\1 i5 A- P2 W3 S( O" a* L例如: . z2 {7 {. r- S8 V6 T# V$ p. u& v2 W- k' z
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ u' _: w+ N, f4 W6 z
2 q# }3 [$ H- J0 g# L, KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , S% E- I- H \" p( e1 Z1 m / V/ R& N7 B3 eThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 8 {* [- H* k9 t4 b5 d; ^1 t+ E% k9 C' l0 j& r+ g
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 t5 ^) u: J; z3 g+ a' b. N/ a* N _' ]
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , i: [. i$ F, u1 h2 L 4 r. d* L9 L" H: K) i( }Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- p+ z p( V$ p) w! @ B6 W' x+ q* z
, i3 {: p) D5 ]" s' \* QWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 Y) |* R; U: U
: t5 s/ a$ v# m. U9 GThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" x# \& H! G( F! h8 t
: Q' F# R. ^, J, ~& t" k8 u/ V6 n8 VWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 \4 \. U2 G8 o2 h6 N9 E+ S! `! a5 Z3 G- `
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)4 X) Q7 h+ }& w6 X
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: i7 w+ }% w/ n0 V9 R/ i. i+ _
4 p* B( F* I" b0 \+ ^, q4 R: p& I 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' a! c# s& S7 R" M( g( ^! I ; @7 M) U/ N- d' X" X+ v$ W- B例如:4 k2 f5 [ I% j. F9 N
: D/ k( j B! e" S; YAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): M Y! G* _+ B0 R7 H4 j# _! P
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); n& \) ?+ g0 a8 y. n3 }/ \' H% E
; Z) B. u! c9 T( b( WI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . X8 i. |, a5 e 8 f3 v: x1 e8 L; r- |% x2 UHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* u' x5 j0 V) ?& q$ C. ]2 J0 e
8 ^+ Q% x% m- F* ^* V8 Q$ n4 c8 sIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually). {; f# y8 |# N5 O
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . u, e( F4 t( j# _ H" X # W7 d2 f4 S' V* pI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 T6 C. _* W" ]* o1 G3 z6 I8 B( _! P5 m' Z0 g0 w9 h2 r# w( ]
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 5 J5 ?: j, u. ~ / {, F) K0 k4 Z3 B! Y2 U7 bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 Q; x [0 j' X5 [ ; v. Q. W8 V- F$ qThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)" f& i! V6 x& y2 Y' |0 N0 J7 q
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)/ i+ i: A2 C8 _% |
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & P! \* q7 E: D3 M" \7 K5 j- V/ x( n
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ j9 i! L' K' a% i( t( v
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). v t5 Z2 X# h. A
0 U$ p Y$ w. a8 e6 Y! n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 0 B2 L! O5 a8 v- }0 {. A% J " N! A, C. W. U: d5 l此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 ^" `, w6 o, a' ~9 l. i! K2 f* I $ [( d N8 k6 M, W5 X! A k" ?& X: @* j 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 k9 l+ \+ k! H7 \% T; y
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例如:0 s3 p! S# u x& \/ x
* L2 m9 O- Y) M- xMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 l( N+ b# k$ Z+ |& f) y+ C
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! w3 M @! ]# v1 v1 o ( _1 F* z7 `, z2 Q4 w) h2 bThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) / D$ y+ u( T4 i* k7 i- v0 g$ m) f" _! z2 G$ {+ J
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 0 o$ h( k7 M [% a, }5 @7 e$ v " r( U2 r' v2 c, A6 A% V- pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- A0 h! c* y9 i. E; p; X, i
. T) z2 G( m& d! M8 `8 ^+ H: b! }Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 u5 V% g0 v, a! B/ v* e* v
% I0 m& S m1 o; j# E) k1 u; BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 J- t6 Q- v5 k2 S6 M0 ~
/ F2 v7 ]+ W! W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ Y' E/ p- ^+ ~7 l- `) S
+ P$ `4 |1 v6 u q) m7 v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:0 W( G1 z) ]! D* d. E# E$ B( y
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;3 T' `6 D/ ^ I# r, q c
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; : ?! j; G6 h( ~& s. t1 Z, V1 d: w3 O- D2 F/ }; U
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 d% D! T5 U4 a9 l* d! [- _ 2 R; m; X! Q' A N: ~5 b' I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 i6 p. I+ q" |: `' Z+ z' V& U/ o. A( O) Q6 P# V
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% s8 r. w3 Q3 |. c% ]
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。. A+ O3 P, P8 \' G
3 K" A6 q+ E( M$ ?1 K# \9 @有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 % L) @1 _$ j& C% ^( y! ~0 T