本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ W& J9 @) } R+ Y5 \1 E o 1 T F! E8 {) c转帖 ) _. e* f- M! U1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " A+ T4 U4 d d# _& c; a: C" d$ o4 L+ S' X( [. l0 T& f) M
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" B# [2 O- M# B. V' ], VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 J# A9 R# U/ t# C7 u6 |" @0 r$ Q7 N: y5 K# ~9 ]
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). {0 ]/ Q$ Y1 I( f$ r7 f
: {8 j2 x0 K' B1 ?4 BThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). s3 I+ }; V4 _1 I# `- {( [! S
$ f E6 y: u0 ]1 h+ NThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?), X( J* h9 m. s+ s
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- ~0 J9 b' N6 O8 l% J- c
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) : j* O; z/ d2 l7 G! L7 Q( S t- z, ~8 ^$ k/ H( W
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): Y7 n0 f" L" E. {/ B5 D
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; Q: D8 k. w( X" \1 z% H# X9 q& c( L) {% [* J
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 o, D. H0 F9 ~$ e6 S) k$ q) J # p7 w! ^! o; ]# G% d' w4 a" LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 O+ V( m) O- r# F* H 4 s: W6 O' o8 Z: ]这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!9 l* V0 Z# k' q6 ^" j
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$ X0 k- [" H" ^6 U$ f% D. {( g1 A2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . j, V, K2 A) j! c3 U" @1 T) i & N5 S1 d6 n5 f7 N2 f2 A例如:! U/ M9 e- P" I! I/ a! p
: o6 R/ L: Z8 ~' j. V% e0 f9 mAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 J: d5 ?- J. I% a; o " K9 A/ p9 l2 N7 y( l. S8 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 \+ [; G% j/ ^1 t. _$ c4 Q ) D2 ~- y1 l. i' C- @: n* DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' C. C; s# t0 F, k# B6 Z3 E+ p5 _ T( S
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 2 d- x, b1 d0 u( J" g6 ^- Q9 L+ l% u N) E2 d7 h3 GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% Y) C7 `4 r2 N: _) ~& b
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 V; O! H( d' R9 K% E/ e: h5 M) E% f. Z) ~7 B+ j+ d# @& c2 C
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! x1 T& \; L' j. E 8 ?; H1 [1 ?; @如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ M3 r. U+ x6 S8 k4 f& I
; |/ ?8 g# z6 K0 k( k2 q; x2 ZThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " P' a- Y3 Q; r6 ~6 y2 `3 @ # h* G5 U/ D( {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 s3 ?! Y/ F: L* W; a- r! \" n9 z
/ D4 v* i8 j, m* q" }! T) c6 PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) " W2 o1 }+ a# A, E" c " F, U1 v9 ^6 _" K/ n! a1 HHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)) u7 u% B8 I2 H, F" p% k8 [
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & V$ C8 q9 b& s. r8 H! i3 |1 l4 h5 L+ ]0 I% r
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 D$ I# I4 F3 X+ a3 d5 |6 _
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), v& D. j" z& H) a
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ z$ k+ |. Z$ _: v' }
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9 D" v4 {$ V! B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 O$ I! v, q) Z1 ]& Q/ o ' D8 K* A0 @; ]( U1 v% ^例如: - p a; N ?" G. W' D3 \5 \8 @+ b7 P8 x! h6 N1 f
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 w; J: }2 ~4 A& F2 s, b* ]! F# Q _. v0 O
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). {) D; D6 c5 }* k; b) I
0 _* l0 D/ L o \, X: K$ fThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 p) |" F- V1 g; y: [
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 Q0 r1 d8 |; M1 V5 }4 ~0 C& `2 Z
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( O/ [6 l% w: ~/ N, w# j
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 n3 ]! L! N; e$ x# o
( \2 k0 e% h9 W' S* p) J! X2 B cCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 n9 T' J! x: D6 `1 D' _8 N/ s
, t, ^/ I! h8 YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 b: j" t; o( b' h0 C ( K2 ?4 [- J" s, X同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ q* L% ~, b. }% _2 V; A
( Y: @ z, X/ ?当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 ~9 l- v) x, l 8 x* j! _8 h. ^7 l对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " H) S7 y" O1 l- m# ~- X / A' {/ O4 u* H5 l: `对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 }. g2 W: \" z7 t( ]' n+ q: i
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( j' U3 Q1 e$ d, ~. N $ s' Y7 f5 K$ B# _/ K1 p' X对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ' c. A9 I) {9 W1 ~& x5 S7 O2 o$ Z4 I6 I. ?" @- z
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ q) o" l4 r/ T; X- P/ K( Z" P
- z* ]4 k6 o% y) a7 i, L" [3 H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。" G f8 l) W) ?0 ?) [; ^
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 O, V8 J* Y/ t( e