本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - l8 G4 `) [" \5 l8 A5 s2 \
! [3 F9 v& G! i7 `+ Z ~( D 转帖7 }/ M3 x. g7 |; \/ d8 j$ |9 L
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 h" q: `: v3 n. S2 F) M& ?/ D# y" H$ l; I
例如: 0 W1 r- ^9 S0 F" o3 L S, \" Y3 Z( H# j3 |$ d! w2 X
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 n0 D$ p5 A( c( [3 h, b8 \0 K7 _3 t x" b2 c" \. c& c. T# F' u
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 A3 U3 I% ]% G/ S5 Q0 l: G G" f- l
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 m: C- L- i& a5 ^' B7 u' W% K
6 V3 ]2 F" J% C- _0 s; EThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 `3 c% F3 T9 e% u1 s( D( f1 S" x$ H) \# L
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) T4 w- F' X! @( f: g$ M
2 `4 {' u3 N4 @# F2 i# B- sMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 P6 P' v. n, j8 G 6 N9 v9 N; ^5 d2 W' QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) - V7 b5 p6 `9 g/ W$ x/ T) W: a4 a # y2 A8 U8 ~# C1 B2 |, A# M: bThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) {/ S/ P) c% Y1 n' N r& R5 v$ H' n* ?( w, ~. P( M
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- f: O% q/ d) a. O) }
! a. f0 I" f! Y9 S2 {4 nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! Y4 o2 z: F/ w( ~) V/ h* A
; m% d6 h n* {这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: T; n* l5 I) k: ?* v& Y# B( B5 j
* y2 ?& K$ R7 T, U* Z1 Y1 q + ]. r- Z; {- b* M1 ]2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 `6 d# `: x2 n0 N& l: v; n$ A! b. v3 L% p
例如:4 F# h8 _& ` p9 q% y& ?+ U
0 Z! j! I9 ~3 t5 s g7 A& T) \
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ) a8 [& a' b# m7 W' z. F9 L K" I* f7 H 8 S7 r: j: \0 `! |; S3 e5 ^Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " m$ j$ q9 N* L+ _+ h, a& L' t: e$ A6 N# j
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) / n5 A, C9 m4 h. f 1 {/ j! I, T$ G, n, \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- c1 ?6 @; A/ i; g0 V/ H* W8 [7 P
" P& k: k6 o+ M- {2 L0 S2 e
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 @0 G) E7 J f / H+ a+ f4 n/ w. _- w& \She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# J5 D+ n- k" ]% a1 J
$ [ Y$ m8 Z, d+ d/ bI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , l6 Y# \6 L t$ ^2 w # k7 P) M& q9 U2 F/ V% I2 h如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 {8 ]+ A" L! d / c; |2 o' {) iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 T/ i6 k0 N, f2 g4 e6 w( Y' B+ d" m- @, `: J& I6 O+ y: ~0 M
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 m% R/ Q- y1 f: n
* u5 R: c7 M* }8 i x, Z3 m% |He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 0 ^/ w/ x& t. Q- A% J3 ^' I* }+ z- @4 v% c5 v9 l
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) # Y ^$ |3 r8 O* f7 W0 S$ _) B2 V# U# H+ r
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + W. Y. F+ [7 T- g8 W' }" h$ f1 N9 a# q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) n7 z8 {0 k# I) E2 e; t& a
+ t3 y, Q4 q! ?/ G
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 d' U$ j( L+ Q2 ^
% ]; j9 O5 g4 G3 Z2 P" O K此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 O8 m7 y& J0 t7 l- e. O8 _" m s8 j% q v# x$ y/ }, U
4 N. L8 v" ]% C4 t( E9 s) o# i+ ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 i/ @0 a& A( s- B$ I% M
- g1 R8 p0 z9 s ~" T8 S- g6 p( ]
例如: 9 }! h. p6 U2 ]: O& ?' J ; f- q9 a+ W1 {% j# fMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ a3 q' p7 D3 n$ h ! U0 N5 D" W) qManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 O! |/ |) O! \+ t6 q# Y + h8 k _1 l/ p' m) R; gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 e3 w P3 E; a' n7 Z # D6 W6 W, l- G$ {: G; ^! c8 N2 I2 jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)# x0 w: u0 ]+ W7 I3 @
& {& `% `9 V. _: o' C% q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) h* \( @+ K3 d2 w
, s; Y/ @: `" T' `% k& ^
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 f. J3 f8 V9 E9 R( h
! M5 z% P$ I) eCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 {$ }, u! b9 M
2 c) G' {% U9 e: YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( r" N: a; Z# w$ K$ P+ z+ q: q ' h- Z [/ N9 o8 [4 a. Z同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ S& `: n) c- `1 ]' s
( U t2 J( t( o当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 x3 A# j6 V! {, V6 V5 j, b g/ `4 r7 z" ^+ ]
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ i6 M7 b5 |6 |" h
) a& K1 M- L$ K, W. X
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;/ {; d- E2 j' R8 T" ?0 j: E
0 e7 c; u, d9 Z# y% z% Y! E) Z; t3 n' t对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- D% `! H: g3 ]2 P0 j
9 ~0 x. L7 B# W, U
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 S: s8 e- r& `% w6 x " K# _$ u. D+ r- r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 |+ ^2 E/ z% w6 g
5 [% b+ K7 E& c9 m( d* T还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- J/ G9 A; J1 d) b) _
6 V8 l* V& \0 ~, C
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 2 M1 I+ u; t0 ~" x4 p# p: l' g* d