本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - @& f8 M$ t; Q1 b' q6 j! K
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . W3 g. l: X0 T1 P J $ M3 q" D5 i& U. {例如: , B8 W/ o, {' a4 d0 i& V1 B& I/ v7 o* ~
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! h1 l g( ]8 e " T! I7 J9 k4 mThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 S! h. m! Q1 m2 H- \/ ]. J. p 0 Q5 {' T# o! F- Q; F# s7 N: YThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) R4 A7 b2 l" x; `0 ^5 t& j& }" Y8 c
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 u5 O; l! A' j+ i, { / {: X+ K# i% A, V2 l1 B/ II have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ e; \8 Q( D; U3 ~" |0 j! V 2 p8 x' W0 f5 m/ vMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ G5 K1 p) O% z
+ }# @4 C4 E+ l3 oWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; V6 X1 i6 Z1 S% t4 t& [& {6 ^: x6 o+ ~8 U/ K& _
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 R5 U1 \7 B# E$ B+ H4 f ( u, Y2 I9 s4 ^! H3 v0 sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) S. |( z+ M. [8 n. y2 l( K+ |0 J0 l8 i9 @/ s
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ `6 V6 h. C! B' t+ C5 V
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 ]+ q+ ?3 Z% g6 K " C4 d ?9 g6 ~/ L/ u1 |: S 1 o" s3 s6 |4 w% o% X) E1 C4 j2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! }" ^: d; |; w- w2 p! F & b/ n% I$ k2 U h例如:( k! |+ q3 d+ J+ R4 s. f# c
# j* P8 d+ y+ z$ qAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now). ]2 Y( C, E! Q
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! @( O8 F: Q0 C% \9 W
# |: R- w8 j$ | R' w8 }I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" N/ w: a; R! i2 j
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - w; s4 u7 y U* \ 5 L* h; L, B r5 O3 L4 YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! L- Q# T* d9 A# R, Y" v9 K5 _8 S7 N. u) l; K
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' l& V L; k. |" @% m
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 h& E4 T0 X0 b' X& Z; m. A" ]2 }
3 A7 i7 O, C7 c" S" ^5 R8 ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ } P# j9 w# e
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % e% f, c5 \) K: H % P/ X" V# H% @; x# Z% ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + m2 T8 p% }3 T8 d" P - @1 a- R0 | p9 t: R% T" A( ? }' CHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " L/ r1 @7 G A0 x 6 p$ I% P- x% m' jHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 q) U7 N) B/ ? , h" i5 n" h* T) ^7 ? t; l9 OWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& J$ a! L5 u9 k7 p- V7 a: |
( P. Y/ N. }0 l) B( k+ h# [% s7 |4 DEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& A7 X- z) A3 }0 K$ A8 s$ M
; h' s9 ]- c/ ^0 F4 Q) Z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), G1 h4 f2 n- c& ^6 }& w6 h9 ~
0 \6 T: [8 r. @! s. {& B( {& s4 ]" Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) n* ?: x1 O% m3 y ]6 K / W$ M; u( H8 _+ O: H4 `2 \) m; k% T/ ~, B5 m$ O' F, d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: x' Y6 K% }- U+ J4 |. J5 ^ p
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例如: - [! i8 `/ I0 p2 G" w: m5 u9 @: o$ x: P0 v2 Q5 I+ [. L
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ g' U9 B- w# t& s$ U- d- F
+ B0 @+ Q; k' R3 E5 G# {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 _: B* A0 ?- [* ^& \/ z6 a
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 K! {8 t& ?% m Y7 C7 p/ j! h" d; u9 |- l
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 ~) ~5 o( F7 a& c 4 }! `$ r! F4 ?% f Z7 d4 hMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ w8 i% j* L) N( P$ ?& E& ]
! q1 A3 M& w0 Y: K Y% Q% cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 n$ p4 g7 v8 ?- O
2 M8 |6 m/ y) q. }( |$ Z( l! `Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , W- p. C4 S5 P$ N4 Y( k. A4 e" x( y1 }& U: Q, I% r, s
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' Y s3 ~' @1 l# `
" Z/ ^2 i/ {, \# q6 Q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / y6 z8 h0 S( H* W+ y( ]9 q 3 _5 Z* X6 U, K2 z2 Y% Z) V: M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 w6 f3 b/ j/ h9 }! s. {! J1 {# Q- e0 O( R' }, D: l3 O
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' H2 O' A7 J$ F# N+ z8 p
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 y: q0 _2 s, f1 Y5 @- C' f! b' w' _+ _3 ]
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; z* c$ b9 b. }8 h , ?3 e7 u! x: O" `/ Z5 t对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , {& k$ d3 w* F3 G' j. } * b o7 l8 R9 ?至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 h. h) b2 F4 ~( O9 J: e4 c5 ?
5 y% h u _: z$ j+ t有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 H) X+ c1 W8 y7 u5 f