本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 q% F3 O/ Y1 U* G* x/ V6 R' ~8 A+ i $ E# a2 Y; a1 v/ C! t( W转帖- g2 c6 N( E3 @0 W7 y& ?
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ C) _5 U) P O % t: f- U0 i& t& B! d例如:2 j& y Y/ E; Q( L
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)* p; k+ T2 X* g" g) a- b, v+ k8 G+ S+ r
# X; f8 ^5 W& S$ V, B5 p( S' N& LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 T) _. J; A) o [, S" Y
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ E, H' F5 C. h, R* P$ _# {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 N$ F' G# s& ^. T7 ]7 L$ [5 A
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + k9 c5 t, U6 A6 t. j, a2 S. m( I# [
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), m. c/ g5 _( P0 N( D
# V8 V, U0 u" fWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" @8 }) u$ l3 j$ H5 X9 y
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- I8 {% ]8 `# v) u& I
8 \& g' q+ d6 Z, L' e/ RWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; U @5 p3 D9 Q% _3 S& l) L; i i! h0 a( L
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* A) N0 v; X; \+ g; N1 l3 d
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ r8 r8 A3 t3 E8 h% K; H2 `( o* }
0 Y* ?: ?) S6 k4 N9 } " |7 e: h1 g0 u! ^& y+ p6 e2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & R0 ~( y2 U5 h% Y* O3 o- J % i; c) Y5 }! }, {: e' g例如: 2 O- } `( F' O 9 w( u4 t$ q$ b jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 V( t6 Z, F5 U" _; y& [/ V* ~5 j- g8 V
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 F& D4 K% \. E) \: z# n% @. K( q' m9 L' b8 F
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)$ W& }) ~9 L" o+ `. O
) T( S0 _4 m; i8 @& VHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 d; `# p5 R9 C2 m
4 z6 @* ~! _, H6 ?- \+ G8 ^In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); w3 G. W$ T* D1 E2 d# @. B1 w
3 g& s/ o9 g- P+ xShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) v% ?' G7 Z% L, ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) $ e v* E2 s B9 ^3 I9 w$ n# N n8 X( L0 v! d' y
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 p9 t- G- m1 a) Z1 a5 g1 j% b5 ]( S
@& L1 M' E! U8 ^3 R# _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) y7 M+ y3 {: X
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& t( L! I2 M2 r6 \
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ W* q9 F6 ^8 _
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 ~- e) z! N. L9 i' y1 N/ T 9 \, y: Q. [- T& nWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' T. |# c- ^# I3 G' I! ]
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 }7 m/ D; P$ i" j7 S
7 p3 [7 L8 h3 e( U写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): K' M! p% X5 c4 y% N, V! z
" k6 U8 t/ E" s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( z! w. K( L! E% c) [1 l 7 y1 q$ G8 K; z+ G7 g$ S; q 1 L4 f; J/ G! r* k3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 R# s c/ @6 S
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 a0 l: _' g w' m1 C
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 F& S# V$ ~3 P$ t# b1 _, A8 j! {
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 q6 [, T* e3 c
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ u$ ?. z ?5 `, Y1 B8 W
# d- k1 D4 s m1 z( WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - x. ?- Q2 u5 M" v$ U. d: N* ]/ b f: K! K
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' J$ N) M, g6 n. @ k( S8 U: P* b6 S. B! I+ r" @5 z
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) z) q0 e: U2 |! N7 J. c
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 S2 v$ x7 F( }+ `7 m
# T: a2 V- u) t' _- q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 {- J# k$ P( k* z: v Y
' q( m0 ~: a- Y0 ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . v" H, u. _! R4 s$ W! {0 w* B) ?, h: W8 @
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 t) M( ^3 \! A+ ~% N6 s% g$ R1 X0 F0 }5 I1 U
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" m/ E) i' ?8 ?3 g. d; @) C