本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * ]) o+ w+ m( y& B$ F5 H0 {3 w! n; s8 }: V8 n; J 转帖 6 @. q9 J; P' w" J1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 R1 F% D) A" A+ ^& b# a. _4 N b9 K$ T# P: h6 [- \' c+ J
例如: 3 l# `2 h: J4 d- P 4 y6 v7 c0 p. B* HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * J1 I: H% T2 ^! p2 G* B1 v 9 U3 ?" `1 f0 y1 l9 ?$ rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 M" c, m+ R* X7 b4 E7 ^4 W" t# _$ }2 @1 @: i% H* P N" N! O
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( V( f- M9 q0 l8 Y+ A/ n: J5 Q% B
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# k. H( u5 f% \& a6 C. P' [; u1 |
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' F3 M; @, Z" f- D6 `: I z. b( P' v) Z% C+ \, m1 C- J, Q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; z% t4 g0 I. E- o+ G1 j! o+ b+ E. m- R1 u2 d8 g
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / v. z4 N' x3 c0 u/ y+ q j( ]7 {9 A# C2 G
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 9 z: }; {; {9 q) y8 i! c, P _0 h& C" Y# a0 G/ Z& W' I
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 s! ]+ } z1 m; V% [3 G/ u" }
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 ^! q+ s' q7 U% e/ y# |" u3 E- \5 }$ f! Z+ k$ g9 b
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! # ~9 P d* J% q. J! l- l" @6 G f* X; e: z3 a) J1 t7 M! M
" B. w a0 z- D2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * q8 n9 s9 T7 I6 J 8 w! H# C& ?( d4 A例如: * ^! v3 s) a3 C6 u/ e0 Y: s: s- t6 S; j; b( A1 P& N$ ^/ {
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), [& {" W( U+ }6 H
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): D$ h+ |/ ~; R. D) b& O/ Y ^
% F( m& N7 e" G6 Y- i& J2 V) zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 [: k6 A( S/ z9 R
?2 t$ A1 k. c7 \0 ^* h: eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& s& l+ @. _7 ]3 U
$ K) t/ x5 v7 O2 r: v nIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 E Z$ r* T( h. k- K6 `
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). D, @% M: Q4 Q4 [
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( S8 R4 Q% _2 {& T) l1 b( r, V7 |: y 5 d* ]* i7 z; Y/ o5 ] ?如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. n( A9 v% H5 @, g8 {/ `" [6 Q
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ u+ ?8 e" f, B W* {, p
! P( Q/ V6 J) oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ m. |9 W. t6 c- |% t
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( I' ?- R) F l- _# ~! _9 F7 L- Q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 X6 C8 ^( x1 I) U$ b# x # n$ Y/ ^9 D2 M! d XWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! x( u/ N; r$ |# w7 k7 \: M' Y: R. b! u; d: ^* M- M
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); Z0 ]) Y) F9 B0 s% O9 q1 J
# a; F. C5 _4 d4 @' X! v, ?0 z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 z6 s% o# ^( J y/ N
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 [" u3 ^1 Q; m# T( U$ S7 e
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; M1 O1 X% H* C. b' s8 Q! {7 [* A3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 w( U1 V8 m: H7 Y/ i
6 L% f; n. ^; t0 L# v/ ^例如: 7 S2 |! m) Y$ O3 y \1 o4 s+ U6 K! f( h# e
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& C1 _# o# P; d7 a2 b- m0 v* d. P
: l6 d/ i* j9 {" C* Z1 A ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 w P; A6 f; j& M e9 O- w
+ E- x( B. R x4 T c0 J% @6 o$ B5 Q" RThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): o: M6 h# K0 d* M
+ V- I2 L9 U- c# x+ w( NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): e- t+ g% U+ T$ F
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% O+ p5 r6 _+ t' a
E9 n. @3 w" x z4 g# j" }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), y* I% f# i! L: f
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): K! U$ U. F o1 O. Y- D
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / e" ^$ _8 P0 q. k! s1 `, _* E( `9 R: w4 o: T
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 _6 i! V: _/ { B" _' w
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 L% s3 i$ Z& `9 l. n* d6 a4 \/ [' m. @5 M4 f( s6 Z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 a# [& b: K" R9 I1 w 6 s1 j6 g$ E% h& O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 M7 h+ \ g7 A5 ?. Y* E1 ?) h
5 l+ W! C' i+ z4 j( e. B' Q" B# m. t对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;2 Y; p) B- O& s
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; I, U: M9 h* d! G' @' l: S- O1 T. P% Q0 _2 V7 g0 K, U! V
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( s. c/ b' {( B7 |" Z, Q* y" b
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + M) B) m' n/ P5 ~. [" | - W; P9 z9 p" l9 U$ O1 t7 q7 {( K有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % j, c/ l5 A3 W