本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + E+ q# B% d+ U% S# Z: V * }2 j- K b+ h6 `3 s7 p转帖: P3 z# V( Z6 k3 s0 K! D# I
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / P( E9 E! z, l7 L$ V2 v " |' ~" E7 y: _" {+ e) f例如: 7 X+ a7 z, g# ^* w9 q) N1 R6 t- s( @7 [
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ]" t. k9 P+ q3 F. [' ~/ J1 v; H& r) Y# U1 |8 _" G
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' j5 k# [+ R( K# \0 \. P
1 ]: n) u4 O+ k0 K& P* \2 P
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ! i' A5 d" @( u) Y ! z" T' |& X: ~4 w C) NThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# d* W6 h+ @5 w# _' h. j
& S5 c/ i# \/ J$ G
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), |, c0 C) _* M) E( _4 \2 y( n
) S* Z/ n0 H0 ^- Q5 ]7 J: w. v
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)5 E: i: z) Y+ g% z) p) X" T- r
" t: A: f6 J- T' X7 F* I1 aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ D$ ~* w! |" `' r5 m" K; _$ S
. ~* L" B) W) `/ j& c& b3 rThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) ~" w; ]/ Q/ O: {; i* H. W7 M, t; ^2 h" H& Q( G
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : h2 ?* ]) v8 Y) Y3 M2 K+ Y6 e+ ^5 b: t1 d8 h
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : m8 h! ]$ F b1 B1 b6 s/ y & H7 v) u- f) G8 j: l6 ^8 _9 {这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* D% w1 \8 ]$ p" E; m
" W+ L/ q: ~# i+ H% G, k ! k' W5 J- v+ v2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( h( O1 X$ ^2 n0 x/ b$ r3 y& p, L' c, X3 f$ Y
例如: ) r0 m0 P# S2 _3 U0 s* z( S7 O7 g: L1 S9 c2 B( \4 [. x
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) : ~! l1 ]( x3 [) `/ l9 K* K! o! t$ l( k& F! b6 H% V' ~9 w9 @
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . L5 ^# W) C) d: X) { |; r0 f 0 d1 [! t5 b! f) O. P' B! ]) c8 EI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ s% {1 E4 s8 _3 S
8 X7 _- T$ _) p3 wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 g+ ^1 ~7 U4 T5 j/ c$ A: h8 N( \% c" _% E 9 m2 H- @+ ^0 Y) [ f; }' AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). y. i! U! G9 S' y9 u
! G. W0 U5 m- iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)9 ?5 V$ }1 E$ ~+ m p3 [5 O
, H1 e e3 W. e- b" i1 N% Z% N7 D
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) K2 ~ P) V$ H* K& q& Y z- M# P/ W" R8 W如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; I- r, T, U2 x C6 H- W $ [7 ^1 _4 t# M FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 O. i; j" H0 F5 |% Q
5 W9 W! |4 G. f5 |$ v! e; F+ C
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . M* l/ i0 j' P: V- X+ ~$ c' s4 H+ `2 s+ i5 F% O9 ~% o
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" H4 Q. E' E/ k$ [
0 ^* l3 S; S7 [" WHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ l, [9 A* w- h& ~
8 K1 L& S5 r0 D, q. S9 _We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & R* I3 M8 |" Y4 j" Q. `( Y0 P, Z( t! J( C1 u+ o3 B
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& L; Q; |6 H& V) ~
/ {) M' n( T+ g a% {% l* V1 j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 t/ c4 x3 e2 N1 H
6 m/ P5 h9 }4 ]4 L此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # t3 o- w+ Z' q+ ?8 K: L2 {5 W% ]% S0 H$ {. `, [
$ |, c. V# {* T# O& Z# ^( c# C 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% f D0 ]! z2 [
+ j# t7 q$ f8 s+ P4 P# C' x) X例如: ! m. ~0 i* w. _8 b+ p/ C + n' D! x$ r8 |& h% dMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" Q# X8 T( u. o# l) l. f6 e. t
5 E+ i; c) @/ i$ B- BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! ]# U! ~" k: Q5 B% W5 [5 B* F 0 x# P' L0 E0 t* B4 A8 T+ @This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 s# K8 C1 w. h' q' _0 I: m& t
6 ]' r% ^5 C' m) w$ K
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# e! E+ ^) ]6 @. C: q6 Z
! Q. _3 D0 `3 n" fMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( P) G" o6 x" A+ @7 j; V
1 Q$ Y: F8 }0 @, U8 W) I% TPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) # z. o% K1 m! u/ `4 w; z" F8 b8 _3 y
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ `8 p* y/ G; s8 |' {
! Z6 Q* k2 Q- o
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)+ n3 R$ f: ~% A$ j
! L. y. Z3 {" x( J. s% ^$ n
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 ]. B% Y6 i0 u4 i+ v* L( Y2 T$ v4 {* i8 k; P1 {3 z$ B
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! ~7 n& R$ j3 l+ G ]5 O \0 b, [& {
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 1 R" T7 G- N G C M6 b" u6 I4 o3 f0 P3 j, Q% c
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. z" o8 W& ~# ~' a5 y' |- |
4 a5 A: g c1 g b B对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # h$ |- @4 b" z0 J8 u# X3 _# | $ P5 J/ z3 X0 m% M对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;8 S, \$ d# l4 \9 ~6 a: [: u
* R; c. |& K# F9 ~" n7 Q
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: W' |2 o+ W6 o% w ! M) g7 V+ O: k4 w, r3 a还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 j) G( x: J" j4 x
/ n. c6 h- l w& k2 h2 t1 _6 A
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 c$ U6 s4 o, W/ Y0 l