本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) Q) s( X4 q, b8 q$ B; Y! P ! j- L7 t- }* Z4 j! k转帖 9 V% P* k2 Y# k1 N$ I1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 m2 Q! W) ?% H) [, X- @( r" l5 m) d* @: n0 K4 _4 t& \
例如:) D. s5 n6 E/ C3 i6 o3 u6 c
5 M0 F4 ?* j: s8 X
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! l8 a( U1 i. v+ g" B9 M8 Z5 h3 @2 G, n
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( s1 a- Z u$ N/ w 1 L! T/ m, k' k* H/ mThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " {/ P X7 }- {6 h' \6 ]5 w- S9 O- P+ |% A6 R5 o( A
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 _& \* H* A2 ~# b/ r! ?
/ ]' Z8 h% p" |) b* ]1 ^! |
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)7 ^' N+ Z6 @5 Y# {' H
: [% {$ g3 r5 J7 U3 B
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ [. H* S, ]6 I; [- K: p5 _/ r" Z: T+ o3 I$ X$ u
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ J2 H9 R. f6 K& O% ~
( l: i6 u3 u" D" V5 @8 o! TThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 T% t6 I# j" K
# h' y/ A8 A# ]2 L9 O5 ^, B7 s
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- c8 J r H$ e. k1 C2 c
* j" }* x T# k8 z# a3 e8 N& d2 r
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), B$ F4 o7 y* {- `. k
' r' H& @; j: E; a2 a3 i
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& X8 m7 h) q- J- X) u* N) V$ x
( F* T( n) p, Y. Z
% {2 @* P6 n. L! v3 q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 A4 W" ^: F/ w5 ?! Q 9 B7 _* B" h) ~例如:- |9 S1 R+ |& _3 o, s* u. S
4 ^+ O8 ?% j0 B" V
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) J: J5 ^. ~( V' ]! P0 x 2 C3 `8 d! S& m. n+ ~6 N6 bDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ?& x! A% Q* N8 ^2 d
/ }) Y3 ^( Z1 q f3 ~
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # @$ C( d3 ^( Y; A; ]+ `1 i) A. B9 J; P, K. J
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , E. f4 \9 }4 [+ g* _( h* P+ ]1 S9 x, B) z: L. o, T# s/ n
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) o: F0 o5 P- M4 ]0 s- `& b+ n
9 Q/ z+ {$ d5 n3 g/ O3 mShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 J! b' [" \# K: I # E7 N$ E) x4 E* x8 ?7 t: iI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 W( f+ M- O+ `- O) I0 v* p
& ?5 N1 `: i+ z2 |如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: d6 c$ d" B+ X4 _. f# \ , C: n$ `+ H; d' @$ f$ h, L9 D) bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 l( e' x3 v5 Q- S
( S6 u4 c/ {% M* V6 tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) E, H% l% Q' u5 `/ f
. M1 p+ w3 @$ H/ F, {* H$ `
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & I [4 f/ R, V6 f ) d" q4 m9 r, T8 NHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ( A7 B. o4 `* C; o* X! } + x( ^0 a. ^/ [0 M9 E' Y7 H& cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* B; Q7 n5 G* j7 g5 n9 R
5 Z" ]9 {! b* n, XEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); ^7 [3 M! B. A' Z, r( b
q) Q/ X/ U6 j$ Q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' k3 c; n# X5 K) q6 e7 |! B/ V# N7 A* u* W
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。5 Z* r* k' X; `3 s' }9 ~ ]
, E2 X: J. j( Q
: j3 J9 O5 h, O3 ^ y+ R6 d( t% x 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 ~# T7 V/ G0 M4 P6 `! C, M) ?* C! v7 {4 F' P3 l l& t
例如: " x, G$ n4 Y, B* c. c. r' [# ?/ N+ O5 b+ _
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 v: @* `% V! w; @" j! |/ z/ z7 d
, D1 `. s. K, k' M# \1 {' L3 S& pManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" n" l8 }6 \1 x: x0 D, t8 H6 P
" U. }$ u7 h+ G U( }
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) . A; X; q' a6 a6 E4 b. {' V7 k , E+ j: H, `& m! UHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)0 d% j3 z" D: R& u. g
, c) }7 H: x" Y; g5 q0 v" n- {% XMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : ^ n0 o$ ]% I P) }% } v' L4 b$ E/ b( z
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) _, g, Z$ r, c( N1 V/ `7 ^( O. M' L' j+ d7 b" T, Y! X. s6 j
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; ^, @/ d9 V/ d. L/ g0 y( O# N; T. X9 J# ^
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). n+ Z: h+ l1 t
5 B' C# D+ ~' I5 @, @: G/ O
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( q1 a# T- R0 b7 B" P) E" b. m5 f9 o' l6 M2 _
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. ]2 E. Z; H0 i* U! B& A( v) n, v) x
' k) w# Q w9 N( U& y
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 n9 D( |+ s4 I/ s5 Z2 c. d
* d) k3 i, G4 C# R4 a2 C对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' U/ K3 C m! o2 M
+ D. @% t# t! |3 m% s) U
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / j: m% |3 f$ C; `5 k ; S& Y; A8 z2 J( ~5 Q! E对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 ? [ n) ]3 D9 L i3 ?& y @9 X/ k* {
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:, r# p7 j( @! T/ g. E8 \8 W
9 D2 @% j M4 O: _0 d' O6 F. y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " ~& F2 f, H! F" ~8 ^/ {0 J" w- ^; ?: Y8 ?. h; i3 Z: L+ ~
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # K+ y5 ]' {! c1 k2 {+ F: [