本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 h/ D1 j& s! f7 U7 V# r- f/ V3 m1 ]) V 转帖 5 h$ R$ L" ]+ g& `3 J$ g/ ?& t1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 B# [3 p* j2 x/ n & b! g5 M, s, R* |+ y$ L3 a例如: ; h$ y9 Y+ L/ P0 X0 \+ {0 ?9 Y4 j7 O4 O- j# o9 T
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)2 p: h$ F9 k7 J
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); A0 T+ a1 z, W2 \
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% b& t8 p2 w+ I1 g9 r* X
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + i- h" A$ W! `, K: Q* ]- B 0 H# a5 U( b, I4 h" s7 VI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 L3 A4 }9 K( Z& n6 z h
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ Y4 @# r* h! t8 D5 _
0 P# s- Y4 k# }) zWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- H# {8 K3 T- F9 K3 s3 v
$ ^! p. u7 ?# s/ T& WThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 p5 O* ^% r4 e) f) T( a
$ a; J- J, M5 kWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 `, d4 U! x: L% \1 T. l8 ~ . e: T" |* O) w* ~# TPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " ^0 [: D8 {% S# I+ j ! [, t0 u5 o) G- J这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! s6 @8 N% W$ G: G6 B9 S+ s" m
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0 R+ U1 o6 p& X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 @, O# G1 m: H- a u
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例如: 7 J) j& N# r) y' k, h 3 E; ~6 d' R7 ]4 hAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & t" _! C" c! i9 ~4 A. q . ^ ]. n8 u. ]2 B6 uDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) k) Y- @& z& g- t8 z3 }+ T' y6 B' x G5 H
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% x ^/ `* B0 T
) P) u- E6 z/ J5 F( T9 O" x- ZHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)% G* y4 }2 `4 e; x+ S% m9 F8 f
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 @8 Q3 @1 t, i( }; V6 M
% q/ X6 x% G3 T" Y* P: g9 ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& s% {6 ~- z3 r: s* L
5 a: M0 {7 n2 X: _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & _: s5 u5 z7 ]9 e0 c8 ]$ T 4 g2 d! G2 o; R4 A7 f2 ~如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ D* \* B& E+ r2 H
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ T0 Y) _, y2 t% o; F
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* M/ h4 u2 R1 r# N
% Z% [) @. I) mHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : F' A- k3 d: C5 o q3 n* l7 r( J4 m% d/ @" ^3 N1 o1 ?( U, ~0 s
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - z' ]& H- S! F3 |; \3 ~ + K* i$ l9 R8 uWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): ]: p# I' X* E. L% Q
: q9 x0 D2 i8 f% P+ k" fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 u& K. h D7 y; ^
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 E L+ p/ n$ r; I/ F' |& [
3 b+ B. `9 c6 v; L7 y, ^6 c/ E此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" ]7 ]) h {. G& _7 V; _
% p: N) R6 M8 `& @, ?$ j( E. \. A8 e: d7 c: U/ y1 o/ N: M" j 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 }1 f' _% B. Q& ?# g 2 a. `) F: Z H2 V: E例如: : v" }' e' u* k! v |. O; i; x* S- h5 \$ `4 h3 c
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 ^2 Z8 z4 W* R( Q6 m% |' @+ ]
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + ?' ]! I5 c1 E - |3 r! u& w8 Q, `( R u: qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ s! c* `0 p) u3 _1 A
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - X' v* Z8 ~: s" O 7 n" O+ Q" q; X6 g: _' i7 i6 v" uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 p, O3 u1 S x# Y o # i7 ^& O; [9 m' Y) P7 v5 ePolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 P; ]7 i# r' f; R0 y7 p- P
, ]* U& \9 c1 T( q$ GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - l. N1 f0 Y0 e" x 7 V: \7 m: z* j1 O6 vStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); U* X' \0 @" y5 m
" K, d6 g! `/ b同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 C# _! S$ @5 R" L" Y
& E9 O! M( F S- s当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( x s2 I/ g( ^7 g1 \& f$ P5 k( f9 w. r0 B, d$ q
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # X, t ^* T' ~. U6 c. P0 Y* m v- ~% [- q' _" a
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 v. q1 A# U' X0 W0 F! ^. ]4 S: y
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 _: r! z% o; I' B3 ~/ p 7 q4 M: i" }* F- N, b) g* x% D对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * m8 h3 ~5 S# J# h) Y' F n8 \1 y1 w& u7 l6 K至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 ^( C/ u. W) G4 a" V4 O% v
$ X { H! L- S! x. n; t3 B还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 4 H5 G+ W0 h p6 M. H$ v* V" W8 b' H. e o* ^& H K9 Q5 |
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 X C& d8 ~* z/ t l