本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) g9 q" x4 m! b6 }2 ]% p# d
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)1 c+ e1 J* t. j( K
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : j1 u: {! K. S0 _ @, T% a5 M/ @5 T
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 ]! `9 [+ W2 H& w 8 }8 X) V1 @/ C* `- d' CThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 ^6 h( @& h% ^9 i% H
3 K6 c u3 D/ h4 r# D7 O' AThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 J% d Q% i" }# ?
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) f7 G1 j; |3 z4 U, k( W& Z2 u8 z* J: L, K3 C
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" ^ Q7 a% J/ V0 }& R+ Z6 `
5 E; s& c9 o( g! D3 T7 m( F1 V" |We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)& J5 n9 L/ h9 f" r+ `
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) x" R$ @2 j/ k
3 |: j" ^6 |3 JWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) / y+ |' V6 L2 A7 B + K( V; X1 g1 RPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ B7 b- }0 @ O3 i# s; G }! Y
3 F& M. k2 C9 k& x+ m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 D- p& j! p, q; e. ?0 c0 K - L8 x7 M( z: O2 I F4 e# [! w4 l/ Q3 _ W8 q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 a/ d* }; g; X5 r) F4 u X2 @9 Y
. }- r3 m3 s+ g# |At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): k+ [* a0 {% p+ |' K; G
0 ^1 z+ `% W; \5 M8 z3 q* PDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' B3 O1 A" X1 O
! [8 J" { K/ p% |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( E- N% B7 w: U" H" K0 p
5 |+ d- X9 O; J* \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 J/ q$ S; r( l! N- `- X1 d9 [2 ~ 3 N* Q, @0 o7 k! L4 fIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 H( v2 ]. [- P7 y7 [& N# ?9 N u& u- I2 o5 K' KShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * ]$ a+ P; \4 \ ( }3 U+ n- n1 ~- OI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). ?* E* A% b3 I8 p. a* v
7 Z5 Q1 q7 d( e( z0 n/ s如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 j1 [# c8 s, {- @9 Z0 X6 m' N1 ]& b; D% s* m# S
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 S2 m* n4 N7 ~$ J) h. {& }. h9 X- T8 D* n& r
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 r% h+ H9 R1 [
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 T- p4 S5 P+ _; I a3 a + d- W9 @* ^. w1 [% oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ d0 x( O, J- J- m; Z
% @" K; {/ k: g l+ f6 mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 e! ~) W9 F% W3 @2 N- C3 l# Q" q1 i6 C1 L. Y% V' b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! p9 z2 J4 W2 T+ q- {, o2 n
: ~' @& c$ n7 s- G) E# Z/ ?+ t写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - b2 ~& Z( ]* q' p( r2 G9 [0 ]+ \9 B$ V" S/ b4 N, |* U
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . y4 ?. `# D* r: U3 D/ _, P * y8 K. o! Z; S& m* q! {1 R8 r3 z& `2 h; |) c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - U, b4 j { Z2 J 7 r; n+ `; a2 t8 l: ?: T9 }例如:7 c4 U& ^( o' h
6 k) s2 ?( x9 \$ k" M+ yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . x$ B0 [/ a. ]2 M ) m5 q) ^' E+ _. W1 zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 q1 }! V% y0 v2 l $ S( n1 T7 [; G2 X- AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 y R: n1 [) \, W + R3 [) L; A' v) b6 Z1 nHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) `1 v6 p$ d. W4 I- h. r1 q ' u: s. P! d) B( |; tMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* D: w2 x8 g3 W) I2 H' |
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 p- E- g1 i& G; r 5 k2 z6 u$ g. h9 B) h* V& [Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) l# ~8 Q4 p1 \( t" S* f
# C5 Q: m% h) HStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / M) [& x! `: I. ^ ( o7 K7 N _. c) _: H' t同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( I' b/ J9 K4 ^- U+ T! g6 `
& h L9 P' I; \$ y3 O6 y" B* L5 j当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" K5 w8 z l0 k: @* K% z( |/ f# P
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / I4 J% \+ Y0 ?+ `/ ]+ y( P1 Y9 w/ |; O: i5 G& K! T& k' x
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 H& [( H) V9 Y$ W: r+ E- }, g( a% {& d/ \( U, I) j
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 7 {- N X4 {% O- N2 d6 d1 k8 b* b* d, J# [3 \6 m& f
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 }: L h! g, A: Q o: G* u1 e0 H; Z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: D1 y5 g1 d: D0 f, l) `" L" ?& j2 j5 d/ u' n+ S
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 D" Z: m/ q. Q$ R * _3 ?9 J, W, V \有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 j+ N) P+ p6 _% @8 n. f% ~5 e1 {