本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : I" R; `* z$ _4 W7 l' A! I+ R - c3 i) C; i# o+ G- g转帖' ~/ E3 k1 v" s- B1 @4 C% E% q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) X4 n6 u& N! u- y5 ~% p% n 3 X4 h& P9 _( a9 m2 O1 T$ Q例如: ; W. @$ p9 q0 ~! o U7 G 6 ~9 D6 @. d1 u( t4 Z$ X2 tMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) * X! N; K" r* G0 I2 B0 v7 e5 E- B+ C6 ^" L2 P
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; U. X- O5 e8 J 5 L1 y# A. J% \ GThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 j4 j! ?" O! I+ C0 z* e! j# b9 Z; x @9 y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 d3 ~, y, z! |* A* S' o2 N4 E7 Z7 m2 Y, g( U$ ~
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): d: X# [4 I8 I: f
* n! U3 h% V8 Z! @0 ]6 I% `9 C
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ X- a# c9 j6 O) P3 e2 t * ]5 i9 `8 f$ @8 l, T1 iWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) + W3 \/ ~5 o( s9 _; R8 D, H, T' H J2 x. h2 _( t* P/ Q4 L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " V9 k0 F! f8 _7 ~8 V ' }1 N1 E, u% M" [5 d- rWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * e% }2 X/ s; d2 H [ ( p% [+ g2 `8 }* S9 L* w% X/ o+ wPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& k$ b3 r; e6 f* D
& X/ ^$ w- x5 ?% W4 I
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 R3 h/ w9 y N" X: R9 ~ @' h O
- l0 A& U; e& h) z' g) m4 [* _+ X1 Q& V3 M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # q) M/ I8 ~2 ] h; a6 i5 B5 P0 E. `5 {/ S6 g: e$ k' F- [, Q
例如:9 v$ c8 n" L- T: R1 O
" g. A; O4 j& e1 h6 P- i, ^, @2 E$ w
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " s0 [7 @. b: h4 [- Q & t" F9 D n& O$ p0 }7 IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! i. Q' s0 L$ v# }( E- D* m: {2 t& Z! ^/ E, B7 Q
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # n1 Z" g0 W2 T2 m; n/ z' N v# Z ( N k, @+ W) z, ^& L1 I$ |He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 G) p- W% ], Z& H+ P/ v! ]$ J
' h. w% f E7 F- }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 q7 J& T. N1 _ t7 Y. A$ A+ S" [6 ?- ~; g$ A" c
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 T2 A' a1 T! H
2 S9 S1 n2 k5 H- l F. a5 DI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : ~9 ~( i% s" F) `1 F x7 g 3 N# p) j' _* ], P$ y如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * \' i7 D6 d6 q- n& b( n 1 s7 r$ l2 Q% jThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : b9 z" K8 g2 F2 s5 g0 g9 L8 ~ % _& b0 @/ q1 T+ M/ r2 bThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& w5 T* B: Z/ ~7 |9 Q1 p
8 [& O5 w. e6 x# i% X/ G% Q0 ZHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& v! E2 D% w- O G" A0 V* m. u
; r! D4 P0 x) `- h. B, u6 o# y# EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 `7 H2 h$ \% m% l# q+ O' o7 C7 l 4 W" }; O. O1 a7 [We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 [. S) f' _/ ?( ~9 w/ P% r3 X& p3 z+ v
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # D6 c( C7 x4 V' X) ^) ? 6 S7 d( c9 |! ]4 ]写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ K( l) ~' S2 B4 J( R$ H1 n
. v. [4 K7 C5 ?3 H0 [5 E
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, c4 ]: B0 Q/ m) @4 f
' W1 F# d3 e$ E; d7 i
+ m. U* E+ _/ n2 V9 z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; G" X/ ?/ r% |; b' ~ f
6 L2 U& S3 w; E8 G3 R
例如:$ b! F3 A# G5 b+ E
& @+ M$ b5 l7 Z1 S8 h! kMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ W5 I8 e, A2 H6 K+ `( b7 J# N' F# \( H
: G% M8 k$ A, z; b/ q* Y7 E% LManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) j. ^. u2 Z% }7 c4 Z* ^# M1 C
$ T! b, {3 @9 ^" z O
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); J: B& Z# M- z n$ R# l
* l, B6 w$ ^0 r3 b3 g Y- {" FHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) Z/ m+ G8 Q G4 M* u- b
% F& b! ?1 m3 b) |* H4 TMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 a- F0 f% N% k8 f% H+ ^! G - Q/ o0 C- s9 S9 b0 ^# f& HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 x0 q# J5 }4 Y* ?5 Q" Y4 \
0 R! E% @& E# v* e, Y
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 U( _( h- r0 ^3 [; f
) a ~+ c: N* a+ d2 O+ k8 xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 e4 I1 R0 ^% s" Q6 F" C( A
% k; @# @8 V* I* r: H: y: ]
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 h. `0 _. D4 C9 M, ]7 W
9 {% |- }- n% B _+ ~: m# c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! i, n, ~, a; J5 ?3 G8 u
+ j) D/ u1 x3 M$ {对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& ?3 B/ V- T9 @: k
% L, K+ a, Q S" L' B对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( J! J! {# l4 g, n) D% O2 o- x# C
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; C$ p x- V) P2 t2 y C
3 G F6 _2 m& ]1 m5 b0 u+ L0 d
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ; ?+ v6 R& W& r- x$ w5 E7 f $ c' O& M& B4 a! T还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. z. X" ^) o6 \, ?" K, q; _
- G4 l% P' V! a# w1 W7 k有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 U9 a) q1 ^( B2 _( l/ I& @' R$ M