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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ u# t+ p; f# W- ^& i6 P, b+ s
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例如: $ A [: o1 \/ V9 ?' p 4 l% a, n. e! _0 b# O2 a6 L# \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 l! M% {/ m' c) d6 s5 S! P& n) L0 Y
' \% j$ }3 v0 X. b4 LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)( D2 u1 X. |& v5 s" @4 X8 P
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 z" F* v9 H' T/ B. E1 Z5 e
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* H0 K9 D( F ^3 d5 e" L8 |
" m9 N3 r; V8 `0 BI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 C) E! `/ ]0 V. d5 a+ w5 J: d6 J! e( `+ F2 g5 E; A
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 {6 K; y. ~! z: t1 ]0 I' v X% S3 P* F6 U0 x7 [( c/ i3 x ]
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% Z$ T8 K4 J7 a. r
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). q# |, i) z" I4 ~7 E0 Z
4 ]& `2 X. x6 c3 Z" \$ ?4 F, f* E) yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) + P1 o: O! s5 M; e4 S) H& c) Y! R$ p) |3 v. [! J
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) : t* A8 b! @% F6 O0 F. H 0 W4 ~, N% d3 Y" X4 J% b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 b2 {% j3 ~3 D" R. }( B! |! G
" z" e4 j5 _- k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , d4 c2 C. i H2 e, X 0 z4 L; U; {2 P3 ?0 n/ ~( b例如: * B* Z; U9 o6 Q" N & l0 Y! w8 f5 P& Y7 i7 WAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 w2 M3 n7 [/ q6 a/ F
1 g/ C1 |) p' i3 [: ?Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* R" w5 w1 B- H( f5 s6 t
0 {( i+ Q* Y2 ?0 z1 _# OI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 9 R5 s$ U$ J: Y# _0 Z4 C# M " `/ e+ n0 Y$ _2 z* n( k0 GHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& s2 ~! [9 F& s5 T
* H p$ L$ V0 m( E1 d) oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 } h# C- M. o+ s6 a; v. ~8 V
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). {! ~4 e2 B3 `3 |4 W% m
1 i7 t6 Q& v4 [ d4 rI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & m- \( g+ a4 i( i6 ~! l 6 f& ~) v6 m7 i, R8 Z& }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: , S8 Q( Y+ Z+ S; p- ^, J9 M " D% H7 R p3 q9 [4 m* R/ a! XThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), T- Y, A% E+ v6 [4 V
$ r5 _+ K" l1 B" V2 xThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& y6 l6 y( b" {( o8 f8 H# J4 G
1 R1 o! B1 [, _: w2 i1 PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 f5 G4 m; b: m8 _9 N
/ ?% s2 Q2 o5 d4 NHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 m4 x) S8 P- O9 X r! m: g6 C9 C/ C. D
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% {: j9 I7 h7 w( Z& Y+ p% B
% a8 u/ `* j4 u- SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)$ U1 h- D, `; Z8 g' r% w! I
* j4 V' u7 y5 U4 c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ p! Z0 m5 C0 T( S4 H
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 3 w0 r2 Z, \7 M0 O2 R3 @* L/ V; w3 Z* q7 s' h
4 V1 j( E1 Z2 x2 T- s; ?4 F( |' z/ f 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # \+ l, S5 n+ |8 _+ { : o# o0 a' _$ g- f+ t例如: % e: _) S( W& ]( G& i* C# H& ]+ Q& I0 ]! G9 d1 Z* J! v9 z! a H& \
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + [5 Q' u; a3 U$ h; @' n ! s- _6 d8 E1 Z/ p8 Q) DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ! g \3 L: q6 U8 k/ F 8 Z5 Z% Q% x( x$ d1 I' FThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - v/ ^7 F' U* n7 s9 ?/ ^2 ~, [: P0 ^! g2 W E# S2 F. E: ~' i
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 @2 P( y7 h$ F. P1 e
( t8 a% b. Q' k# [# _1 z; ?Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! D5 u- r1 `5 q) c) z0 ? 1 o a) I9 \% QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & w: i7 @, u' F5 X; ^( X( v8 V4 n5 x( }% p$ \) A; i; s
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * U" {; l* D+ b! D7 m9 b' ]4 H* C' u% T. E' x0 L, |5 ]
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 z" E' X5 g$ f$ O5 u
4 S* g( {" s) |4 B/ C* \9 S l同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 W6 S; t, d% l' @% x. ? : S- ]6 c% ^- ]% Z% \5 l当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; \! C4 `5 S! B2 p" c! B
5 Y I. ?$ z) a$ F对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) j7 g- O8 g/ [: ?8 D8 W1 |