; c3 P+ c! V- r+ S7 T# BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ {+ f- W: P& B4 Y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " h& Q. r/ o2 s1 L0 F7 s# J/ W; I$ C' D8 ?7 @$ ?7 A5 ?
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! K/ I9 z2 @4 {7 S: ^
1 t+ p0 {; v. b; P" R3 aThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + {0 L2 _- \+ i+ C4 |0 r2 e! K6 z$ S- _
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 J% F c4 h+ Z& X, ~ ; \8 G, V& F- F" R8 k+ {Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 O: a% ~. p. S/ J. t, K# C4 H& ~& x! `8 M% N; |" S
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 _& X0 S8 o& m; Y- V& A4 q" q
! `4 o8 k! m; oThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 z" j9 f( ?9 Z2 Z9 b+ \" }( X! G 6 g' a" K8 U+ x9 o) JWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ x6 H7 F! ~- j4 N2 U- n6 V7 u
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - U" g: E/ q' F5 ?8 L 4 W5 F3 K+ e# W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : n) ?+ e6 p P# C1 L2 W+ d/ B O: i1 }3 G2 g( O' }
: ]% \' g( T& i$ _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' p! i6 \3 v' a; ^# Y8 f
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例如:3 b! }7 h6 ~% ?, y' ]
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 f2 `4 v, ~7 K) s. j W
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# l- Y! @* S& i$ A+ n
* C2 i# ^. ^4 L9 zI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 n5 o( l& H8 i' m7 K3 k. [) A6 O- Q( M! F, D
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : H; v2 J% l+ x; s* ^) D; A( X5 `
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); l- F# u# K( M
# s) D* u1 Y% m& B: P9 q, dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)+ H. o8 e6 J6 e* f
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 m3 U/ }/ n; \" x2 I; N ; ]* l2 E2 a: i& ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 a' ]& a+ n3 W$ f9 t8 ~$ o4 @7 L6 L$ q! S+ r$ w& `; \' D
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + Q3 _5 L8 p- j" _- s ! v4 e: A& Y$ C* d. tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): G$ r4 ^5 X5 z8 p* Q% d; {
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# P" G: l& W* e% V# T Z" u1 Q
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 o, q1 C6 X! f" u2 k1 m2 N1 d7 A/ _ U7 ~
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 o2 X U; j9 ]+ j5 _/ I/ b$ A d+ ]" S3 J$ M
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), B _/ D( i) W# r( }
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) P4 P3 I9 [1 N [" b% e 6 Y& j8 _- s0 ~' t2 f0 o此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & f+ b* u7 G+ f, E6 e: r% c: \* N' Z% R" N6 W, s: c2 q8 f4 C
9 R4 i% o' @0 ^例如:( b5 C7 L8 r$ f: F6 o/ k- U* b( k2 C
4 D, e, C; f/ a b( o: s$ [/ Y: n; YMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % |' l3 u) k6 I5 [ 3 F4 K) C& w" R6 G% dManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ) r4 y* V3 }, f i* x 9 m1 s" Z. S) L/ P+ s4 vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" P* b0 P( W% x
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% q' j1 a4 W/ V
$ x, x- P3 l8 K; U4 K! i$ |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; H! B; D G% |" B6 k. V& A0 u1 D/ F% A5 N% T. U) x" Y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ( O0 \2 @2 y+ l- J& Q) h; H. D! R 6 J1 d W- P/ K2 kCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ I, t. \+ }* E3 |: J$ q0 M K: |7 ?6 V _: w( b5 Q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) A6 k9 M4 W0 f; @4 h' b) f& p) h/ Q X4 b! W
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 5 W; D( _7 v, T4 H) A' o- U X/ T
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! L- l3 n) B( h3 e4 s
$ g! x" `9 c2 J; ^2 f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ Y# J4 C! c1 T
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ I0 O, q; O) P- R0 l7 }0 m
# I* q. K* \4 v对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; : g& W& R, B- U. n; e9 R& U- z4 T# C% W
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ E0 j! G" C1 Q9 t+ _$ u* K, [+ d: D. F
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 K& c8 W4 M* G+ j9 R% L : h( t0 L+ i% i6 J) O+ O还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 M( Q3 B* Q" S' V4 D9 x" A4 q! o; b: t/ M% c
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) G, i2 I( e5 C' x7 {# V. ]1 y