本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * G4 m7 A! Z8 T% y M% {9 k0 b' M8 n! }5 i; S* j# O7 [: o+ I 转帖5 g9 e T1 F8 k) a8 J% K
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word): k2 S! G; b. U# ^) H
7 o. q9 ~& Z8 h$ A- _例如: 7 J3 K& t5 N) m( n+ G% p: d& C; Y$ C' \' a6 E' V' a- e
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 L! t2 g2 \6 I& u; _0 I* i
7 f& [) X2 r. |" Q- V6 r7 Z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' Z' [6 `2 m/ m1 D" r+ Q) N% _" ~: I- v! L: Q: S* R
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)" ]8 s2 [$ ?; c- e9 _( P
8 \2 }8 F( p' x7 [The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 E6 R5 R# k" {/ } 8 D% i* I3 t* z! u* {& wI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 8 z+ O( v7 B# Z/ S- o " P* C1 t" U* r" ^8 S9 `Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 S* i. |+ g. T/ F# b9 z, l
* y! ^8 _: V; Y0 U, |; CWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( [+ Z: D+ m( x2 n, v6 @
3 U) C. W5 s0 J- f/ O* kWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) X1 A4 h$ [" n' h0 D- V. Z1 Z
4 ?5 J$ K5 P( n$ }# ~; `Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # o2 L& W# l" p8 d" I / L% |8 t0 i J: H" P+ D: J- v这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ y/ @7 w, i6 _8 S0 A! r6 [, H: N
2 R( S [7 E2 B! ^; T' [1 }
) i0 q( O" H5 ?/ K! J% R5 T0 J 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 z3 |0 Y1 M( S* w- t; R
5 {5 X& a7 s( x; H- u4 Y例如: 3 S. w& l2 O. B: h) @. v8 C- r1 K1 g a/ {: g$ ~" b2 p
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) s* r# W; z7 a+ L ]
* a7 m% B7 H$ t) ~7 z- ^5 b
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 k. l3 j/ b& } a6 k# p" k8 p: Q {2 H9 e, a: Y" ]
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 ?' J5 a4 s- U+ s6 C
# P6 J$ |4 Q& Q8 a8 `/ @He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ g6 X- }2 n/ d0 M" F$ n" A
6 C. s' G, m& N6 b. P
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)+ l5 M: D$ F1 ]* h. |
$ M# }1 [4 y1 R+ Z8 L1 I3 B$ BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; b- \! k/ X& Q! e5 `. P1 W; Q" ] g+ Z% B
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! `" }7 f% Q: P1 S: M 5 h2 j' j+ I" D6 X7 c" r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 U" `' p( z& y" s4 ~
' u) V' V( M. `( {# EThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - s6 j; h& Q8 g& h / l4 Y6 B, {2 y N, @9 \2 lThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 ~: S- J) R2 S p2 D5 {0 E. g$ ^7 F# `+ |1 t5 L* q( l0 T
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( X2 w! F" @2 a$ l
# c: X" E. i8 qHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ `2 q6 n5 O% i
, k7 U% d: O- [2 Y4 J. z
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " Z* @( U+ M6 |, k , f4 |# ~( K& u) H8 hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " g3 U! d! N7 K$ ^" y) ^8 z% L8 h/ K* G. V' D. Y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 S$ Z8 S; A" G$ O2 T
* O6 K$ F* k! ~) q: G
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 q5 a: G0 k( N) L; P' @
8 X8 e) a- a, b$ E& ?; P0 Z0 i! g
2 X/ N1 v1 b7 T& d, x# N0 C6 c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " ^) R9 G E4 P- c - l6 H: x6 k; D P, |- |' I例如: 7 R- G) Y( v9 C* D A! C5 W! x: D! b, { `) X4 o+ C. S! W
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / J1 F( ^/ i# f6 Y9 u * ?7 Q& f3 D) j: V4 TManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources): P7 H+ Z: d; m: e7 j. V) {
/ T: M6 b$ x! b$ P6 ~( I! K9 W ~5 @This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' \& Z4 P3 r# R7 |' r. e/ f8 X
' ^# ]3 t* |/ d8 Q, G# A6 y/ q( C, uHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 i* m; I! ?6 O; [ ' ?1 c( p1 m: b% I4 ]Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( b/ ?' f- X) @0 K1 {
: \4 H5 W3 J" O8 BPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) : J" H2 a0 o% u7 s# Q3 L/ ^ a1 w$ j* W* D; m' ~9 W
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)! C8 y% e( T; h" m, w
1 f7 @, @. b1 _Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) : M9 Q2 O" g( k4 K5 h8 Q3 E; L( T1 e
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! W) e7 P9 B) z" C 6 d. a' f6 P! j) O5 k# P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:4 e7 s$ Z/ R a4 C3 u
5 B! x: t. X- ~% ]
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: k! E" [. q; c) U
8 L1 v3 m5 \6 I
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 9 e4 B5 i' e' b* ~9 u9 x. b8 f* `8 P5 q# |4 i
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 g0 J& z* ~' J% t5 }' J; Y# f" l! x
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( Q* D! C7 ]7 }( D3 B4 E7 f- z( X, i$ X N
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: % x3 d+ J) E; N Z" r0 d( A; K0 J0 G$ W! `& n& q9 n
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, @3 I, M+ C& }3 `- d; \
0 e& T) R' F8 P. {5 Q0 H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) a: _) O% M2 Y) t g! i