本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( f3 V$ C& F9 G- }" l : q) e' `' Y1 U) h" P7 k转帖: V5 R! K, E+ N! g5 w
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) [' v2 x; ~! }$ I* p% Z' L) n
7 g# [) z: C$ s7 X
例如: % U/ ]/ @7 S0 V ^2 E- r $ w; A% ?! M- r2 d* ?* zMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 c( o1 t) A" W$ }
' o) v- b) O& h: _6 d0 }+ S( p8 lThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), k) T/ @, P; I& c; e
: y" A# h. [ t) B- j4 O8 E
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 I+ B+ d% q9 A' d
% |* F9 }, p7 w# H4 y! ^3 _The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 z4 n& A5 R: D: A) A/ ~; ~$ H, R+ B1 p( {: N; n% V# a
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" o) ?, y" c2 T
7 I, Q0 g% x. j
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)6 A, f" d4 ?4 n$ \, x; B
" W& Z' _8 I" r% ^2 c. f9 V
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) k( ?0 Y" e& s& l7 \% T! L8 F( {$ {& K" W7 n0 g2 C- m9 ?, p
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 N8 P) J# `/ j7 Q ! B% f5 N6 B. J# I O7 x0 J' NWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; E l* I W. `/ ?& R . z9 Q8 V+ s( s- s* X" o- }9 |1 ?Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) % h( ^0 h' @3 X9 D- C, K( B , J! d5 L, e, c; S. L! Q" P这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - K9 C9 B; s7 U( K% ~0 L0 ?' _& }& M9 \9 W
8 g1 B, l; t+ g, [8 r1 u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 L+ B5 F% A L L ! S5 o; ]' N o) a例如:3 R" O2 q$ `4 @/ k$ O/ R1 M
% {0 D, F- E" F* PAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& c: c( f9 _3 a2 z9 {0 C
4 W4 z' V' d8 C8 A1 P9 HDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 M4 ~4 g% I' ~ 5 v0 @' k! [8 n* |& C$ X h' RI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- \9 J& T4 l% O0 \6 [) W# K, l
% h* O; u+ `) LHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ! b; P9 G0 H0 x# |; h- W/ ?; D 6 } \# {" t6 e* p/ ]) S( E( n MIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , o& L8 N( Z$ x- S- c' k , Y6 ]0 ]/ n. R1 f" eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! C: x; f- V/ u$ P o5 Z& C# o! |5 C4 f' P9 e6 i9 q
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# h7 @0 r( m2 H4 A" D* L
[9 _, g& {. N
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ) O' A& d7 o6 d2 q2 N 9 F2 a% v+ K$ R" F" FThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 _2 f/ V' `4 z$ d' J* {0 f$ y7 ` S) T S9 x. ?8 e0 D% YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)3 e$ R+ P7 G- K& a2 i* x
+ z: ^: |" ~* t, T7 w! k( h5 r- e: kHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ( B) s7 f- f1 S( l$ S6 } 2 _3 r' Z1 n7 I" n( MHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * F3 C- }. O, _$ z; a; Q N: y6 A$ y4 v9 K5 Y8 r% R; Y- W
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! M+ M2 @" ]7 G* ?6 [: Q
# p& H( K; {$ U) B4 k. |Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 F- s/ G% O+ l7 m# b - X' w- h0 k) i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 C( e7 [' S- o5 L! `# ?0 m0 W) y) ~; y: G7 Y
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 4 _" i" S/ I1 |. k' E# z7 \5 N ! I! j1 M# k/ _- q' Z W8 k# U% _$ J0 D3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。% A! F; n5 N$ J. W; |
8 [2 I: W4 U7 B2 ^3 z8 c例如: s' F% m! Y* G: D# V2 r. U
4 O% x/ V# X3 F$ ?1 f
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); a+ ]0 E& `* F" c0 Z
1 B- c ^" s$ [- G
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* z: r8 T# ]" U$ q; _
% F4 x/ Z- ?/ x: X! X* Q$ G: HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 x4 j7 U+ Q$ x+ B, Q
( F. D/ W6 I, B( t- n0 WHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 u; i/ c; h; h* n2 \' t4 a9 I
; I4 X* \2 h) W# ]) [8 R- QMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 `: y" O9 H/ L7 h
" c# g! \, @ M* S8 Z2 X1 o% v7 W
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)+ L/ {9 B S. s- ~7 @7 N$ _
1 c9 X( |1 |) ~* E
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 f' o7 _1 q2 c% f1 [$ F9 W
1 q% Q2 _3 N/ E; V* xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)1 z4 {7 U) {) i/ }- C8 `7 e
6 ]& L. u* s' H* Y. C同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * |$ n$ ^% A$ A9 |+ c M$ v8 b& i0 i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( m8 ^4 g& G. Z: L( a1 B9 [+ [' C- i, b, }* ?2 _1 F
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ a1 c& w- y4 u ) Y. c6 e2 }! b+ A- r对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( L' S4 d) O% k) Y6 k 7 m% [& z4 {: h8 [" b& n; n对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;+ m+ X3 j" A8 d& y9 L3 Y" u$ \8 Q
8 z4 `$ S- U5 _ Q$ w! f
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;* z- u, L+ G' a: C$ k f
- u6 Z9 q; ?9 j还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ H6 X* d( q, j" [% \1 l
1 H6 H! A1 z; b" @, H有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 s0 @: l) ?4 a. y+ q* @