本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / J3 b( X/ u4 j; q9 X4 G4 }0 |* w4 A7 T% j( r% R 转帖9 E8 o. q% i; l( T' o- [6 z6 p
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) T7 q8 q8 i! N0 b
6 X; |, U7 d2 g4 f例如: 7 t% { n$ g3 m $ F8 R* |# W# \+ R2 |Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 w& c: w+ o+ P3 l: `/ t- \
9 g" R- ]( [) _2 b' ^4 A+ BThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : C' C! F- p3 Y. ^8 n' [5 [/ z1 I5 F: X( p! p: N
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 e& v4 r5 V/ A* n8 H6 E8 ^; o* Q3 h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 D9 L" V/ R3 h6 j ' _0 y; E) @) D5 c8 yI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! p9 K8 ?2 Y) J3 q9 n" N! ]4 v
9 G; D& G6 q) U& l
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)+ {' Y: k& }" S+ q2 G
: w2 i6 l4 P4 w. @4 C8 V' h& Y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " q& h. n8 `) v# w. X, f; G0 V$ s$ a' u4 b w& h4 Y% s" P# B
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 \8 L! `$ F0 o- E! Y! l- Q% l
- m3 L# D7 T: q9 t
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); W. a" v% D! o
# Z' L- L; G! u) L( y7 ~8 u) hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?). P2 g, U% q( I& a8 a; ]
( L9 |/ N4 s) H+ \- I# o9 _
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# s3 B, Q0 e8 S1 U l
0 `& P' \) n, x! A# A2 s
2 b; x& f7 u8 ]4 i3 C; } 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ J. V% E7 E5 j/ V( u ! H4 `; X. ?! u例如:- A5 Z2 b+ \' ?" V2 d1 d* W: C5 S2 o
: P* [( E9 [$ IAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 d8 s- D5 z( H& g+ A$ L* y& Q) h. e
, R; D2 P W* cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) $ b: H1 w0 Q+ [# T: U3 ?9 {) s : x d \; q7 J% I+ i! m3 u! a8 oI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ g; X; E! S* ~
" E7 y* Y. W) n/ Y# F
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 q6 r, H2 q' a' D2 H
( a6 F3 A J1 U: a- D. K" t! P
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) $ H* V! D: \0 X8 q$ k) d3 `1 R s8 U - L' A3 N' {4 A2 Y5 l VShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# t9 n7 @. I/ Z4 x5 V4 I% g9 Y
# z! l4 |$ W6 Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . x' c# }& V6 z$ G4 R! v$ l; }" X9 U! \ b6 A8 J( `3 v! V( B
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:/ Y8 R5 } l2 t# k3 O
1 K9 r* k7 u" F" K+ q& hThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ `* x) [: r; C9 z9 ]' B3 [2 d; Q+ f: I5 c2 z& \! V3 o4 }" Y& l4 v3 T
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 w: h6 b3 j5 I, J - u4 S7 X8 E3 p& C3 cHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . I; K) y$ X2 G' i; Y 0 Q+ h: O& v+ b, g a0 {% iHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) b& d) A- \- j+ q6 a; X/ m4 @1 H N t" h0 \; _- c
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ) w9 @; P5 B8 N9 M) \3 \7 \0 m A& `6 x. T- S6 M' f
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / O Q# v) k9 x, t3 X* Z; h4 u( V6 ]
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 ]' @( Z, w- S
1 A+ } Z' K' k% z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 I9 [# D1 i( Y3 u3 ~3 O9 b/ O3 q( J, A4 M6 l, O
; ]& Q) X( J+ H! M+ s7 |0 i 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % L! O+ m/ x0 c$ r2 N; t& ~; L; v9 N
例如:* x6 `2 A" L' O9 ~- p
. p3 J8 x8 y0 d0 a
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 8 q2 b, ^% `' f8 f' Z# o& z9 I - A& Q; l2 V& {$ q$ ^! kManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' X8 ~# a" A' r" d( i9 s3 c& x
: l' Y D F8 `; V, R/ D
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! T" U4 V# m6 j
$ T' J( j$ P8 `2 y/ H8 F x
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 f: n- N, T' O C4 I+ x. q5 [/ t! d$ b; d* f" k8 q
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ G$ Q2 f) ~+ ?/ l/ g# q
% ~0 S( @- ?: s# X) {" O) wPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ b' o6 J- C+ f, S& G) K: F
6 P: k3 z* `1 [# R! K/ P! kCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) \& r( ~$ K h$ |. S; c2 ~ G5 b9 D% d7 V' DStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 O$ T6 F4 h1 Y: K K 1 l) X, f' O$ p2 J同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* H, G: U+ Y4 i" ^
! N' Q, B$ [ Q
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # d8 p% R- o5 j" \ ! Q$ k; }& R' F# _0 L5 O5 K: z @# x! z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 ^1 m* I0 V* Q8 B% z / P+ ~1 F) z0 x5 R4 w; H3 S( m/ p对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 y' y9 v+ q5 b( v
; l( f- `# k6 f8 x* T" Q1 `9 K G% y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! G* ]8 f0 t* z2 r6 j1 l) r. w
- A/ S% K9 e+ Z* q& u( B, R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 q, s7 ?* [$ K& f# Q+ ~$ N3 t# P* M& G- X
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 d6 V3 j1 w' m# N6 k
: @1 k! ^& u7 O( O' Q8 W8 c1 L
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . e5 k7 X; C+ y0 v% f+ W f3 { 2 r% _7 s, i) G* |9 q' u有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& ~+ R* z; y( t6 y* Q# b( z5 k