本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " B" t% w& J4 d" ], y' {1 O, Y. T G! d 转帖 : ?! M3 v( K: D2 e1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % q$ u( g8 u ` 5 J8 h; o" X. q' k) U例如:- O/ t- c7 R7 u5 P
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ E5 ^! G9 u4 {: R; F
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " S5 u& y! H2 V- M" g1 P ; r* B E& E$ |8 UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)2 i+ B0 ?% [& o! I' [; `
% h' E6 t/ z" p6 mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)# ~8 r; H: h3 _2 j; H# Y9 {! w
7 d0 O8 C& m2 N0 f% w- \, X- NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 T" q9 f- @4 i3 l8 E. r% a( e% x/ x5 M8 B) H) p
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): V s1 X6 G% [) e6 M& }
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 W: Q, T+ {% t+ d9 W6 } @' f
0 N" y; |9 j( M J0 ~% u, H# ^5 hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 d1 G& z4 V( j8 C: @; M2 x2 w1 ~
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) % f$ t& o# v* |$ T- Y; Z+ M6 n) B) _5 j7 F" C$ F
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) H6 \: B0 ]5 a$ \; A
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! / w0 _- X* \2 G' Y% P3 G& M8 k( ?: J& U3 l, v
s2 I3 d4 V$ l) f 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 a- L1 E7 p) J% j
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; A* C7 E0 q9 B4 z4 K" z0 q0 I4 \" e
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ K+ ]; X$ `# f$ U
u9 x& a$ u _$ S8 [7 G; BI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)/ \* W0 G' X$ q8 G
; x) C$ p/ s+ k5 k/ l1 d4 `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* J7 e& s* n" O
2 G* r! `* q# j$ BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)$ ]+ y0 i* k9 ?( K
4 J- Y0 w7 |: wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 m/ v2 F6 T) c( h0 R
! _ k! Q3 k6 i( g. wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . ~/ |. \3 ?/ b# j ' c5 S# j' w" M如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 L/ O2 t. v: G5 n; n) S: x* n 0 s, G! B7 ?/ X8 ~% f7 j$ _0 ^$ }) hThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 F" g' N/ J2 _7 [8 Y/ d1 f
) Q8 Y0 f6 L9 vThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ) E5 w3 c, c+ @1 [1 w* |& Y1 x7 d3 h9 Y! u
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 4 H0 V. O S2 f8 f4 {" c2 N9 K" I 2 [0 ^3 M8 M( kHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 w# ~. [# u; b% N, L9 n/ t! Q7 }$ I; h2 t4 W: b6 Z% a
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), |0 Q* Z& L! `8 H
4 R, M- _) V- kEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 c+ @$ n3 r- q& b; [% V% o. Q & @2 w4 s) J+ D4 z写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 E/ p q8 b# F1 Z& L- F
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- c9 [* R: [# q) I
* ~; v! b+ _! N% H) Y$ Y. L . B* p- l- d1 ?, p+ Y3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。& H8 c4 U' F- S3 m, B* `4 V
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 j6 }- J3 T% j9 b* j+ \6 K5 y6 C( ]
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : _% t+ N$ G( N; L+ I9 V . `$ T! h0 c" fThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 }/ Y. m- {* x2 l1 }! m" @" s# {2 O6 K/ o9 a% V4 ]/ p
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) u8 a4 n6 q0 ?. X. x# H4 K$ n0 _* i. R, L7 T" O+ |/ v3 z
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ U/ ]" m/ I$ Q) s+ ^2 W; h! P; @( O
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' }& i1 h3 R5 y- H3 \, z ~6 `# Q
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) # G* A2 Z# `$ T8 K0 ~ : I& K9 n: C+ s$ P" n! W0 xStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 6 D }. K9 y3 A M 1 R! [0 J9 y! u. B* _+ f同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 e- R r: f ?% {# L7 `& V) F2 |5 r+ x& d# f) C
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:* H% V2 s$ H1 y0 a$ p& m2 N
: x. `9 F1 i7 A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;* H. p; z' J. w) z! Y
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 B& y/ o: p* e2 `) x7 u* ~
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! g s" U; ^: q( Q. M& B 0 O/ \* u( ?6 Z$ c对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 m+ a8 F5 A1 t7 D
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 x) s8 w* Y/ _! E: `$ p
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . {* G* `2 U: {7 h - {( n/ A) u7 w% w/ }有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 6 E3 R# }& d$ T2 r