本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 s3 M+ N* ~! ^1 p( Y
; G1 |2 M ^% ?5 Y7 S7 |转帖 2 a* E; H: y4 }9 w4 d) Z1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ T3 `( f8 X5 |0 ~# i
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例如: - y! ]- \! q; V / q; ?6 F& R1 d/ Z6 ]9 [+ g1 WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), i5 F! O7 N) |" R9 v
$ D5 K' O+ i, `. w7 C0 zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)+ V1 f+ ?; I2 j2 R# Y
9 j Q8 E4 j. e+ S0 z# i- C9 _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' P. K) d$ V+ S6 \8 \: W
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)1 m$ @- v1 I# n, s6 b9 a1 S
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 x: g9 H+ M! O& p6 d: E' D
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) \+ K) ?9 m+ \4 g* J7 ^0 \
# x. O- H# G+ w/ Q6 uWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 5 h+ | G( n r4 q3 j x- u# Z . R$ S* X2 S3 MThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* u" `, V- S) g9 ?' J
k4 x* m2 C8 C9 R$ g4 m% j" AWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); D$ N/ ^% N2 \& d- Q# e |8 D
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 x: T$ r. ~& z# @0 a2 w
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 Q' x- V% V& v7 E' K3 j9 A; L y
) K" @( D2 |+ r7 \) f" g' x, f. m C; C) e 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 Q# M% {7 k* \$ ?) U; P* e* @3 t2 G. b; i+ a, }+ n$ D0 t
例如:: N* F0 t( I1 v% D8 A
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) r s2 ]# K4 d4 C K' B7 Q( L
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ z/ {6 D7 W! K# N! h
e) D6 p C1 mI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ v1 r. a1 U/ ~' G: L" ^; K 1 F( h8 O+ P3 N# kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * O0 @/ Q; r1 u; C% O 1 c: r* j" u$ v* wIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 e1 ~% h- \6 Z* |9 R: [- Z
# \2 j1 j4 J# LShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)4 y- D! f X) E) |* l' C
; u0 [" F+ f+ O2 q% L* D# aI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) / {# Y3 d3 V" z2 s* b- N # i" b- K. o- v2 S% U- e如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 N1 f& x( P9 W( r4 H0 Z& J- U! c8 b9 V& u+ n
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 G$ O, I8 |# E5 X. o3 |6 l
% b8 s) U' E; R/ XThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 S! c, E5 b7 j/ N( Z" z
+ }9 t2 G% D( n9 k/ VHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) % t$ R% W* t' p1 R # ^" E3 p+ g/ G& m6 e U% yHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) z7 X6 k/ Z: t; t6 ^% b4 O9 G ' h7 s) r0 N4 E- cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' \3 e' A u7 r/ |! C
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ S5 n( }5 k: y" d/ [+ J3 C/ }: n; b3 b ) L& m1 t. b" Y1 H1 e写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 R% F, [1 I; b" V* d* T" e9 B# Y& V6 S. A! C, n9 |
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。4 V. {4 F7 |# A0 g' p5 r
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); w) y- F1 o6 b0 I. c0 m
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - J) S& T- J! E+ q1 o. M' { , C$ ^4 J3 ?' G2 HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / n2 r- _6 h2 [6 Q ( }# X' Q: E: ^$ U( m( a6 bHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + q r3 w2 \8 {( t8 V- | : m6 ]$ O. W' \4 Q; mMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 F: h5 q9 w+ [. `3 b6 m3 a2 T3 o+ w$ j
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " l; a6 `; j( Z! A4 H : v0 Y: }/ k5 ?; H1 ^5 h- M- L" fCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( V$ J1 \% z; ^$ O2 G- E
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ! {7 ~) k% S2 f & `/ E3 |/ ~# n3 |# I1 j A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - g/ h2 |" j, x+ b3 M . G( _ P' S F# _当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: " @7 i3 w' ~! t0 S1 h: c 9 R8 s0 T, B9 t4 r1 r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ) G& F% t5 L3 ]7 | P' m3 K( T$ Z5 K1 [' h* M% Z0 s
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- N( _5 Z1 \* A" \ I; m% t