# z, n; B% ~- x% Z. Q例如: 7 }. P; E( F; a3 V' ` 0 K, ?$ T" t2 l5 F; M" tMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) / q4 {3 u* f8 U e( `. K# I3 {2 s4 l9 e, K/ P \- Q7 t
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - ~/ b; d+ R# e( y* _" `! H+ R a& g: k1 w/ B$ T
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; r; Q, X0 v$ t, e* z0 O+ w7 j$ _6 U: e& i5 U" m; f# F$ j# y
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 v+ X& i6 w( ?, Z. w# @) s2 R1 T0 r$ o1 F
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 9 L/ [+ m9 l3 S7 j5 \ & ^& F$ F3 L# n* xMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" `- O6 Z: t! j
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 B7 S! W3 l& U8 F4 N3 s! O8 G6 W5 {( s
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)" e8 \# g; w2 S9 I7 L4 z/ l
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % L# O4 i& j8 W, _: b* O . n2 B/ \6 O9 q" f7 v, \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) / D7 p+ }& f8 C0 I5 }1 i * d }+ F) ~8 V0 D. @8 R& ?9 A这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 w* ]8 s( b0 V: `% r# T/ U& m8 e ) N3 J( T# H; Z" G9 o- ?3 P6 I: B( A- M2 X/ p$ B, v% G 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% P) w3 s$ Q" }" i
: k2 k$ `& _( ^: M+ e例如: / m. p1 O5 w+ g: O # r0 c6 B, E4 o; xAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 4 r2 `* h# C; c$ ^ n( ]$ \ 4 \4 k6 \& y k8 R& X, oDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 ?, \% b% L. z
, y% J, Q0 x$ e F, k3 i' xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 d1 l9 N. y' \% ]1 M. ?. Y* l+ w& \- R3 p+ b8 \* j. Y8 g2 l
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & f/ Y* Z5 [ N7 ]3 T# ] + r5 t1 }3 `+ R) v4 w. l3 UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# m- P8 v: [) ^5 p: y
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); K2 Q% \' D0 z/ _, }
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( O5 b! ]) R1 j/ K" I/ n* Y% P6 i + X* n7 q" \: |& ?! j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:, t' ^# `9 F" a# C: G3 D- R
3 y0 ?* V) e, M/ mThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # i1 z1 q9 g( g9 n% B/ l: v# U% \ t8 }5 i% P3 q" J" g. ^, nThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 _! t- H! ~8 `: [9 R2 D! S/ k. F2 z1 A" s+ r
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). A) w9 |3 C# E1 ]! t5 Y
0 \4 x, D5 V; s- X2 D- A# P. G$ ?He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & I, e \2 v& o* J: z1 q& O ) E. x5 o5 j3 b- i4 i: n( nWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ' `, H' u% C: W+ P( Q 0 z5 d; M4 d: j! bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% j. i* ^- [+ z R6 k8 w8 S+ i, L
c+ k) R* \! E4 G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % T- u$ Q, h& L) r9 b% X4 s' u* I$ v& V2 ?
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ V# V+ W4 U% m
% r$ u7 r& q# A- H% \) D0 i) R& ]3 n& ~2 A. U; n 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' f# C& o$ S& a 7 L+ V% |, l8 N8 i1 \& q' G例如:: T: i7 P& | B
3 D1 G- c1 {" Z5 h$ R, Q9 yMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)8 `' x }! M/ q# G$ l6 d& j- ?0 Y6 O
1 K+ g7 \+ t9 G& A0 t/ N2 WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" @' }$ |# b& s" c. z, s% X
' o9 T# u: \8 i) Y# I, D* WThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- S9 z2 z9 w; N# ~
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). D: |6 V0 I' o
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' x- P( N5 P w$ u5 ?" w $ j, O# A/ @" V4 R( g. ?- q' QPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 c, H1 s) n( x/ _2 E' m
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 ?4 h# h4 z) N3 E
1 z3 u0 q6 D, w* K( H5 OStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& |2 i- C6 W( Y8 f
3 F; Y# o3 N% ]: P同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 b, [$ j+ ? y, s 4 u3 u2 F, i5 m5 s/ @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! `/ ?, Q4 U) g* ]8 i1 D8 z5 Q2 ~
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! A* r' n% D% A# d; k$ w# F5 v
' `" L0 R, `% |$ b# V; W7 f/ X对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * N s+ U l% b: j& R% z D0 n! P i. X$ P$ \2 x& p& t7 d4 J, O! Y. N9 S; \
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; & w) v9 _# `: _" u2 U0 N ) d/ I1 O; v1 U& e对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , h$ D- G; z' V* v% Q& Z3 P ' i+ {+ k# f- C6 k至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' X5 s6 a9 y4 \) X! o3 ?9 u$ { , _. R5 s: h# v7 q8 b2 G' ?还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 J& B, M4 P+ G. d; E8 b" U
B; ?- Q& P& R; n& A' f有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : _9 M z, L% c+ H