i9 O" Z0 t' WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 |7 U1 a& H. d' L2 A" E- x. z/ a/ }( A8 ?: o
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# R! W* h6 E7 K) T
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ a* A; O+ u7 c P: d9 ?* x
, A& V# T* F L# S; Y& R* E; q1 QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - \8 K8 {0 l0 f" A0 L9 {2 i. S% ]& Q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ Q3 ^9 p: U4 o' N5 |7 Z L
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 z; I% n# o, m: V $ Q( @+ l' Y. i [$ |, EWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 K M0 i7 I' b2 Q# \2 U, [9 L4 Q
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( i) W% I2 y8 n/ R2 s6 Y V4 d
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- i% S/ m$ b2 G
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)3 y- Z& V: }- G4 |
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; @# R- u5 W; y6 `. e' J8 |
* U4 _2 [3 j: y3 \0 V例如: - J* g A6 _" U R- r * L y9 D5 Z/ p) XAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)% o% d) @" {. }# }: M% _
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ ], a5 c! e' k4 `7 h$ [ % @) }0 }" _6 B4 {I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & V5 J& r* u0 B, l7 R* t O' z8 s, K # j5 h4 L& l" c/ t% `+ p sHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 _1 R5 ^3 e! ^- H; _$ B- w) Z! \ b# |* _/ w9 ^
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 g+ J* _+ c' }. ?3 L
8 z, r; H0 Y- f4 c/ ^She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): i6 t& X$ D$ \, i6 ^3 n ~ y3 g
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ F# s: n; [- i& M% H6 f
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 ]. N5 P! m: h! S 2 X/ {6 t+ ~1 C$ E3 l9 p8 \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* h+ ]3 b, a- p6 v( D) I; g
. H' A$ D% b' H3 xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + U: S+ Q* @- m* [( Y: g 3 D5 \5 m) G8 j* G3 K1 N$ q; N) FHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- ^9 c4 g, {3 t8 o7 i) q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % M: u2 K: t- K+ _& [& [6 Q) H3 L# E& ?# z; ~' {6 [
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# x! U u& J8 Y$ }4 `2 G
. y( c/ Q/ K; N3 X8 x, D写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 u$ F( C) A' t
7 o+ f6 ^' ]6 h: {此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - O. o, Q; w! g5 r8 H$ O$ g" f5 E $ T4 [" D9 D. G- ]& y* ^" h3 u# Q9 h 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 E1 M( R# _5 J0 c3 p6 w; S' z3 V) L1 n9 E% l
例如: / H/ Z1 u% \ Q* n; X * x2 {/ F5 r2 K6 ?, T5 w% N3 WMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& t& S( e4 Q: i
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) # H" `8 `( M* T: M8 P- A3 k4 W( m2 m' R+ M# |6 b+ Z2 u
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 b7 ^. M; ~' r4 ^. F' G; e4 c; b" j2 X
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ B* I2 v- y/ V; T1 u% a1 O3 ]+ A7 t/ E
+ r8 @( s3 Y) f6 kMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , |- Z+ u% N6 p5 H/ p7 i4 @7 [ 6 a+ i) r1 w1 t' W0 T$ _4 QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 O8 h4 j, {8 [6 l; ]. A7 D' u8 O4 b4 @' f+ e0 k W6 E
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) + Z; |$ s$ a- E4 ~: j( r; J) ]. o) L( w, i6 u9 {( a5 C
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / }9 _2 e5 \8 Y) S' Z ! G' F5 ?; i9 T5 w0 a; Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 g* z4 V5 {. G1 ^8 u1 {/ e$ P* o1 o ( f* m; s2 \' D5 ^% { |当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : Y2 ^5 r* Y' c# o5 D1 _$ i / e6 w; x7 V( Y/ p! ]$ m% P对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;. c' I9 V7 K5 P+ P6 b4 Y6 [% |2 V
& I/ L2 { ~/ X对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% Z5 @: h& ]- H% y& T
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : v" U: k+ F, t; @' H $ {9 k$ L3 S, W q& p7 Z% k对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;- q1 `: e3 h0 D, U0 }9 N2 C
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:0 P |3 N" l0 _
# Q# `9 [: N4 M+ M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 Y$ b {& t9 D' J5 c) i