本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' q! {/ J# _- |' D& z/ H/ X
; Z- f+ I9 p7 a$ r3 s' P; @ 转帖 ; m; X! h. o5 L4 F2 C# D. Y: Y7 C1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)5 P. B5 T( C4 e$ U/ x
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3 n4 ^! F% n/ x, |: WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 a0 ?- C8 ?; S9 p Z
7 W% ]# D& {! pThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ u) b% v$ g: |) ]1 B. ~
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 a4 a* { w. B' v8 z- w. h. }( Q( O2 V; L, q' J- y, m. c2 z
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; P# |6 k8 h4 l, `, ]) u y6 q& F! Q* h6 E
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ x: {/ b! s5 _+ [
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & c7 M/ [. J4 W9 S; d; X! A$ [9 X* V8 g( q- W9 E- u
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 3 x. Y% x8 c, i9 z- C/ L ' f3 g. o: o5 q$ EThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 d/ g+ P6 K# ]5 T P" [7 K3 x
" I J1 f) k1 t' ^) tWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). u( A @' j( e; ~* n, u( `. H+ S
8 c/ j, p# s4 l) KPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ) P- b4 f) l& ?5 ~* A h" w: c9 S+ I
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!7 n! g. u5 N4 X: r# X- S# j1 W1 S
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! R% E7 S* s0 C5 S! ]% C2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & z2 J2 |# C; ]! w& Z4 `7 o* n 5 s+ N: R! U I( c例如: 4 X9 C+ h E! f" z" }/ a% K, F9 _; E' e* Y$ q- Z* k: v
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 J' ~9 V2 ]2 m' T( X
+ v( V; Z! P; W$ Y, R8 O+ lDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" F, G! \ u5 D! e
+ {" Y* Y& F. B, W: FI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# }4 { G/ K F. w
) P+ a) {# `8 q1 RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), J# }0 H) S$ M/ x
+ I9 X0 j3 `2 I& AIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# D! [ {; x { P0 O
% I( V- X: B4 D8 eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) " ?: G+ }) b4 j; P* }0 D9 F2 `1 o5 M4 P
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 R- a" D3 t$ R+ ?6 s. [ . @% [0 t2 d: ?# D( R9 z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: v; F- F. v, J; m5 [9 \. `
* k! ~1 z# _ k! E: y6 i( oThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 S* U+ O# i2 J1 X6 Y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 K, s3 P9 Y& Q7 U- I6 s
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" H$ u' l0 c- H- y, Q- j( d
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) q/ k, R; s7 M6 u9 s5 U
' y+ t( l/ N' a4 m) p( q9 |( l; [We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ F, T0 ~/ e, K! d. b& o
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) m3 u5 M4 |% H5 `4 J/ H5 M8 G/ ^* p, Z, i2 X7 C
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; X- L( l) l% o) x% F4 r9 _( I8 ~% a" A7 V5 w% V0 A& k
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' J9 _6 p8 y5 t" z! L3 C& W
0 D% q! V! J. W : U' U5 F! x n) o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 p9 Q& G. L B! B9 t' _8 P! T! @+ M
. X+ j% k' y* _. X; c" n( Z例如: ! P2 l9 K' Q# z; `8 i& z % ?( Y$ B# M& {Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 4 y! W+ u5 ]9 `2 ]9 ]5 a 3 G# V L" p9 O7 e' I! @2 \: OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - \1 [) ~$ T- b( k5 s) c4 R - b. P$ I. y3 C- YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . y. ?/ P& e4 B: K3 ]4 D8 i& o% }$ \/ b2 D- r
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 H4 E6 j. m9 Y, A% M
! Z$ K8 m7 Q4 Q6 I3 dMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 ^( K; @, X t( q, i! d6 n0 E9 ^ H8 @- ~
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) Y: @* o. U$ s, i7 j3 g9 l/ K. a
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * j' `, [ B5 @+ e4 Z5 p2 ^( X! ?7 `+ i+ ~
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 o" [; J0 X6 d5 E8 b9 ?3 }& R$ N9 ?) h( A0 D9 v) b
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 n. i4 Z: \' k/ z& y* o' a4 _! J' \
" H! l9 R R- R t, D/ t当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) J% ? A9 N0 S; x* n8 p+ s
/ S% i; M; g; D/ _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 L, q' y6 m6 w; N! ]- C1 K/ e' d n8 o" d
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;; J) e- O Z/ k8 l
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, s6 v Y3 q) E
9 y+ _$ S4 A+ s; s2 j, s至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , b* k" m: M7 d: l' y' g9 e! ^, u8 r C& |7 Z
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& y3 K9 Y% g" U! ?' E
$ x5 A8 X- I6 u' e( y8 i有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! b, V: A6 ^/ w" [$ }' c1 e# k