本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 `1 g/ d5 V. s- S0 j3 ?2 `2 G* e$ p0 H/ _" a 转帖7 ~% ^6 e+ E! l
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 Y$ l6 T z' u- U' Y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) : o0 R6 T% E1 Q8 K) L 6 f5 _/ l$ e4 N4 KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - o \4 u' X H& \ M0 B* H6 p7 Q/ V& x
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# K- t9 \8 L" o. ^' r3 _! h4 | Y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 0 E5 B9 _) Y, |/ D5 L. @% B" C6 Q5 x, J8 q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! y& y* X, w0 z
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 w& S- T! X6 n# g1 o' Q" ]7 \
- l8 I. c/ k9 e9 E, GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 x: u( J* a) M- _/ P4 E, F
: w% u5 j6 T% g0 cThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)7 n) y/ x6 D+ b- C6 f5 u
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " B Y% t0 V9 v# U$ \( A' w$ Z# v9 T
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 O: L7 r( G. [+ ]. R 5 ? Y& r" l0 ^& O* s: t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , @! f6 G* c( r$ x2 D& }3 o% a" t7 N% x
1 s& E" ?/ L6 d5 ?2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- u J l3 @. L* B+ Y
+ ]/ E# J! u% X3 Z$ i例如: 3 @9 y( b8 F# I# t* ]- N6 L * x: Q) p: q+ VAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ C" |5 E' M3 X y E # P/ L# `9 `7 sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! ?9 d+ k) k8 M/ k5 p9 I. u
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 6 h# z' z1 @0 H , M, k, }' j2 M% @+ ~0 NHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ f* K8 g/ S9 v. `0 r0 L
. N2 ]( w6 p% c6 [3 GIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& G! E* [0 Y# w. _$ K8 _
+ V7 t( I/ V+ lShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 8 r, Y! v7 W% H$ H0 n1 h. G9 t% T' E0 K! c& y* f* J/ D
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % k o1 D$ \% E1 v9 s- h, F& q; d7 T! i
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:( m s2 O2 A5 l' A) a. c1 s/ Z7 f
: u& ~. @' [" bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 9 \$ B' L: J j# ?1 T7 Q6 Y# A 7 L$ i7 R- j% U) r: kThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ( F! e4 x: T. u( Q) b1 x, E+ n) M, v ! n" q7 K, f# `( c) sHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 k& s5 X( v7 w) t, o% ^
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / k4 w& b8 L) {" L3 E: j* w * B4 k- S7 [4 a4 [" M9 D& RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 ^4 Q" k! e7 }+ M( a
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 }* g2 w: R# z6 o, o
: e( F& ]. c3 G% ^" {写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ g' I; x* O. ^7 o: a- J! P
; Y* H% w7 [" G; Y I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; {; d D$ m# ~! M7 Q1 x
! ~4 N- U1 h: J+ W F2 `$ q! h( i& s {' F/ ~- j. b8 F P 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 ?2 ? H% H1 H# v3 B- W 1 `$ G) G& [: B, I( c8 U- \例如:" ] f# P; U6 P9 E
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) V+ U6 f/ O: W& [
+ J {' O5 H" Q. A8 |9 zManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . |% e5 I- g) L! m$ T4 k2 ?$ G! |# j7 U3 C, }
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) # a& R% Z9 ^6 U9 w, f* [- t! l+ F% d3 ]: a- N; [5 U; A, z3 K' L @
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ d9 \, O7 _3 k' V5 J
, d/ h. p- T f0 s( c2 yMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)" n( l5 B5 h+ S" G/ E
2 T: H. g) o# z- r. \9 y5 SPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( T+ k. S: a" z% E4 n* Z
9 X8 G, m; e; Q& y$ P1 sCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- {4 N4 _. A+ q2 E( e7 L9 n+ {
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 }2 k: W1 L4 G: T: [8 s+ Q9 c, k4 s" g; ^) p% _" }' K
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 h% n! p0 c2 J9 J& b& S; L+ e8 V
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- h& `# K1 X5 L9 e7 p i6 C, _
+ }+ C+ x o T/ @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . ?0 y2 v% e ^' ?+ t+ {, k6 A9 d$ [0 b. y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( |- \9 e2 S$ A% ^5 H6 e8 X0 r ) V g# `7 _# p% v对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) i- h+ b# _, D6 b* {) r
# V4 Q. x* B1 T: n) ^5 U* c/ Q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 O0 u6 @+ y/ C6 m0 C
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . v* O4 `& D$ H- M" E+ ^9 h/ Q% P4 j- r7 e' a0 A
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 t$ ?1 ^) K" L+ z. t, s5 o 9 Z! g* H f0 p' T" z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。$ m# ?3 A! v, A1 x1 b