 X( R' B3 ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); p x: r7 v# i- N
; Z3 e' z4 b5 U$ E6 U: W6 @0 _$ hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; k) _! C+ s1 p6 \+ `; H0 Z! g1 s$ K2 {, x6 c. C
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) # v% F1 H2 ^4 l/ [ 5 R& J1 f/ c; }" W: bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" U0 [7 }2 m* a5 ?
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% C$ P3 h- S. z" O
" \& M% y. V! \+ a8 |' S) jWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): E( ]! I- ?3 S
. Q* v5 q& q) qPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 u5 T) X: C6 Q' G! E3 \* L
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 E( P# {6 Q; q! K3 V' {
7 S6 V5 Q# l9 B , Y. P0 i: B! p& a2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & n& [- o* t4 [6 T t5 }* E# _, X( z
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) k" y9 ]. |) v: [- {6 W! oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # v/ B8 ]; r s8 `! B9 `! m / e9 Y4 e! A% y8 C X' U% {2 ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 y) ^, E+ f- r3 l* B8 I
0 z# z1 A7 g# @- U9 h( U5 oI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! `: N. \" q4 W. g1 ~0 D& f
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), o$ S7 |, ]; N/ ]
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : L+ }- N: @; S5 q: D, L' a7 `- `0 F- C0 I: D$ v
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); C/ ?: b& A, N. Y0 \$ | T, o. l
; q% ]( y R% t8 T, QI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) k* t4 h1 q8 q }, ~ 5 d( P( T8 z7 X3 D9 N' O# x+ K7 q3 H如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " p" z2 M3 n7 `9 o/ V/ ?2 D $ R( R) X5 B4 T/ MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) j# N+ X: Z' H! m. } " t2 d) d$ [. E9 g) s) PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ P' q3 O$ |- N0 p# s
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; K; K2 h2 q. T/ Z8 M4 i0 N9 z8 b0 ~/ r# [" r( O: C- E
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & J* i1 |% N, j( O9 x/ |2 r- R9 ^" S# k5 S/ ]: I! ?
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); H6 M4 S1 h; F/ c% a! ^
) u$ k% ]' o$ z0 B) ~5 a8 SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). B3 H& m' w+ b9 r4 }+ R! V
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 y$ P: ^$ c' c* [5 |. H- `( B* [
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) C9 ?. m+ d, h: c4 }7 R
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# u: {8 o h4 q- K; P/ D4 k, z Q2 U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: K$ f5 j9 q# K" l5 s
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # z3 B7 N6 [7 l/ H! R& N8 U, f 9 G% S) F+ y. ~* q; T$ u# zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)9 K8 A$ Z0 o6 f" z. J7 O
7 g' w9 Y+ W( c: L2 z, C a6 ZThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) h3 J' R" O3 M9 w U5 s4 B
( p3 v# T. ~9 g$ ] N8 o; HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) [1 Z- p! r+ r& R7 E8 n + B4 ~; Z, H0 R6 ^' x( V Z& `Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 f0 C& [5 o1 p& |# T : X {7 [. e0 O& cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 N/ d- c$ }, E, C1 d1 Y' s' h7 q/ j8 R# r9 ]0 E8 K
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' F" g9 Y, D6 J 8 ~3 r1 q& x% dStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' ?- r: E' x1 o7 X% Z
+ @" {: E, _) v: P1 R3 D6 ^同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " y& a$ \3 t3 `. Z, [5 B' h & e9 w2 i& A# p4 A+ q9 o当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# b1 _$ h3 |) i. m" g( S# b7 ~2 c
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 m( \5 y! D# _1 _# l
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' O# q( U: d' o
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : N$ j" _ B0 \) R5 q+ b- J! _$ T. v
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # S; e' A3 _8 d3 R7 V1 v2 D" H4 y! R' {
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* x% B2 H0 {7 p. B3 @
; r. S, }: Y% E4 E还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 y- E' N& L0 ` N" b" M
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& _3 K' W. G: U. g ~9 Y' a