本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 ?8 G. `5 @; q8 y% }6 ~! {) d' ]1 R) t. A7 `) w: m 转帖 - B9 e4 }; E& u, ? B; k7 v1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 e% h q; l8 e! a1 S& K0 a- @, H( E8 R3 t- [ ~! k6 M; q @9 I
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) - T6 I/ \+ X5 A4 I Z* f; M, ]% z+ \# n: L6 P# }9 C
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)6 k: X7 w5 ~- a" [
, B% A1 `/ r$ U3 K/ q* e) i/ jThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ q" X/ e0 u+ G4 a7 y* N$ V+ p4 A5 d
5 Z& T8 I( |! c' d/ u, d, }9 sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / t7 _- R" [/ T# r' f' F " n5 P) p5 B8 o/ W' sI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)- q- x6 S; W m( `9 L+ y
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) , [% U8 u u: {+ x* Q- _3 _ + j0 q6 Q- {; [2 @" @We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 }- y! v# c' z/ `& o& h0 V
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 @5 Q+ v3 `4 r. q( {" c" }: H ) V- G/ R0 \. w0 K. R% x# M& s9 HWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # a, |9 {( x4 K- }, X+ }- [: [, D% s( t2 Q9 L$ [' l: R' n, j
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ m4 W: g7 L. _! J 7 P8 o, p5 u2 w" c; Z% n2 p这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 ?. ?* ~" p) N: D& E
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)8 R4 x( r0 B( g0 |/ Z# u" @2 Y
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 O5 t0 u' v- O: Z1 j
7 A! q0 G1 e; g l( \( \I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ E6 R! c* H3 H0 m& o7 F
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 q, p% l( X/ w; G: R& l z& r' b, k8 P7 s3 NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ A; ?4 _+ H. F% l5 W* F
6 k: A% a2 a4 G+ \$ u+ c9 y7 L1 ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 B/ s/ S% M3 S3 x# m. n" z# R }$ D: s" z0 _% e3 u H9 ]
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 d& J* A$ x- E9 h0 t* x% r3 @! c
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 n' s! X. A( S1 Y# r. J( h! a$ x% v; A4 f- D
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ I( ^1 e0 z+ Z+ G6 Y: ^6 x! a! U' s$ [* k1 o: }! F, A& S/ p
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - k2 J) ]' U3 z) H$ a4 X- C3 {# X* @
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! J0 D% z- c( P. G b; |% |7 _
" c: O3 p9 H4 C6 _/ SHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . |. z" w1 X s. Z% O7 R% ~0 G/ [. D7 h v! ?2 F
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , Y) B, L6 ~0 l" G6 s- ^% J: b* l+ Z2 Q2 q
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ~- U/ _( |" X: \" E9 n: c3 n$ @( f7 A0 B. S9 i" Q9 i
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) # i7 o& `0 G3 @8 o ! W/ s. s- t) m9 f0 I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% V3 \+ u( Y5 w% j4 `" h9 c$ g
0 Z* g" ?" |* k+ ]) ~2 j. k- |9 F' F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ S. O9 Z/ u/ I% J! n4 k7 p& F
, D2 m/ W7 `) K( }/ ?例如: 3 h. y5 P$ a6 m, _ " ^' ~! m2 Y9 Q/ D+ y+ tMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 ?$ ~4 ~6 s! y- ?" ?
/ [, E' L. H3 A4 YManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)- A& N! T, c/ N7 S/ M4 Y7 [) r( W
, F# N# Y3 I3 {/ ^This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; ?: X. k) E/ |# f+ w; C/ b2 F / P1 L6 C% v6 h- u4 ^+ o) C( UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 8 j3 I, J' j, I C2 O! T3 y. t/ I. X. R' J" p7 {1 }& J
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)& B4 V C0 e/ A+ x5 r* q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 K5 Z; p1 V J # J* |1 E6 m" a9 E% }Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - R/ T+ j$ E' {! u, Q" D7 a. \ h- z. n& _! {" ^# ?! H, L
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& @7 w" j5 R* Q* [$ A, U8 M
0 o: I2 w c( @$ L5 k3 |$ g1 Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。( S2 l& c7 \; A& i4 m4 \6 [3 P
+ b6 f' W$ s0 Z+ b$ m1 U8 }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- H1 a9 q2 ~. M2 e2 x! K1 T/ p, c4 D
" v2 t* f: s$ h3 f对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & o: n1 {% ^8 K4 D, T. S8 S" a8 \ " c. {* I ` I对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 h$ l3 R4 {, H
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 i, Y4 b& ?& p" }1 K
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! t( ^! g6 x; C; ` 8 y' M6 E# g; [7 z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 2 X. h) v: B2 J7 p! G9 j* B9 ?0 |8 h+ T- F- e
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。: M' n0 z! q" H) y$ G4 H; E# _
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # b2 f0 L$ J7 F8 p$ h' n; a8 ]