本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / f1 P# j5 |1 G/ J3 R! q0 W9 b8 ~, ^6 Z% X9 ^$ j' j4 { 转帖" S, |6 X3 |/ o. E( |
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 C/ s u( h- S& J+ G+ C/ t' w
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) Z9 W5 L6 s! K7 a
& b# }0 M; K: O4 S X4 v- l3 NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . b; O# I/ l$ n& h j3 h ) {7 d3 R% }' K4 {9 |" |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , ?; ^& Q4 Y# C& I 0 D# k; ^+ c5 I: Z2 `The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* X: R; s5 E1 V
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 a8 a6 Q! l6 h1 L( [4 N u8 ]9 w
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( G+ x1 t/ c6 u( X. K% A
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!); T. b9 {) y, x3 y. u
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 S, v* D+ ^; c4 |) s, q, {4 v! Z }1 h7 n
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ r' R$ B6 \8 U! c7 `
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 t7 ]& y( K/ T) g2 _# c# x% I* ?5 z( a6 C' A3 b6 C ?; _
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- [$ p: a/ B4 r
( y. ~5 |1 f# w# j1 @7 v$ u- `0 a0 U+ L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( i* {3 m' i& P$ g3 \4 B ( J8 u! O- K/ @! B, G- T: O( r/ }' |例如:# n0 V; ]/ v! U& F- t' V& S6 t
& ~! K& e/ Z" }/ {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ T8 A! i/ _8 d R1 ~
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : b) j1 x9 F2 s) f* V ( r/ @$ T: s$ d. N9 UI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " z# z2 h- h' O" g" N5 q 8 f: U" m$ h) ?/ N6 @He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & ]9 }6 G! u+ n$ a, Z1 Y% }& j+ b- a. f1 w3 w* ]5 x1 ?, ^
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). S) N; W2 t2 q! D7 ^4 `3 H- u% u
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 K* y' q1 k) `. W c $ f% {+ d7 K3 J' nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 l+ i% f! |' W$ x& L8 R
4 x$ U" D6 x! B如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * `- ^9 }0 e o/ q6 Q" g( J/ G) w/ P9 C% t1 l
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 a$ O) i% t" K% A4 {5 K! Q+ ` , k3 T: ~ l3 IThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * [+ ^9 { Z% [0 V" Z" N8 q* v0 J& O! u- g' l
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! l* |8 G/ v! z( g E$ D
. [9 V; V+ X% |; h' kHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& P0 f H5 h2 [: X4 D
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) {, R. x: z2 I4 ^" v5 h! c* d , f1 _) e- F+ i: d0 s5 n. q+ xEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 J3 ]5 F b" F9 f9 j6 w4 T9 Y
. a$ D% H- T; R z6 q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)! x; R0 V: a& w" D5 J
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! s5 l$ V0 G. F$ E7 a) @5 J
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3 [) M2 T! ~* }' G$ v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 ^6 G$ s2 d8 B$ W' s. }
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例如:$ h% _6 m5 z( y; x. p6 q8 [
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) W3 q+ H$ ]3 r% j+ x. x/ G& g5 l% d ( S: W/ V8 Z; r9 b5 A$ FManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " F$ o9 ~8 R9 b8 y5 L( A0 Z% `5 G" n1 L
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' Z% ~$ B& s% ^# i5 M- N" k" B/ T/ j$ Z ~! i: j: a% r
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 a; K6 j! ~' A
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# h: V- F! ^* F' @0 a' }$ b
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 H5 D7 ^2 c' F7 j* @9 ?; e, e, ^8 d, k O
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 r5 i& z1 e4 L3 S! r7 G1 S9 f
, f; U. G B. `$ N6 I) k6 u& zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)" u& V. f0 C& r4 a) ~1 ]
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 6 p% }6 \: R3 t( x+ H9 F* ]/ E8 `( C6 L: K* \: C$ R3 X3 m
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , [6 V! h/ j; g7 k / s) v$ w8 T! j: L' r7 l对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" R# v! k" U; ?) P3 C