本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) p. y) L0 D8 M) d
" i* K6 F+ y$ ^/ c' A; Y转帖 : P! o- X W6 m1 `, C$ }1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' h$ l' \' ?' |: ?; n 5 x9 f# c2 v. E- W6 ]例如: ) o: T( O# |4 i' d( V" v/ z9 D* R ! W* X7 k' j# w2 @% vMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! U2 a7 @3 B; l! m& [7 q: [& E# k ) |* w! t: @# R% MThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : J- P C6 d, v' Z$ v$ l- R" z+ |# m$ ?* s" i5 {0 L' b$ [
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ I1 H0 ^% d7 S4 s5 g6 |
, ?3 O7 D% |$ uThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ e+ s. M7 O7 s2 u2 |
+ Y& F* m" M6 Y+ E, ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - T- \ z# z% { 1 |: R; m% F$ x( A/ O0 uMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 h4 g7 v( y! u
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : Q. M4 E* ?. l' S. ~2 c6 D' S' h8 l: Z4 ^: i
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , [4 F1 E3 b# n {; r0 h. ~7 u y% G& G4 T, v/ M; `
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , ^) H3 ^) z9 }7 ^8 } $ _) g4 O! R" n; a+ l$ r: \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + l7 {& C' R9 a& d3 O s3 s7 \* W# i; C7 L
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) M3 {0 p5 g3 l/ A
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5 W, X/ G" H7 ]& r2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 v- p: M# [5 _/ z% O% _' I. l& h
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 |$ Y9 A1 H- Q7 a1 W: A$ Z7 ~' }
' `& L! M6 M5 U! ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 E; f+ \3 Z) Q( u0 D; }1 }/ c6 {: e1 N( N
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) - {: H# W4 ?% v' f" d. r8 w K; h x0 T; g* q0 O
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 V8 W4 l( v' L( B, A. s* x8 F5 q) \7 A! S5 p% t: C, _
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) l* K2 z( N) I8 @$ o' f # ~3 Z/ ?' \) k9 cShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) & D) g3 z. N! w2 H8 ?/ `8 Q5 W. d* f1 h
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( ~4 R7 ` y7 I6 o$ T 2 q% j8 r7 k+ p/ u/ G7 _5 a如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & V' M+ I/ P! d' c! ^% }6 C9 {4 _% d3 P& p- i, o9 o
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) * S" _4 U& ~; c, c- P* V, w& l! M2 J8 k3 i; m, w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . ?- D6 P6 X r9 M" @* z1 Y 7 p8 Z7 n& r, ~& X5 f3 W7 n0 R$ d, iHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 3 P2 n2 {9 r3 }# q$ J* s ) Q" [4 N+ s) H+ f( lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # Q/ [7 k* d2 u7 b! y8 i8 Z t) S% i! o
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) b+ @/ C$ _3 X
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 J8 y4 y, a) d% {+ P4 `- k* W
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ! \8 u) ~# L3 P3 O1 p! E1 ]" G2 c) _3 P/ u
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 p2 j( T2 R* }2 r4 u$ F1 I2 o
- y) o$ _" Y! n7 F$ T/ G+ A! I* x! S5 m- @ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 ]" q1 X! N+ M" |' B6 A) }4 a ( P! T% s2 j" ?: b例如:: d! \# t# \% X/ ~6 L, [
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 ~7 Y" ?( S# A9 h7 M
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / N$ B: F$ ^& Y5 A% d % D+ l8 b6 E1 [/ hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 3 J2 i$ C3 u+ k0 s* J. D+ A X4 k- Q2 a) ]- w/ p& E
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + x& Z; O5 B. h3 u1 J! r. a) V1 S4 `# D1 P4 _* C
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 R3 _5 {4 k8 Q3 _9 \
( i, M3 p% i1 \5 f* uPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 p. E4 J, u9 f' ?$ J# e K% h1 f$ ~5 G% V
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) x2 r. F5 b& @6 l& t$ _
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* s; y: g7 y4 u5 ]. u* B, f6 y$ x6 \+ C: H
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 ~. a: e2 ^: o r1 u
2 N5 }) y" ]% B$ c ?: \$ d当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 M# A# r- q4 l. q' e# a* w9 S2 S% R
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " w6 }; @# M0 M) r( Y/ a$ B8 |. L- P
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 T# y0 C& a5 z8 X& E* _9 W+ R5 S
- g4 X6 p0 Z0 P; t/ r对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) h( U6 z8 W+ t U 6 q* c) v% S7 Z% \! A对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;# ]2 {. H- q. U& l; S
+ X* B& r, i" @/ s至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) u% ]1 j- v% k! ~9 O5 H* `: T+ r8 U0 ^2 w
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ _2 y5 m* Y4 ]$ k: | v! D1 |2 i0 O " _! Y$ T2 B+ P: C- B- c$ B有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 + W0 x, b& ~% x" X, @