本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : N* o7 B6 u1 x2 U6 m/ e% q7 {. b% Z* _, P5 s& U: S# W& ? 转帖+ |& S7 o* G: I
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 1 d* g5 k, j8 ?% F1 ~! c4 G8 Y 8 i' @5 h) |( O. C8 t9 O例如: [, A9 m9 y- J5 m, m; [7 M7 y! [% g6 S ^8 e7 s* X1 k
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * |& R4 U- j/ g9 R4 M, _$ d7 U# \5 `6 S% p) q: O# f3 i9 W% _: g
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( Z8 q3 {0 Z) m1 d/ j) K% h2 } 2 C7 _4 d& C; n) i/ _6 z+ hThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) % k. W" f. }3 E$ s2 s" q" r$ t( p1 |2 f
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) " u- O+ ~; A3 v) ~+ P& Z: u % s3 ~! T7 R; WI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 S5 v$ [: K) Z, o
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- i6 @( G8 q: [! R2 K
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 v- o: V- k1 Y# z; @4 v* ^% c% V3 L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)! r* Q+ s, j" r; L8 P1 u" Z) J0 C) N
0 `. F8 {2 [5 Z: q/ R- ZWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) d- V1 ^) I* l H8 t& S 6 w# X: W3 g9 N6 Q) d0 D& pPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 A* r r/ w0 w, I% r: N
- J8 G+ l- B' w0 g9 t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. Q+ L8 I) E. E# g% X. p
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: w$ a( B1 @4 m8 H$ H2 D 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。6 r& W' C+ h l# \& C. }& c+ v9 T
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例如:' s* Q9 W- l! j; @% T
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 A: u) z$ f0 Z! O$ \4 J) K
7 p. @5 e- Y( ~7 |: r, VDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) # ^. X: l9 e, A- ?5 t$ Q/ O2 ]! o3 O+ M+ O$ g5 ]* C
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / d. ~1 X' e u. \; k _5 @% w. M& M1 H3 |( \4 nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ ~3 X. F$ {9 D. L1 a
+ F5 K: U8 Y7 y# X/ k2 ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ s3 y- D$ S% ^# T
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * P$ E# u+ ~4 d, M! e- B , D; B6 c. m) s9 d6 `5 ~I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): @3 ?. P) ]4 M: ^+ p
# W* F1 B$ E# e# I* C如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) n. h x' |9 @) B0 t4 n! N2 z
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! |0 u: a. H! [4 [" {9 } # ~: W+ A$ |/ RThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) @5 c: W: t; ^: J7 C. J; z6 ^! @% {, ~7 W, p$ F4 E5 u3 l
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + s/ S: m2 x+ f3 M; a3 w) Y # M0 A& J" Z7 q/ }0 y2 P s% j8 A( pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 t; c7 \1 U9 ]& r+ [
0 [3 m" \ {# z2 \) t$ {( pWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% `' ?, H* y7 N, W+ A
; n# E( b; X* W5 K) G3 e2 KEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ N* ?. r) y+ g, l' B
" \3 F7 V* G: F5 M* o/ m) a写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) u# a8 c2 r7 ~- n% E+ T+ Y
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 r( c! a, V# J4 q
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1 M$ Z9 A* {4 V# d2 `' | e3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + v5 K4 M9 |# f2 \0 _. s) g 8 {5 W( o# k. I4 N& i例如: x) s& Y" p! A/ {- F3 F# F& q7 B. m; z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# X1 B$ w* z+ w
8 w v, N: J+ P" L1 DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' {* d& f: Y" _- B; L! p7 A6 d ! N; l# \! n) qThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% d$ \% \2 P4 z
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % D3 d8 E& P2 C5 t3 v0 L 5 \8 z* S, o% Y6 L5 j5 ?# u4 N( KMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 L0 d/ |' x. f6 I; C
8 O8 z) e5 a; [7 XPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 U( t U; I8 }' M- p4 T! N+ D: z; f3 ^4 L9 q% R7 `
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% ?8 e' a" c/ l. b+ r7 }
- z/ G. {/ h1 T1 m0 I0 RStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 E( m- c2 W9 G4 A( G% }
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) `1 C% I) m/ k1 h9 a1 `, z* ]0 J
% j3 L# B' Z! _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 x% s* _2 z; P8 ~7 W! A6 u- u% [
' m$ A8 i' ]& R+ r. ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) J# J$ S5 a& \; [' j, h/ C' Z9 M' e4 x1 k$ O) q* a t* \9 i& T
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ Z/ m: x- M4 F4 g) p9 m* _9 ~
* R2 g( ]" q$ _' E6 d( b% c对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! ~" N* I: s v
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" ^4 i( r6 X# F ^6 v$ Q4 E" b# y
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:) f; a; b+ O! d% _, o K# X; @
, F- f2 V2 C9 z9 u8 P还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。4 B& C3 e- M; Y7 e
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: ]! Q7 G0 V; u2 b A- M/ ^