本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 c% s/ N8 K+ q( {% M
0 D5 S! A% @+ S! d转帖 4 y0 }# o% C8 p6 q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 |2 b: J; ~% ]- W2 h8 g$ I
+ ?1 J1 c) P5 G4 \% g# O
例如:2 ?& ~) E) p5 s ~7 Z8 n: b
, v. q* N7 l2 `# R) U1 }
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)' X0 d" G2 ?/ z. @! a( z2 }; o8 a
+ J* b& R/ `9 v0 A/ n
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) # i* g* ?- o$ B( M2 v$ o6 g ( U( n! y( {! q# ]6 d' cThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 Q+ o( Y* A! E& K K
* M) |- N7 O/ @. }The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , D( n. D5 Z! R# H8 u+ C* [$ m2 l" [( K* V b5 i) T
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。); n! w" F8 a5 d6 v4 k* p. T
9 Y& y* ?" b8 P: N# nMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & J" s4 D. Y4 ^- v* i" W$ G- }2 v! G
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 w) }3 r% c! u) B4 I! U9 V
% P, ?, w3 C$ S" V$ XThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& Y/ O* j, Z+ v8 m' t7 f5 U9 H: s0 g
' F8 y/ q$ {: V( t
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 j; i, o" n+ P; p3 n3 h% c. R
; k% u# ~3 f; I- v" b% c) N& n
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ T% s9 p3 m5 c! d
: M2 f6 d5 f1 N/ L6 E- C1 k3 D* n这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! y) q, ?& j$ s' Z4 C/ c! X" ^8 p/ a$ Z) [/ k6 `
( A5 ~$ N, i Z0 [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' p' B1 G8 z: ]) A0 p 1 d* V; p6 ^: D$ W- k, ^例如: ; _$ P- _; z- x7 A+ \# f5 w* O) X1 R+ c( G4 x8 K
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 w8 J$ P7 X% }( `2 F* h 4 _/ q# Y4 D! w3 l3 f) EDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ k, ~, H3 K# T3 e" E' F# L) _
6 c3 W2 e- ^. X0 \; ^I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & F T$ R; t) D6 a6 [# ` + r! Z+ Y/ }, G& d9 dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)5 D# G0 x% A1 z f2 m* m. z5 x
" g; U O, Q, v2 r3 ~In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 k0 C6 n, n" e6 r6 z5 ]# a8 s) R# V) ]# Z5 l3 ]% \
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 z# _/ e/ A1 w6 } 5 W; B/ E/ G% `6 V4 V/ |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' C0 r" {: r. y/ ~
9 h3 i3 J/ P# w A4 \) W如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' @# j* O* ^7 R# k* T0 k
9 S6 Y+ i: A4 |2 ?( c' \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 {0 I2 c; Z0 Z3 @* C, ^/ ~
0 H: @( R7 H7 o) QThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 Y+ i% [# u$ `" |% r6 }, O' T% z % X' _/ k- C4 Q8 }* w: nHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 i8 L5 R6 k! }* m# K, y! t7 y. w
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). T# ?& v3 _; X
" l* h! C8 Z0 s5 J% n5 }+ ]
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + V# m. C2 z& O% ~& q* t4 P5 k: \* M! {) Y6 d: K! f
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 h3 I: L7 S: v4 v; r" N# H/ G) H. _: S8 j; O6 h
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)2 p6 \' C# D) u
; l' G1 V6 o1 l6 d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " Z7 x, T# t$ q* p; B 6 }2 H6 K& ~/ l, D 3 [3 g' `( w& L2 z3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 [3 h0 `( _+ b) Y( Q/ x% D3 \ - W0 r( e" S+ R, m; o6 D例如: $ V7 S& W5 c! n* ~5 k : z; a& p3 w) _7 M9 QMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; q8 r6 Q& k& Q7 {4 g ^1 a) J% i & S# i9 W5 h* u, K+ jManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& A7 j3 W/ g) i5 ]3 p, k7 s! P
9 o$ M7 z- r& fThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - O3 j3 N, N% b5 A1 S' A 3 I' `" Q; o% x6 }" T# O( zHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 M" C/ w7 x6 T k
5 R& o3 H/ W' ~( ?/ g. n* r, A$ pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , m4 e; r0 a+ O; M' x9 Q( j3 W; r# P% g$ E% `: G7 Z y, c
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 f; e, G! w+ J! m+ k! C5 D. \* G8 r7 u+ ?
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): K" U9 g) K- [. Y7 i" h
8 q' e) J9 x, U+ ]# t oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & L( q. o0 Q, l& [ $ A3 `7 f% ?% }) ^同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' ~ [; J- D+ _3 f: n
9 y$ M% c$ Z, e% _+ g
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " K" y- @# b* h o& ^0 X" W5 k & u: U( {: t& F: o7 ?7 I1 @9 z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; + b/ K8 o5 x7 Q/ b% U : G) {8 }* M- {) u( o L对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;7 i6 M6 r9 g! Z" I/ X" g
# K M6 b% X. i& j! q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( r" i2 s: O6 A0 B. U