本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 . F5 P" H, g( r" ^2 a' M# E& d4 V0 y! F; _4 A$ C' ]5 c' e/ }# [- } 转帖% Z- H% u& f/ @3 P
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). d+ S$ H% ~+ a
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例如: ( }' ~0 _' b4 |% E O3 L1 n) C$ I3 Z3 `
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ m0 C2 h) k- v
7 B: P- b9 x# B# B% dThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' ^+ ^* M6 V1 @, E# J, o. \& V& u3 V3 H4 K5 N
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% Y o$ ~1 z7 a5 A7 w
( M6 [! T1 h! W, ^9 D- `* lThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 2 `7 F D9 w7 F6 D3 f5 _/ E5 @% D; g% s/ B# M, P) T O
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% P$ z. T; R/ a' F9 Q8 ?
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 B) L! B. r* L; c9 ~, |" ~# j3 W ]
" X3 C6 g6 g; v7 XWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 w# Q0 v4 I2 M5 |6 F- Y% z
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% G; S- @9 h: T' L; H) o8 ?
U( M9 T9 ~2 {9 wWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 C- ^: R/ ~ a: Y/ |3 f: E- Z ; p8 A9 _0 [ z9 h1 z; w( sPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)7 y, Y6 P' S- `# Y F9 @
7 l* F3 U& a m这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 R: C. D+ W: C$ h& B
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1 O$ E; T4 i8 ~2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 D- E! N i0 ? V5 X# Q3 I9 a/ e7 ~* T% @8 Q) C& d
例如: 8 t4 Y8 b5 j8 b6 h: y5 a$ S, C/ T1 ], _0 B
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 {% S# g) i% z9 p! ^. z, I
! e8 |/ M$ n1 t5 g2 PDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 ~6 p7 Z! @' z& @! M# [- q
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : o* v, J; g" s d v- J8 ~* n: X- t1 U. z( m9 c, W7 v. [- K! u9 g% e
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 m* B; h2 e1 @7 \" }% w
- E! N1 d' ~! h0 ]; pIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! l# t! y4 r+ z' j& R7 h+ a1 _# J6 \1 M+ I% c7 v2 M2 S
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) p! {9 M+ {" q
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 p, `$ k: q1 _/ Z" S! q6 s/ _, B0 E/ a- E
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:8 z/ P' l& O# {4 I7 L
. ~6 S$ m+ T; [) A9 a. N, jThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # G, a( S4 I7 ~2 P' O8 x# { / V4 e4 m* o! v4 c; MThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! }6 T; t/ B& X1 \& T" V: ?6 X
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : t+ `1 q+ ~1 a& W1 V0 D P4 v( b3 M4 a1 K: H$ ]
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& n \) j6 f9 T( L0 E1 ?$ }8 B+ c( l
2 |2 O3 g# K6 I+ i' n) |; Z" cWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' S5 ~2 ]% t/ D; ?( d& b" {5 O( E
" y% g& e# d3 `4 A5 o. P* mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 K; Y" k$ i' b* H1 i , r3 }" D) y; R r3 w% W写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)/ ?9 u( h: x; a; ?' D$ H3 `
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 . A2 o; V1 R" a5 `$ o5 H1 a7 [5 A5 P5 w# h3 a, t
; @ i. ~, x( e" W- z1 x3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 $ e7 Q& A9 A1 K# n3 f4 ~. d5 X6 J2 ?! L
例如: " Z/ O K# R( r2 W 4 S" A/ F7 ^2 u: \Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " b$ U7 `+ ?3 k; n. o ' \4 v0 V: a; T& wManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" I1 c* {7 l3 l& V( M
4 L! b, @% H% V q; ^; vThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): K& r, U+ l. u1 x7 y
: R6 o% z; V3 J0 W: E3 U G; d$ rHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- [" n/ f! V/ d) C5 N7 ?
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * R# G$ }( E0 c2 R/ e+ P9 H5 y + {3 R+ y2 R1 x1 F+ F) HPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) . ^* }: f( p/ K7 s9 l$ r* N% H! F4 O# C% t4 m
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 A0 \. B$ _2 S- I6 Y$ W# H- q
* d1 e8 H$ Z* l1 v, o* `; cStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 a2 _4 F9 M5 T8 p; K6 i& H& W/ W
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : r! z$ P3 n4 j z4 B x8 R' z; ?. }4 w7 Q3 I: P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # _3 n, A7 }% k" ]9 Q2 ? C) T5 v( g8 H* E; |
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;: o' V7 O' p7 w& [$ r3 D
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- x0 @+ H/ I7 i) b) S2 H$ m' }3 }
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 ?8 ?$ s6 a }2 \; G6 D ! G' {( G& X3 q6 `对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , @* C3 c. z: |4 \( S k1 y' P* r" ?* y, z7 p' j) f
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( i/ t* i+ m' H# ]- K7 ?5 a" _! j; o2 r% d
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ A2 L' T5 Q, p
6 ]" k- g" Y- E0 x有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 T' e- Z8 w+ l