本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " I' ?% K# e: [* ?% I u# O5 M( D& T9 N* J& O! [# K7 N I' P 转帖 6 V J; f a6 J; {2 X: c' H- {6 i1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) $ d' Q! X4 y L2 h ; M4 `& {' x6 E2 f2 c1 C例如:* { |7 a7 Q& _$ r2 G$ r/ C2 U* q
& }7 B" K+ V* _; W' e3 MMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) N; B0 p9 g; w" [# h4 c3 Z r0 D/ c4 J: F, u9 R# KThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 m3 z: m9 _2 P$ M# L+ M, w" E. ] z' l( i
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)* A) j& w, D) g
' v& i* b3 {( H9 P3 X9 ^The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! x" z- m; }3 b7 e
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) {7 x; z& ?2 t: N1 d
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 N8 V- V* d, n* i, d% U* {9 `: W
! D9 h. m; v' j, J8 {We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * W. Z& q2 h, S) N; a1 j2 y; Z; V/ T+ Q% _: {
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ' ]! g& `6 B( l' [# a7 B0 ], M4 t0 C" V$ y0 ]. ^& O9 e
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! }6 e# N, {& U) k3 Q+ ~3 ? & P- R R$ S% n0 S; \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# o. }) C# D8 l4 Z; ?
! y, T3 X9 [2 _7 v3 l这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ M) I% a1 n0 n/ Q; a( i" J
, z. w" v9 C m 9 b! C2 m4 D" u+ A; O2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; M5 q4 R( H" V! \
* g/ l; b/ l$ m7 d/ \6 D例如:1 \8 a6 E- T K U. ?
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + H# ~+ G# @. s1 s' w2 Q , L( \( n, f! z: ODespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 8 X1 x1 F; x& W4 c' C6 \0 j/ e0 ^, ~( d
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 V+ A2 D0 O9 _, R9 z" |, [# v ; q* X# y0 p0 y! R* r9 BHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 L9 h. L0 X" b) F& v" T& E; t/ U
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 R% h8 P9 p# @+ j
u r2 o& B6 j8 g6 RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' ]6 k9 z. B% f! _
" e5 h% r# P2 U5 W0 |I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 l4 G4 ^. U' s7 v# {% M
, `/ a& o* h) F5 Y9 |, J8 R如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 4 C3 h) @) q6 h6 W0 a " o5 s! `0 g. K8 k, O3 E2 U# y4 }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* b6 b, C5 J) b/ L$ r' A, `# x# t. D
- ]2 j+ A/ o0 N o" U( iThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)6 e7 |, Y$ b, a4 h
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 v+ y5 P2 R, l1 \9 B3 T, b5 Z0 J
7 n. t: |( u$ r2 w. n8 Y2 dHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)& U* H$ ~* g7 ^4 w3 o' n
9 L4 p/ `+ ^# [- y: _9 F: NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( @! e* @9 r) Y- m* R% E * C3 ^" m9 O1 b P G# C9 I' s/ NEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)4 I8 F+ z/ _$ l% H1 h2 H! {' g1 b
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) , @: y9 {; @' \- K3 Z) m6 X ; z/ w R4 ^. K9 ?此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# |! U) _% Z M
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b) m# t+ ?7 J# k3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 G- }, i/ D$ M3 p* j! c( A7 C% }! c1 _8 M3 f$ R
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)) e7 I& w' M. p: a$ D
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + k+ u0 L* R% K7 U8 ?/ M/ y0 Y) \- X2 p' v1 G
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; B: F& t! N" a8 V* v9 z3 l W( b! P7 B5 `! n5 ]) r
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 ~9 J# d. V T+ t
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 a/ M6 Z5 N0 x1 y0 v: M. g/ E# E, r: ~/ P& }$ K$ W6 j! x) K# ]
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ @ g% I& ?" e9 ] 1 R: }7 l6 O6 }, y3 ACongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); ^2 P3 f8 U$ X
' p% B4 F- x1 g IStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 O: a7 L( L: H Q. O
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* B# _+ V& O% h& j% j: n
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ @8 o% ^1 S) O" \
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 J" J% k& \! y5 i, Z* t
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;* `9 J: J5 J% s3 E+ [: z( d
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( p% H1 b# y9 L- N( G6 h# _7 d ! k' `' n) l4 V( F4 {! P" U对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;) |8 M% ]) @* k3 W: b- y& F
$ B" y, V3 A+ I; y还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 \' v& T4 w1 K% T' q+ K ' [' ]& G6 L1 ?有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 {+ j" [- v' Q: A, f3 L, q( B3 X