: R0 v$ R% f1 {' }/ b e UMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) % m6 P! C( F0 p+ @- o) V% L4 D- D% m$ ?5 j- w1 s
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) @5 S* |( y: ], h: b
% X& W/ M! ]; I+ Q* T7 o- aThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)7 ^6 f! a, P* y# `/ Z3 j
3 \2 x) ?' h9 R7 P1 v, k) B/ R5 Y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 z2 V6 q( w. I# @: B* J) V5 v1 g+ U3 `1 \- R
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 w2 q$ F2 p+ f0 o. z- B/ P( A: A5 a( F% o4 q4 ^5 r
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) j- Y j7 u5 ~' d# X. g
; k6 m4 d y. S$ r8 _4 H
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 2 [9 U8 l4 T: s" o4 v8 S6 Q5 Z" |( r; ]3 P9 n
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 }* u- T, P( T' o
. Q! e, u$ R" D. U# I4 dWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)! r1 ~0 f% {1 k
6 s: j, R: S0 }- _( a! vPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 i/ y" @5 o% i% _0 T& {- Q0 b
6 E8 o' R' v0 k6 c) S) O! ?这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 u; `$ R# n' t3 ^/ A 4 D7 O. D3 ]0 W# K2 g2 D' O! s: T) M8 L1 \ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 / u2 X" _: }& C! @+ B: v* h& v" M8 S3 q: A* r
例如: % x0 F- o2 v8 I. w8 g & Z( j4 o$ j: e" w- _% n' yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 8 j3 l7 R- ]: r& s5 R9 T A, {* @7 B% b6 l
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ V" D! I8 O' ]/ T5 |8 v4 ^" K
6 M6 a E/ Q. z1 mI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( X) D. v5 z8 v8 S: S) E+ O2 b# {. C3 T
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 8 [& X4 p8 i; y 5 g |5 u4 D; l6 x2 [In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ b+ ]' v, S' F4 K; b$ D2 Q2 Y
% O- T% u. x, k% ^+ A% i3 @# oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 W5 W; F6 T1 A/ w/ [; V, p, W
- J' S# |9 _+ \! S, ]I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 e1 M w& a B& F+ o
+ }: {' \" u N* P如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' a( l2 X' L: M# Y
5 W; U! g J/ o, ]$ Y8 y( EThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 j: A9 K6 l1 z# B
3 H! Y' H; _; E2 u, k
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 9 S/ ]6 H4 B5 y) a$ }# n& j3 k3 w& ^( W
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) V& @4 G( p/ i2 i/ `7 j* b$ [$ Z! i0 r
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) : Y7 U3 v0 f5 O' T$ q* v# d5 y+ v" D& i+ A
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), h/ u8 s. [: Y8 C3 o& X
$ I- ~3 {0 |8 d! N# w3 G% o: T) {
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 u! f+ o- U5 k" S, T5 \9 p. b
; I% z4 V7 H& X& p' w+ G* Z4 Y4 F
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ) R& b- z' f0 m ) h Q$ m: n) y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ~ n& g; N# L n, ?) B' F: v" }" p0 @' Y
l: j' v5 L& A. m) D5 R {/ n 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。" s3 s1 j) }* Z- y9 U) [
: v: |/ d2 t0 o; Z- I例如:) `: c3 Z1 J- l7 i/ M
) C0 v$ i, K2 u* V; v' ~Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数), W/ s6 a9 u9 q9 @! b6 Q
5 r6 |; k; [ r( A" V2 ^/ f
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ ?3 Z) h" ^8 G3 b7 l& D$ i. _: A. q0 V2 c+ r, t
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): w4 e6 A2 q& b
q, W9 i3 i' i/ m6 |* G$ j. CHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 k" W4 c- w2 W1 T1 N7 R( J 1 u5 A/ W2 F2 A1 Z, DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( P' d- C5 |- O; G
% a$ B. y5 e/ ]2 p E! s M. k
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) / Y1 |, f8 }% N# e ( X4 Q& {2 ^5 u5 C( d) ~, J9 CCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 k4 T. i% [& _6 t
' H; N6 J# q/ @Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' Q7 L! v' H& X" k$ b+ [
/ s: Y {% a7 L" o8 ^
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' V2 i( q6 @* i8 o4 H. K# k+ ~. e+ B% u
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:' y& h! [5 _3 n9 s- e
* u' U8 r$ n; u对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " r% u( v' l. E( \ # N! q, S$ Z0 f5 ]对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 E6 O; N. S7 v8 {3 L1 C2 @7 q# S' s' @
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 8 Z( u4 c/ F- S- x3 c7 V0 l + M$ s! b$ u, s6 n% `# B对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 _4 q5 L+ v- ]" Q3 [4 M . a" d- T) ^5 a# e至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( }) r" N: w+ m8 X ) p* B/ ~+ l; s6 f还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + o0 y. h% a$ M" }0 e' `( A5 [# {; K# x
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 V. g5 I- Q& g. Z( |# q2 e