本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 D& u' p7 |; S$ [8 O* R$ P% O. x% y; |6 {9 M; m9 O 转帖 1 F% a( U u9 r) `2 T1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 3 H3 s+ Y9 a2 r5 R! _& w- z' i( `7 D( ]/ X8 Q- S
例如: 7 f7 J7 r( A! j% @# |. W% {$ ? : y6 r( L, p( P; K+ uMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 e$ D7 }" N* x6 ?6 n( f* Z5 ^3 u
) ]7 t$ ]. }4 M# Q3 KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ |, e- w3 H: B+ O9 s
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 S! o" D& M5 C) Y3 t
/ D# I* V: t& oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! d# m7 c# a% \' A1 }; _4 M2 a& ^. V
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! U; c7 T4 R1 Z4 e7 e5 \! _9 l7 Y& W; B9 x0 H- h, [* a
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & x# @7 i7 ?. F. \# q2 Z2 V& W: A6 @) W! W/ n' s: c5 N) @+ f
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ Y0 t7 x. } l7 h7 n9 Q
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / s0 O4 _4 [$ V1 X2 w; A' q$ f- I# X1 G+ r
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * k# Y% W: ]# J) l. j ' A; A' R0 V4 r1 Q# G+ r J. ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' o& C) j7 w6 m" Z8 j. `: }
/ ^, h6 f/ Q, b) y/ V5 T$ I0 q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( V! V* m# w3 O% Q* J- Y- v
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! |2 q. U6 o7 \. k/ f/ N) ^2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 f8 s* Z. m& T X$ o2 F
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例如:7 S' }8 i v* C8 G
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ e$ I4 x% a" u# H4 G: T& U* K7 ^8 ^6 w+ @
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# j: t0 M8 k$ q
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( V! {6 y9 H4 f( w6 p# G7 C6 C% G% @3 M
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 O8 }3 [ i- F$ U
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* C# v; }( H2 P% v" [9 P, U5 f
. I$ c f: s+ h! u9 h7 jShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ' c( G7 G4 Q" C; f# }% S0 y 2 e6 V. \+ F' h% r+ Q4 a4 yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - z! o8 B: k) T% K9 Y8 t* T( [& J$ A* v ]" a$ ?+ n z5 b
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 K: R) w. E" `4 M) k+ b
9 I9 j, S5 y) u4 G$ q! p' cThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # u8 o4 w9 x4 z( z ' o5 z4 _) {6 n( {: W& v0 U* jThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( V4 ]8 x: o) B9 n
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 h8 W! \+ z$ b. b/ w# |4 V, C0 a # b7 z- K+ Q1 R- l' i* F' @He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ ^1 e* C5 i) B# H
, L( y! d; B2 b5 lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 c& V! C& A `& ~( J# N9 H . Z: F! ~* h; P g2 nEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ |8 D! P! L/ X4 y! ~
" u& g* Q- \) g0 ~5 }& t$ i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 2 n, _% Z3 D/ ?1 P; C& U' S; g/ y2 O3 z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 I% x! |! |9 F, ~1 ? R$ A) S3 p! s9 [7 q" r- m * A8 i G0 V+ c' E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ K. C0 t9 Z1 K8 j# q; \* O8 s
6 D0 `8 w% e! d1 ^* w) L# X例如: : P% d* k: M7 z3 A& { 5 L* j$ p+ ?4 j' f; O1 bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & y: I7 d$ `6 U v0 u- T& g$ B8 P : t: H+ G7 [1 Y9 E: |; u3 i& OManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % n0 }/ D2 L7 A- ^7 B: [% [: I; u% o# C! J; m' W
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 1 w' \: Q$ P2 ~$ Y6 l8 ~) _! U( p5 i: \4 w3 V1 m g; p
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; p' }/ j. Z; i$ z6 v$ v( Z. s3 o% n+ X) B& Z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 y5 T$ A! ?. q, Y% J
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 t0 q* {/ L# U- E' ]% n6 j/ A: m- i: d7 t+ n/ L, r5 b+ E2 F3 h
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * p0 z) B- ~& ?* m6 c# A) B* P0 d8 c, a; Y2 e9 ?8 l; ^
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& j6 m' B p _" r1 @
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ @. S. N9 u- t 3 c. f1 x% o' E当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: : I3 q9 O" x$ c( c, Z C m5 n8 N! t" c3 q9 v( Q* x8 T
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 G5 N$ V" x& H% n- n! m$ j ! l. X9 G6 p2 o# \8 J8 _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & y. A( j0 S0 T5 d* M3 V$ Z7 m0 }( z: B* d
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % {2 w7 J, }# W c5 k* z5 q& X y. @9 y. z# X+ w) y; h
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # P+ [: R( I8 f# P! Y5 U2 [, d j
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:4 |2 W! V- ~" @6 \( a
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 R2 M9 o' _# N
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # Z* h1 X/ o& j( w2 _6 v- y: S