本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 [- X& S9 J3 O/ r) m( f# H, `0 l" Y7 E7 X- {9 Y 转帖6 N3 m. X. E4 x! o: c+ Q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 f0 d2 N6 t4 K7 f/ z' Q b7 n% j1 T: S) N: H2 c1 v
例如:3 a3 R7 g8 z3 W- X
9 }1 _+ ^/ M/ _* ]
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 r/ J7 f7 j V( p6 s; u; i, Z6 n
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& m" V! I$ j* I2 D. M
) g, p- ]4 l, ?- t% L4 AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 S7 T5 b4 E( D4 j9 z9 E& a0 R, B) R
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). h* }6 B/ I+ ^6 b6 I! o# S
& v! q" D$ \: }; }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 S; e* ]) ^* g! E5 t% d& c1 F' E/ b; I# `
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 S# N, b1 k# p7 ^+ p- a
0 }! h2 s( x; Y) K2 J% m
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 L0 V4 m" n" s( E8 h, a2 D- @ 4 I/ K8 { a1 R7 `# PThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# i" L' l( k6 d; H( }
9 n# P" T3 O! ?4 g) D- FWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) . K/ J% _. B. i4 R/ w& q - `% e$ a; Y8 Q* D: y e: fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! Q. U. o. k. Q6 v) R9 [ + J5 a; [3 U9 B6 u/ }这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 ^3 y& {3 W. k- ]/ y5 \% K9 W5 b2 i! x5 r' _4 ^% z1 h
1 b8 S& O+ ?3 o9 [3 c* `: {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 t& y& K7 e4 @; ]% e3 z: H. ]/ U0 r h- Z! y
例如: & y6 S# _, q, L0 V8 k: m1 e+ d+ Z% P1 R" ]7 m; B
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * c- e* p6 o* b- F6 G3 K0 k $ Y; c( m2 H% h J+ @* eDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ J) {# f2 k3 e* ^) H
9 L" s* J) v; o6 FI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; \# o! R! S1 t* M) c7 x! h q ~* {. m0 x& sHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 i/ X. I2 g& o- G) T$ G. {7 V5 q4 X4 Y! ?( E% g& u0 k
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 A) C/ u* |2 C( i& x6 O# J$ D
3 x# W6 W( W) ?4 i' r e- L6 oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 ]" q0 v1 Q8 m1 B) F/ I2 s7 @' R
. ^! S$ U( k' i" k2 |/ fI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( o6 S% v2 K; m1 J* t0 u6 g% @
" x K$ l! Y) f3 {! Q* Z0 x% Y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * M2 E- S% Q5 n6 s7 v% I ~- _" g. ]4 _+ h% T0 S, L5 @The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " s! ]& V% @3 d* o1 m! d 1 P! M7 B0 h. v8 {/ ]7 W8 uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ W% @6 f2 @5 W# ? ]8 y8 w' L# Q, e1 e$ {% G3 h: b
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) Y/ M* Y. l4 E! T" C3 t ' X7 i+ E# o; O( D+ i+ X' ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! @+ M9 }* |) { / `1 Z( |- ~ B" B/ zWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " G, t3 k4 z* o( E; h! n$ C8 w' n/ a
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), h+ e& ?) A9 i( @
3 K# K$ {" X2 F2 S/ V, H
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)8 \) E4 S% m2 H c K
$ t, b! |4 I9 X! ?- @
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 A& G" P/ \7 b! K5 H# ^ 3 i- P5 y/ u# A2 g# {, q 5 Z5 R. u0 [2 p, H" V7 K3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . ?, s6 u I9 b' y7 d& }9 H! y4 G + H" ^. @! H$ e% W' L4 y' C4 ?例如:' ?$ M% G* K3 A8 L1 D0 M# e( _) v
& m0 n' ~& H# D. A/ n0 [
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) f2 o( O- r% D% T7 q- ]
( K( A+ |( M; Y3 b" @
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / d* J: }3 V) L / P, ], a# `9 w& U+ g# d! ?/ HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): ~% ^! F/ g; M- y/ ]( e, }7 @! ]
9 s( G+ H! S. c% c5 r
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + B4 B4 P3 Y, |7 } / k6 t: F3 j. f) K' Q0 u% OMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 A: w& O( Q! g F8 M
/ W3 z* F5 ^3 |4 J8 x! B+ x
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 R( m) Z# Y: ~5 Q3 _* @& P/ O# g$ G7 b) Z
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( D3 d. ^8 x9 ]4 M* b# A1 h
$ ^: x8 }: @; Y# i- `( UStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * b9 U7 a& K5 g% l 1 E- C6 _7 ]& e4 M, u# L5 w ?同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 S5 _! L& g! z0 u! d
2 m* k& J1 { v3 c3 z/ j( Q
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % B4 H( \" B% z4 N6 L/ [+ {* w9 A, v/ [% l: ^) A" F* J3 A+ a7 D& v
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 o, j" {+ U6 \; B5 Q5 b/ j0 ]8 m# I0 C2 {/ {9 b) H
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;% R+ Q \- G$ ~5 |; Z: Z
. T. {. D; h1 ~' D/ \8 Q
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* Y7 }/ K1 C# z, A" L, U
) X7 Q9 J4 b T" [
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' Z0 O- }1 V( Y+ @
: C( j4 Z! E. e
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& n- m2 l m& g: @6 Q
/ \" a% j% E* G3 T8 W有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & E) v4 L0 A/ W j0 k+ C