* t" [! F5 Y# q8 g; VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 2 q: K" W) u' C U6 a [, u% R4 i8 t# I. x& tThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)$ v( H) d+ r" F7 Z# d" x2 _4 d
4 s4 G' j Q J3 \. [) a
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) / @5 F; W/ H1 U! B" U0 e 7 |: T* G( X' L) k. Z% ]; ZThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 p: {' L& n& m
. ?, b0 b" M3 j& s& NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 o4 Z6 {; f" ^" m5 V* _9 q# S- B) y. j, ?4 R
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 c9 y# o- e8 G9 J: m/ J
3 ]0 a$ U4 W) n1 Z3 Y; z% J
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# C- E u, \* [
g6 `: E% u2 fThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' J4 h1 ?& F- Q; L/ f3 C/ \3 w4 k# ?1 @6 a6 Y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ G7 |4 y& \! B) E& E) c
8 h2 T$ i8 @8 e6 jPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 o) n' P) d0 g% v' r( |: X 7 y: i8 t) ?8 i$ O9 K这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ' g3 z- Y! h! ?: g8 e) K- Y* y- {4 ~+ x0 w6 c; Z1 Q
1 \# V0 w, U! ~; |" u 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 % X6 e: I# N6 G3 t9 l1 P" L* B" F' Y! M! X2 ~
例如:) q, u0 P; ?6 d! Q$ [" p$ y
& a) z0 O8 Z5 y4 M2 r7 XAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 z- _0 x0 s" ]5 K; M " |" g0 W% P0 u- R* K2 rDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)9 L: |' c( z8 ?+ X; i y8 e
7 Y2 A: J( P, N8 [* H" [4 h& ]I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 Q( x3 |: m) Q( e5 m3 @: X1 {
! e: x' l9 d# {$ N
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 c; a, f; U$ @4 _1 y# r, w! {6 V8 T* p+ |4 k2 e0 \$ q3 L. i
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " q- _- P, m, a% W$ [3 Y# c4 K O+ f* N/ @1 \9 L! _She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). Z6 w( d1 B+ y
! y6 L/ L" q3 t! s1 K0 \I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 q- Z: C9 \5 e" ]& A7 _7 |( c V8 \, B# H( f7 x7 M. h w
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: f/ B' w5 T: ~4 t
) ]& I, Q6 S( p4 ZThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# f; {3 m N& p5 c
2 M- g e( e- S! M5 }4 HThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* [3 d) `; M: M* b; F- X' ~
/ M3 \& x- _) f4 p- D. t
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). V8 ~, {( N) G5 x7 m' l K
1 J0 _* Z8 r) \" n# p) W4 _1 Y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & h2 D. S( `2 ?7 d# I9 }; R: G
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* e N6 |( n; v5 z) U
- m1 q6 i3 b' P( `3 m& ]3 B5 e" J& QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & X4 Q" [4 V0 y' v; {; x / w# c* Z. T4 n# C2 w写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), f/ K* ?8 n* I) h8 I
% O. G/ D# D, B @此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( W- @+ n; p" }+ h' l
3 Z+ w; r9 o+ g0 @
- G5 _% n5 P/ W2 \. b* Z% u$ d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 _1 p$ D$ v0 m+ |+ x
% x F' F* E; P) O+ c. }
例如: 7 A9 M" W/ {3 c5 U, D1 H! M) P' {% D' G- P) Q" w
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 c: d% W. V/ u
7 \: N: ^' w; L+ H" T$ u' U" I
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ J- T+ F% R `- D . d! B" d" W) h8 L4 x; B4 AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 5 Y9 A3 `1 \+ K8 [& p5 b + \. ?& q1 K8 v5 fHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 m2 M# C* e G$ Q6 g8 d% u- |- e% } r3 a9 c% M8 F
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# v: G; l; F$ Y
4 a7 S( e- J8 @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' o. w9 ~4 }2 n
/ p" ?9 j. X0 s4 b' l6 FCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) t. A* d: j6 U& x7 J1 W& `2 U
& _: `* \* W/ B: ~& H4 q
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) r- B, q; A! m$ { T2 J
+ y y) O; }2 a2 J( @" H6 h; [
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 N6 P& d2 n! J- p4 M; {0 R, E: D
( z! Y! B1 Z. n当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ P* }6 H; E* ~
+ o* X/ J; D1 \
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( o6 p# F- b: V/ l
, c0 o. D! J1 O$ x9 A! ~对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 h$ Q) ~+ B P0 i" ~' [ - ?5 Y5 R3 E, p/ Q; U1 F) I对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; , e$ M; a) ` [2 ~/ W: z 9 W3 s$ S9 O* k# G8 [对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* B) k8 P% i: b2 `/ @# Y: h
* M0 J" v& h8 ]/ Y' E至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # U$ W$ W: }; k/ E7 ~* p: H 4 B1 `) O H' s还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 , D7 [% S9 ~7 x # F* ?& J X% q v8 x. r9 M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , h" r$ Y8 k4 [. W1 h# D