本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 D S1 F- H7 _& ^+ e0 F/ C9 j8 D: o J$ D) r- ^ 转帖7 ^5 s% N E# R. ^$ [
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 U, [* l) l$ C! ~ l; J
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例如: 2 ~% C/ f. u' n: J! E E7 t A$ I1 n% U. x& {
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) J# e" U3 K# m0 ~ f & b- W# H- v. p b" W/ Z) zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 4 S& V6 E5 R' W2 ^% j8 k 3 Y0 q2 Q) J# I/ {This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( \ z+ r# B0 Y, u
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): X3 S$ z) p( f! P# o& {8 j; I
3 X: l% y+ ~3 L. M) L$ c0 bI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 v) K; ?. W6 C: A) p4 s1 O, I6 l
6 I% r7 I J. i! i8 eMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)7 W9 g; v* }* h- q5 j- e1 e) ^
; f4 O! o; @! x' z, g) x$ `3 ~We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 w$ f5 p3 f; C3 @5 \& W2 _7 c, X
% ]& F* I. W6 ?/ r8 U. [& I1 G# @The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( h6 u e* V( { ~7 D7 s5 }, {
- t: [9 M" s" @. Z$ Z7 j3 _We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) Q- C- S, e& n- [/ B# ?! `$ l" s( D4 F" C& ], O
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ Q3 [. ?/ }# A$ G1 \, l
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : ?, h6 Y/ a( k& e" ?" X- w) l. w$ W* }9 U
, T1 j5 ^- Y j! W F1 ?3 ?* L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) @( a0 K |4 J0 m" z* r) c % G# F! ?! i" U& ^例如:0 m6 {4 d" I \- B. i1 P
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 i) A0 H+ ^% n0 z0 O* }
, i8 j4 |! d9 y" Q% SDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) i& T' Z; m4 a; [* n, o3 G1 B/ g9 b3 T
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)2 e+ O. f/ b; l$ s
8 ?! n+ O3 i9 l* i, F' W( {He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ `0 k" F- |- L9 s% L+ m) a
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 J6 u- i* \: v! L
3 S3 u! x! B" z/ u- Z/ DShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 f X% v, c+ s5 Z8 N: P- j( ]: v& W) O. I! Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! ~" s7 I* j8 B0 H A# U5 }- ]
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- J* {: r1 {9 K2 G9 x# W
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 O- W* } w6 k$ t" q1 C9 L
3 e* ~8 q4 `( ~/ z N+ S- [0 ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & H8 m" E5 O+ V ~% W; F8 z; G$ g , ?8 O: Y3 q% h+ P u: ~He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ t$ K7 R, s: X4 A! a
1 k, z) t# N1 ~4 y6 V7 g) e* GHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) " j Q0 W- W0 A" z8 k+ G5 r# V, j7 n: y% w1 ]- r }
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 q/ R( I6 n" f) e& m- E8 E
4 v8 _4 e' Y* X5 I+ H1 ?& e3 Y% W- EEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . l2 g' _( e0 i" P6 _8 J6 ^- F# ?/ D$ N& K- c4 s4 G' A6 y' u
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' _% D% w5 T: J0 e$ w9 q
. z, Z: E$ g# I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " t' L) |% B0 V5 R* l, E( h+ C. k- }# u, {. r. s! ?
( @2 o1 G1 _& r8 P$ d5 C" X 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 P. Q W/ B) q- O* j, J. k 0 y7 ^8 l% k" b9 Z. h$ a例如: 0 } X- d/ O0 ?; {3 P; h+ C4 {" C e+ H% P; D3 D$ ]6 |4 E
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % m( V* {3 O1 o/ a) }- x" A, r0 R# J9 X, D% y$ U/ y1 V& ]- h
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! `5 }3 c: O$ n [5 x2 v# R/ U1 V
! Y5 J, m" k/ G. \1 l# \/ |/ eThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 v0 i7 }' B0 c* Z L9 \ _* i7 L: W
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 F: L/ r1 j5 I$ [- H/ [6 Z1 Z0 ]& ~3 G' y) D' q0 F8 i8 x( F
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) k) D1 J# c# u8 B+ V2 m! \9 K4 |1 T8 k0 v0 y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 z: b. Q! e3 W( k& W
' n* y# i$ Q0 T) v' UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)% M* Y2 Y$ e4 ^7 v0 q
. v! V. U8 c# x. m# s2 c1 @Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): \. H& Q- @4 x
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。, P' N) T" I7 Y' v2 F4 L6 \' }
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( i' v/ K* N% l& N3 u5 j/ U
# Z; ]! |7 D9 W8 A; x" K# }/ I" E有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 F4 L) a# U- B. f9 J& o" Q