本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 \- F T8 Z1 |. G6 `* J$ m/ i! {1 \+ p$ Z7 c* m% v6 ~- L# m 转帖 , ~4 g. q- y" }! Q9 t7 d( }& l3 i& Q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). s- T# f3 ~- w* |+ e
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例如: ' e! E9 B% q" L( h- ` # M# V3 ^ l4 k* v' _$ H3 g. uMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ O* h, x: ]) L
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ u- ?" f9 M' n4 G6 z
- m c. S2 A# N* l9 t# mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 q& M2 W" J! B2 @2 p, W% T/ ?3 G# v- m
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)" f! j0 `* \- A
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 ^0 s$ v- B% t
0 w) i9 k% \. @* T% ^# zMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 5 F3 x: N, t" q; v7 @9 g8 R' p' ~! C: }" ?( w
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 x- t4 [8 Q( a4 _3 P
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 2 R7 V1 `6 D" f5 N/ I3 V 2 w" I, N9 w z! X& I2 i9 M* vWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 ^6 Y2 ~( A7 y0 P
8 j' F7 l+ f7 Q! ^4 SPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ K1 [4 J! R. S( W, K0 l
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % H. k; P+ X5 Z& |, m+ S! u& `7 }* M0 [/ {8 Q9 t: t9 e. V6 \" ?
) l1 W0 ?# C9 j4 S | 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# a% k4 ?# W+ I' c
9 Y2 V* h$ `' f' T9 V6 @5 H% ~例如: / f4 H! e W6 p+ M3 f7 b 4 C* q: @5 }( O( _& SAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) y/ F' U& D$ X% ]; ~( ]
, G1 b: M5 D2 z s7 |& UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 1 {9 O/ {' P3 D5 E# t8 c( J+ U+ N . }- z( R. _9 s; {I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 m9 M* s; a9 a% h' Y $ e5 D8 e7 V+ kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 `/ d& V9 D) x1 \& H2 x) X : j2 b7 `2 M3 F0 H2 KIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)2 w8 G. g# p: j! Y& H! q" @
2 c+ i* C5 l. ]She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! [+ [+ [& h( j- p; S! U7 g) V0 c+ s, q
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): X, u. P( g ^8 D# w3 h
. E0 _ `/ J0 m, Q& j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ \3 }" c) U- U! y! n( O
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 i( c+ X ~+ ]; N( t( q, z ' N$ F, R% @5 Z9 [/ m/ e2 W" |' zThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 Y1 Z8 a; v" s/ Q4 a+ u I: ?; }2 V
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# ?5 L b/ f% ~. i4 o
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & r- ^6 q7 Y3 k6 {$ S / [ x; M) G/ o# J: eWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% x* ^/ U+ i7 }! @. K {
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) , z0 N0 V6 C8 ]+ h* [1 M6 l; ] 0 S. L6 L' s; u* d3 r: r写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" E8 E3 U6 F5 g
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! B* `/ A% A6 X2 n) m( j, R: z
- b+ u& A$ ^/ k) I. D- ~( @ + @7 H3 @0 d+ l; x3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 r1 i- Z- I& S* G
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例如: D1 ~+ H9 q" |* i / ?- }9 `4 }" xMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) R# I+ H- r. M% m% P1 _+ N+ i u# w8 a6 d* j7 W H7 L" c/ n
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 L7 @9 R3 ~+ a" M9 Q' z1 |% c" s
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 n# `, z6 Z4 o7 h \7 v
! S% x$ h( D K: EHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) y* w r0 A3 `# L3 j
- J$ J9 v1 ^, L# ^Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 E9 w' n1 e! H# A" D3 ]
& B: Z0 D0 R# g sPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 R6 a8 N: c, j* {6 y1 y0 G
* I$ x" ]! h) y" T1 e& b0 S: jCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& x# a7 A- a9 D1 i* j) [. y% L5 i
& u: g7 ?& a" W$ z$ Z9 m8 AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), O8 j- h( O" T) {% d, S% l% u1 K& {
# s. L) I* x' F. b# {同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 y- z$ l+ v2 e4 h% v4 _2 K9 F5 h& g
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% p7 g6 z3 V6 @6 F/ B1 F1 u+ A
; Z3 G) q& [/ J# `0 e' g" }! T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( T" U' X- n0 w2 ^) V# t+ r 0 }* q1 H8 _/ W+ Z) n! |2 `" D% `对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 e2 @/ b6 e4 t! P* E1 P
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;0 G8 F8 x( q5 U% B# |
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * c3 Y% E7 `' I9 f1 X- j8 @& S7 d ]/ q
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 O& J A5 }# [9 s2 l6 l1 M5 ?; l 8 P; d6 E- Z+ n O' k还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% p5 I4 Q9 H( M+ u; j0 I+ C( T
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; e- o: g1 l* f# Q