本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( A% R% B+ W' | @; q
9 ?/ c b. m5 s" G 转帖 5 z$ m; X5 @) D8 P" y5 d/ [1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) / ~* |6 J3 ]1 l D2 G. v8 l: n 9 L. r3 n% G! K+ ]* g: c* q) `" f& p例如:5 V& d% }% b1 `" Q. r8 N$ Y9 l7 B
8 j B1 a7 I( d8 bMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 {; T6 X1 d, _9 t+ W0 j! n
5 _- ^1 J5 m0 |+ s+ t0 p1 uThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) % Y2 v( T* ]! ], w* q6 B' ^2 ^' Z( M. W. r; g% |
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( b- k. A% [# h! u' S; d. X6 @4 R
- n0 u: N- ?8 UThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 Y6 z6 T- z! g5 J0 J
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) % i% ?: O4 U3 u5 p# A- s0 _* u 4 X1 E* `) }; ]3 h+ _+ M" g& GMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor), s0 l. ~* ~3 |# H
( w- U t' M( f& y4 G1 hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 {$ j& }) Z: J4 z+ v O" N5 @ 4 \# M* X& v: y) ]: oThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( E, t6 R* Z* Z' f
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 O5 }/ D( N4 P. C
+ j# o' T* f! t6 T* b% R! y0 lPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* x* ?$ `$ @) d/ M$ K3 A- M
, @+ R! G# f8 N/ Q; K, }* O这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ w& B5 }" d7 O: |# I+ D# L7 |
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0 e. Y- k) _' `; J6 d" V* B T 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 V: X+ s- C5 t/ s7 A3 M/ t e3 A0 Y7 `8 ?7 r/ t! ?
例如: % l4 k& m* E9 Q; t1 Y' I; H/ N3 |& u$ G$ v4 _) R6 R' y
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( n' g+ X4 a; M1 ~ 8 n/ Q8 E* v$ UDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 v& ]$ Z# l1 Z, ^6 T! j. k( v ) [2 m5 q. `6 R, WI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- u K7 o" H! B; Y* R* s5 C6 E5 _
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! L' L! i, P; r, I4 q7 s. _. G 1 n; z7 q5 \- c$ q5 z, \In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " @8 U! Z3 x4 O( ^/ \0 `" \ 9 o9 S" b$ b1 J7 m: M EShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / \0 y( |; U+ C3 k5 O- Z! W - [- {0 C* m3 I4 b. E2 @I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ `0 y- A' a7 o7 g2 K* L& V
% e7 z$ r" U0 H, C# p. w& ^/ l如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 D+ h0 K2 f1 \4 W4 V ; c( A% w' d: j, |9 z' D, G% qThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 m9 Z& C& q. t1 f9 x* [0 o5 q8 ? . G( S6 S( u% j, q/ XThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , ~) Z, A8 f9 [4 r2 x" c & J" Y, V$ j4 O! v6 D. ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) H |" m+ a* q9 V" ]2 M6 d( a+ q! M* k8 F) v- V H# n4 _
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 3 ?" I& I0 e) o1 A( O" X" p4 G0 S) a) c
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! Z8 [% E+ W3 ?
) q+ T5 U+ g1 V; _- Z% E1 QEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) : J F0 `' z- x Q3 M8 r) ?9 s. q0 _" p1 K( ^8 y2 q5 l( }1 i ]
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.), @# W9 c- T5 r
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 R6 {* {" e& }/ ?
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+ D2 H6 P7 T, q( U3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。. R }7 l8 N- _! H" u
$ A2 E' \+ t& D7 v8 V' a7 ^" R- m7 j例如: / H: C1 X! {9 [" O' h# O 8 l. r! |" T p6 D- Z8 p; sMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " j4 t' D) n+ M4 \8 d$ q t8 q! K8 e5 S' KManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : U2 M: \4 l: t) V+ t, ]2 z) l8 m. S. b
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 b6 n L. ]+ r' P. [ t0 }7 D7 ]( _# F
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ( z+ I, p G; _& ` ) `# c0 ]7 g: N1 e3 E5 `Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) # @% ^4 q* p5 W- x5 P, w2 C4 ^ ) w" c- Q2 W3 H/ I$ i+ aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 O! q* B! \) ~' I- A
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , q' z/ k) ~ [8 O: S- L& c 8 ^ k! O$ U f/ q9 v# D8 }Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # [+ |5 ~/ w' A4 O) [4 X $ ^* u' l2 q- I) T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - s5 p& U$ n% e7 P5 S) Q% m1 ~" C! L* Z( f
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . y9 e S; I% }# q( O, X. A1 h4 S# |* W8 P) w- C" ^. ]
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; O2 M2 D9 e5 t, d) A+ X
! |8 A- n) M6 T% s至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( u0 X) G2 g+ R8 y1 B5 G3 S) P8 U
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 k. G) P8 \6 v" x5 d a8 g$ D
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。$ F1 n& a6 [2 i* y* h