本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 l8 u: f" o" r7 o7 |% ^$ e
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 |. S5 J/ v3 _- A& n; w5 C* Y: j# S9 B/ i' T2 Y
例如: : B5 N1 Y) C, h 9 S: a [( z' I1 x6 pMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / y. `+ D' s/ J. ]6 A $ V+ Z+ ^. R5 V% p- YThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) + Y2 |# V! a* J( [ 9 S1 |" U( f% LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 p% p1 a7 L( x) P . H6 P% l- h- x$ \The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% j+ t# t/ [, @' Z
+ P, _4 ^* _5 b& x$ s3 eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 6 d7 Q2 z9 W# ?1 I8 b5 L& ~4 m; m6 n, K3 \/ L7 W* T9 {0 O5 V9 Q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' M5 ?5 u- t0 N- u. h7 D 7 l0 ]$ `" R+ ?& q! b3 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! n/ ^% }7 m7 S6 {; {# S
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)- B) C% }2 l3 z6 t1 |# P* A
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; {8 t3 ^! ^* z( b9 r6 E' E' ^1 P$ x; {# c2 M# K' J$ T
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 H Z+ C, W7 E, m 7 A* \# h+ ~3 s, Z0 A2 }这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 P& a6 V& l1 H+ F) {2 o1 E
9 M2 R( l/ ~% ~: q( o $ W0 U$ p. _' k i0 R' z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。5 ]8 Q) o/ d @" G) W3 S
- P$ H2 f+ ^4 f w; j+ l例如: 3 b, I0 e; l6 N7 m! ~! d8 U: d" b, V2 Y3 D7 u( Y' s/ |! v+ i
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)7 L) [6 s0 ^- y
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 f# q3 W. ]4 `) F
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( Y+ e; W7 j8 _; X 7 g6 x4 Q: p" `6 L$ ]He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# V* }3 Q V2 e4 Q# ^9 \
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 U' W# a% m: j! u( a& G% n
0 j$ M& w2 K# w7 Z' wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ Y( _2 e, X q- V1 @/ G1 r
+ u, c( x$ u4 x& Q/ NI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' q2 k, H3 ~- \3 E
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 D$ X, O& m) ` % t: p W9 `/ AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 t' J5 w2 X( x) }% h, [9 v5 E% Z9 g3 T
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 U* K, c) v" F! u/ g. k5 p
/ F* J/ k9 C. _# lHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 H, w' j$ r, T3 p6 M8 b* s1 o$ ~& P3 }# x
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' i7 W5 G9 M% K# i5 ?" D8 Y$ n
y( t" X9 d& TWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 5 I8 X* L% f0 `9 v n6 l! M' |" M: wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . ~- ~) l! P+ _3 M5 j" i7 k' ? # T' e! M$ h, _& K" n写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 j% g/ N L" M( l
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。/ H5 c5 {% G* K
- }, b( J. @. [ z2 c! @% P8 R2 p4 I- c8 m, ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。# k0 [4 o. L( c
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例如: % r' C9 @9 r# t' ~, [ 3 V6 _, Z* S0 q0 j9 yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; y- b6 W5 w: Z5 }7 M: P4 ^4 d, ^ M2 ?1 g1 [3 @
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* v6 F, w9 z) r- b6 a. |/ ~9 V
/ h. S& i, S: b _This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ X3 m8 c0 k7 g- k ; o' ^, M* a1 F1 N. lHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)! [: \1 x* }$ |$ g" T$ F5 O) d, _
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) : t- U9 s/ L9 C2 D/ p. d. @ 0 f' b& ?: \ Y* @7 XPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 h& r9 {9 L9 X" [ 5 R" y2 j% u" t2 ]% DCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) / c# u+ }) b3 u, M" E" [/ z" B) L( ]- @3 S$ E
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 s: J+ R; {/ X( I8 H2 e* ?1 V$ G- O: G& w' O" e/ s, d
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " l) q3 d1 ?0 p# V3 d) U * m7 ]- A( ]! A0 E' L7 H当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( |$ \# W9 g/ s ]- b