本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , D9 A. s R6 c+ `% ]. c* K) H) s( Y 转帖. u- W( M' V/ `
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! S8 x! a* ^' j& t
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 y3 e' @" V9 I0 j
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) * N7 |; j7 e: p9 m* y- W1 P2 s9 S3 s8 _$ g 9 h# o% g/ l U% mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 D X3 `6 M/ p8 d 8 G; ]* B& A& D- s, CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 D7 |7 q; a& [& b" ^6 ^
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), H! b% q5 }" E: j/ _2 ^- S
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) I5 W% T+ F8 T2 Z
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 1 `. r0 y% H# T1 ?- X# Y$ N1 J3 \# I! w4 z2 s
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . ?! |1 B o. Q$ s i, X. S, ~* f L, ~& V
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)8 W! x% e' i9 @, ~9 N6 j
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 K! I/ f' D( e
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 }2 m) B5 F! o4 ?" B- V0 x/ c
4 u; G! d) I6 W% q& k& Z e8 b+ k G2 ?+ y- o2 y% `8 ~1 ]5 {2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 ^' E/ [" Q, H+ n1 }& s1 w % u, z# e! k: p7 s. W u! Q例如:# i. i& g. o7 }* I3 ?1 ?* w ~! i
; A$ s7 z7 C# o! V( ?5 j$ ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; x4 ?% B% j! |3 J5 {: z 7 s4 k9 O: `$ S# r/ [9 g3 B$ {3 dDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% I& Q' \8 K( h- x8 V/ G5 O' Z) |
6 ~; @& P' {2 r! W; w# QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)* C( z" Z6 U l
& D- u/ K( K" u! q* N( jHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 I9 [6 X7 l" }: i& D; c/ q
& j$ \- G$ H9 q; x' yIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & l4 f) Z# I7 Z7 b, K2 i1 `* G4 d$ r5 k8 s# Z! b7 ?
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); ~; W/ Z/ E) [+ B' |% K- N
) A6 N. f7 u7 m% P( k* YI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 k* L; |/ ~) X, m , S9 I; p6 P4 a7 l2 k, u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; [' b" l! T; `) Y3 o+ m2 v1 V7 y3 X1 }& a# a! r- ~
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)- S* e) r2 R+ c7 H4 p
L* S, [# x" j; hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- s- @: z- R# y5 m
% t0 s7 m# i0 A' WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# G' Q7 y7 Z C+ u
4 s' w6 p% X6 T* ~8 ~; m+ gHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), \/ S4 X. k( b Y9 w! J
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) t' [- L" t2 T* y) x
5 _- M% T& Q O3 u+ I$ y1 z6 XEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)& e( {' A$ @' |+ [
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - K, H- m6 [% s- o$ z2 D* N! R3 _0 A* _5 D% }3 g! f, ~' x% R
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ Z+ I0 l. g, s% K I
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/ ?8 ?9 @' D: s ?3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & J7 y% {, s5 z" `. X. d; ^) n8 F
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) . R) } t9 w% S( g# F6 x$ U/ ~
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* j. T2 C+ U: m: y# Y/ q
6 C! ]% k2 {$ ?9 ^This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)1 ?, T* t; X+ d" ^4 N3 `# d6 @( V
6 ~5 k$ Y A' S dHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 O, B# c$ H% O; i) c9 j8 ?& H; o( S! a# b/ q$ ?
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)% ~8 @. ]5 H- X) P( l
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 V/ e: P) U3 f8 ]
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 a6 h9 ]8 r) F) d0 A% r ; w4 b! C2 e9 Z- D8 Y; }; oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 H$ p# F; t% V5 \
/ ^" v: y' ^7 M同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ f5 h) V$ p2 c" R x
* {4 }6 [) w; h% h T+ h. t当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + M' T3 i- l, Z# L$ `7 i' }, N) S& [! N7 b
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: U3 u8 h. _* o/ k& l; V
2 M+ [( v8 \4 X8 M对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* C! M4 V' m2 k8 k
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; A) p& r( d6 w& q " A( j8 {0 T% _$ u. c对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) B$ _ ?2 ^3 b* U$ ?3 }
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# M c+ V& P2 {; c9 J% Z9 [
% o m( I2 m; t- l% H. [. p) H还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 Q6 r) O% j% N5 j' {: M* u
9 e0 c( z/ o3 t6 U3 v有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 H9 C8 T& Z& {4 G. ]* p* J