本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ' k; T' `9 ?; b
+ T5 _2 I$ T- \" F$ t, Z转帖 5 j- G1 ~ z# M* C* p' W# t- G: E1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 9 i. ^& B4 R( Y U4 J, f4 S : H4 G$ i8 @9 E. _% U% ~例如:- o& U- S; U8 F' K9 g; l" X
o9 {$ {" l3 s6 J, VMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) `, l" S: ], |: m. w* d 7 I7 W7 S" X/ J9 h' W- R2 VThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . E: I3 S% A3 D8 x% F1 u3 s. ]+ B5 F# u7 W% J, S, C( J/ _( g& S9 U7 E/ t
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , |" [0 m; {4 O. Y0 ]8 O/ j) x' R) } s9 h7 [% Q# f) f r
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 i+ Z$ ^: G, D# v: S Y3 \/ t$ K2 e; U+ q3 U% n1 R
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / d6 F ]8 c# t# b' g! \ 3 O& t4 `5 m5 C1 v- PMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 \. g1 D. ~9 V" y, X' k4 L) x/ L$ _( r8 R/ m1 O# [
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)6 J q5 V4 J5 j5 }" J* d2 }
' q, \2 B# e' a' A: P1 ?The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)& G& R! L$ v8 k9 W/ A% d
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ F6 @9 d4 F; p5 ?9 B7 M
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 0 `3 C0 h7 v- ?7 R- b+ z" k3 d+ f0 ^& t7 D1 _% X6 f, i
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# i% Y P: D$ K/ V: }) O# I
. H5 [/ H8 G( i) y+ T 3 A) t5 A1 H n: w5 G7 A3 |. Q7 |* n2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ! g% E6 V4 [: P. E6 K- X% Y: e4 g9 _+ s: \& W, G' u+ T, l
例如: 8 ?; l2 d3 H# p+ T z9 }1 J5 n% p/ x: z1 g0 C6 w1 ^
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( U% I1 ?; \! y( F' E$ ~2 T6 Q t. [2 P3 i, l
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! F" l7 P) N) L7 w% \5 k
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; p! {& n7 m) q4 Q: ~- p/ x5 t( C2 I3 F, B, G) { B7 R
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 |5 T' z0 v* U2 K9 c
5 A( @! G' |& c' LIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ c9 |7 e! T0 Z" ? N
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) y/ m4 m/ I* s3 n7 q! Q4 Q, K; B3 [# U- O. W
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % y5 }8 P. ? n+ ]: r, V / I0 ?; [/ D. Q/ S如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - b- `7 K+ B7 L4 k; V 7 ~- e& y* F1 r+ S- [The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)+ b8 ~; e; j4 Z8 h
5 z. \! M' S6 ^ l5 p3 G- Q; D, N0 \The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). ?( G8 e4 z# S7 [* R5 [6 n9 J0 R0 D
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : T! M! u* v; \" R( [3 x6 O0 M! B3 b! D0 n3 R
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + w. t4 x- d7 l. L" y. O( d7 \5 ~3 G
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 V* r% H$ V" @2 n$ H9 P7 B8 t5 a , l1 m5 @3 p4 S+ i- fEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)( p) ]9 ?& C7 ~8 }; ]# W0 D
4 L3 _, k3 a8 [% p4 p" S: O. n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ O2 d$ D3 C/ @1 @+ }
7 B: z" Q# e( S1 k此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 2 h3 M: l4 _3 k( Z ( w+ \9 l! x6 d J 5 O' j4 O8 `; H$ M& f: G8 n3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ U" k& M* E+ }' O+ c
( i6 {, A9 n6 x例如: 4 Z+ j9 k, Q; s( [( q I; M/ u8 T i9 ~1 C7 u! Z A |; R
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 O4 T. ~& e, y4 G
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . }) g9 K1 {, r0 H* A ! O( ?/ Z. [ I @5 a' J HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! _( c6 r& [$ E3 g: C4 A
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)* u' Z% M" S2 ^. ?, J: S: T
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - q7 p. O& u7 i, A6 N, H , Y+ V3 ^5 z0 r/ }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 6 k) g4 [9 }& K3 i9 l/ @2 {0 u% L: N6 h/ C6 D% `# k, Q
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)) d a" |' H: v/ f8 H; f+ ]. v" _
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' G9 z+ C6 j) m+ X
G, G' C8 g( t# t& ^7 W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。+ D- t" F$ H# n h8 F, }/ F
" e+ R3 b+ [; N x2 s& I2 R当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ g5 b! D& i" R, I; e
; `* ]) N0 N- ~4 U& F" i9 k: I对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 H2 z) X/ t' d" M* a2 y # G4 H7 R) k" m; |- y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 0 R8 V# ?* p: A" K1 [ ) Q5 P; X# y% W+ e; \1 @; Z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: ]2 A; ]8 T1 F3 Q. p9 V% t) Y
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& a8 L, h; A0 n
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 r; D7 A7 X4 u C 6 E+ {+ y. S& @" x2 L# t, z# W还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! `8 z m/ [8 d$ p/ f, g
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& S4 m, X; L' A! u m. g4 u8 o7 X! L