5 z7 P& p4 e( S# J1 i KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& W* l: J9 [( z7 R- T1 I- l/ e
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % ]3 ?1 b4 R9 ^; P! [& ~0 M: P / w& q$ j1 T( n1 vThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 C! e) {: F" N: m- W , \3 K: y) D3 C, y vThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 l! P1 d" I7 ]7 _# V
5 [5 P6 c' l* P u: j5 QI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# f/ |/ }& ] _
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ X% d5 T4 n8 K8 g' p/ v* O5 Z
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) / I2 E# U0 F$ _% U* _0 r3 T$ p2 k' |
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). i9 s0 v$ N5 s7 O$ F/ |
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 u+ N5 k* Y. W" P+ F 7 Y! ]' s5 u: e1 D% ePlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ r* ? I) S4 \( \0 C$ c, S7 L0 E2 y% T/ W: X1 O6 E" E( Q7 s) p
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 d" p3 I$ Q1 [8 K $ z( ~" Q* E: I% c & `/ g" s& j7 N% {$ O# ?' [1 i2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 X) K, W$ N3 c
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5 w6 Z1 M/ w9 t8 x+ ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ K( a' M: s. u7 Q2 L- R
6 ?) k. @! I1 Y$ YDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 a6 H, q* E; K+ G* W( @2 {
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) h$ K- c$ @4 o' s% U& x8 X: H E) R. W" u% f
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 i/ E5 t, ~7 F6 c4 i0 @0 u8 \$ _( G2 {" R$ x2 e
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 g1 P7 h# F$ a) H
( |( ^( g/ E* [+ e, X3 w/ N. ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 5 Z9 z; z( O) B/ t. y ; U: y% e; N/ P; v# `; XI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 g- S: U J( K2 @0 [! o+ z8 E
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ h6 Y9 c+ C' `+ v+ r6 |$ V
+ H" s+ R! b! O( x* JThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 E5 T3 d$ S) \5 F
- V/ o8 e" y) m- S4 _+ Q: P% OThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) # s! e1 O S7 h) u9 J) ]* x0 I" ^' {2 a. A: M& ?
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 w1 z+ s/ w5 `! m# Y
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; ]$ _* J2 ]8 G1 I9 ~ ' w3 C. g: r7 eWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! C& k& B! S; H- w
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / `' D1 d( _; |6 X2 k. x 4 X( a- J( g0 ?" I1 \& \2 b+ Y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( F4 Y5 {- r$ L6 n# J4 Q% r0 A 9 ?! e+ e& o, Q1 d& x- c" k此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- ]! W M; j o% l7 D2 b2 M) v
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. k6 d* _) z) L. p 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 f9 J4 K R7 X. K$ \ : {2 ~2 f p& t; } z例如: # B3 ^# U! _% V6 D/ i; o3 ?+ v7 R9 y: ?8 M* k/ w
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 I. n J9 L4 m3 P0 K # c5 G# ]/ |! _4 J, Z- XManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ( y2 g3 [9 ^, u# q& h$ V {" r& n2 X0 t* ]. mThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)# e( V/ |( B$ X
& a5 z, `" l( B( F7 BHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; T* r" R8 m9 }2 O+ }8 b 8 E( @& X R! f4 _% HMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # q& z8 ~% c% N2 I% C2 {$ f6 [+ {9 v" g: y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 C% W; u' z8 k' j. H+ Q+ o3 D" Z . j0 \# ~1 g/ LCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 C# L( q- l4 W' Q/ ~: n + A- Q4 O' H, ~1 Z' eStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " U0 G0 y- M; A$ B / @, z" o4 W5 Q, J ]同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 / f$ _/ G% j" L9 w# G* C0 k9 t& n9 r1 ~- y$ t ?* g
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 N) `8 S+ H+ b9 A' b2 Z 6 h' f% X; O# d" x& |* w( F2 X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;/ I& G0 x3 t# i$ P/ u& ]
9 ]- k3 t5 w; q( s- U/ i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;" {9 J- v" {% P4 R
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, u5 u, z& e8 C. O; _7 ^ ^: S
+ |7 A2 A9 ^) Q$ ~对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" h0 a# }/ Q) J% u; [7 M# ], K
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: F8 \) d' o2 s- z i
+ k* I, o$ i% H$ P" \# E2 ~+ r. K, ~( C还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。) Q v9 M; |7 b& y- s
6 J7 {5 m/ ]) p' V$ S5 ~4 |有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& {. }% V/ w. ?