- \% P, w# ?5 B, j例如:' f4 o( G2 U; F; u/ |; _6 ?( R3 u: b( a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 C. u \; y* w- ^
8 i7 h" [- F8 F& E3 ]* V* N2 WThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 Q- e9 L% ^0 x& M# x
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! E2 v' h- [0 G. o: p
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ Z- D8 n. b- \$ D" p" T
& A/ m5 R( G- D* O) RI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 M0 E& F% l$ R; a" k * M' r5 k. S. W) `) X& hMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)/ j! A% L0 G2 o5 F8 D6 H
6 _' x2 d' V6 U! AWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 h; l m4 j( c' M. L+ O
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) j2 S" _) D" P" ? 3 Z/ q, c$ c/ Y* [9 w5 l7 gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); G2 V9 K' C. ^5 d
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % @2 ` V) j( Q1 a$ U- y( ?4 u & J" z8 _1 e5 s( y! I这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 E- d$ S" y# E6 _. K, a+ S: L+ V; U$ v
8 |5 L- B/ R- X3 ?: R- p* o# T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) T }6 \1 c2 j2 F
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例如: 7 ?7 o% f4 I8 F. ^& x4 e( _: c4 k+ N/ o" |/ T% m& |
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" D D& S* C: O5 _8 D: c
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- {. v* _1 A; f" a# P4 c4 A2 K; X8 a3 x
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" S* Y0 X/ S2 N
4 j5 [: S; k3 L* DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) % g6 H7 p2 `' g& X9 J& F' h+ I) c, N0 d: Y' _& N S+ d
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 k' G; }% D% e+ P
, A8 \/ j4 i. o. P8 [She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; V0 P" P. [3 _; j$ C/ E% @5 ]$ Y! x) L2 R* B! h7 ^1 g
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 B, w, F8 [* E
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ M+ T$ L& F1 V' H
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 r. P/ ^3 ~& A' ~% c" Q9 y$ s- b 9 W( e7 e9 A4 _ N* {The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 z; Q' H' N( ^5 G3 _
2 L" ~& R" x! F# G1 c* v d: z" q$ lHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 X- Z- j4 I2 {# E. K5 g+ A6 I2 t
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 K- d; y u7 I3 U/ c" {& t, i1 @4 p; V& q* A7 h2 s1 x
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的). D0 o+ y; o. @3 n
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 V8 f6 N8 }% R# q5 W3 }* E% y5 M2 c' c! j4 P- c
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) \' ~; O& T: K2 _7 B5 }" d2 q 2 E. [; d$ s/ V: @9 o此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " w: X. ]5 D: y' S3 d! y6 e( ^. q2 c J4 H7 I$ j! p8 V- ?
) D1 ]# o- K& w# a& F! |) M$ F& u3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ L( S5 u4 `6 P+ b& K& G
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例如: / C, |" ?1 E5 I$ p7 h2 g% x5 G# Y0 g2 Y Z9 o7 O$ c# W* t
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" m/ _$ F e [5 i7 G9 {7 A' c
8 I/ D( y: n" @+ m% F9 D1 d$ D; SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)7 w. w, Y5 T) m+ T1 p
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); D* C( t9 O, l0 |+ d
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)1 _/ r- |9 v& P
5 i* o$ X& M" _5 s. h2 u9 cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 A! E& U/ Q/ H+ i$ v1 U6 h
& E$ e4 P1 R9 n, x( ?8 Z! jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 j' r& Q4 T; r: n% f, h
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 z* U# S, [# D: H; i8 j) S
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& O9 K- h9 E; `
5 Z5 ^0 `% G3 Y" H) b3 o% |# N4 `同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + Y3 ^2 g9 B. A$ Y' [! ^ , }; H! f$ c4 ^# Q, b当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; l; Q9 I4 u0 S* ]" J- l( C" Z
0 ~! M4 Z# W* a. B对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + Y" _, B! [) i9 T& u- o5 @ 0 ]+ ?1 O' E0 [9 o1 F7 c h9 K对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / d9 _& z. s1 D9 j ?8 Q$ ^/ M r! H( O- W9 V对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; J g9 ]0 }% v) _3 o: W " ~+ s) h. l* |: _# A# o- g, c对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # y l3 ^. i8 r) u% B: Q3 A) t 6 H* ~: B0 {* g2 y! y- v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . n5 g3 o& L9 C* d) X% p( ~ 3 b: ?5 L* _# O- y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 ^2 ]" O$ t# O1 Z4 A ) r$ b+ [ D' N/ i# W2 C( @2 w有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 [ I9 n9 H# {; ~1 Z