本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / r1 \5 _1 |$ W# Y( P( V% N b$ g 5 s; q/ Q* j* d2 y: i1 z+ r% C' O: `转帖: j$ h2 @9 Y9 a+ D% J9 d! o
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * E: j1 w1 c, G3 c7 T2 H- N: B! R' k I
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). J: j# R1 p# Y, s7 i( ?1 s
% k$ g4 A: } v& _Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) \& B0 x1 k- P2 @( u / R9 D8 R3 Y6 ~ d4 J. {# fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). W+ r/ m1 Z' [' H
) R3 x1 y' g- M! {, ^% d+ MThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 P, H" S5 ^; h5 @8 U% |
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& |/ h2 l8 g1 t7 w2 t+ X7 U- {
" V* p6 D8 `! o- vMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)" n+ J2 y _, z5 U( D
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 w! m5 Y6 c# q* Y! i, F# H! ~/ I+ [) K; F! t' {7 s) i
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)# G p" V! }8 M1 w1 b* B- Z) A
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 1 c; h: b0 K0 c 9 d; @! C4 a$ }. lPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)) B& U" h6 V4 ?$ k0 ]' Z
. t" }8 n) F" h" d* X7 x) V" a0 b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 z5 c( a0 y, h ' l# W6 X1 Q; F) m6 }8 | + G5 n; H% J) W3 n2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 U1 _' Q3 N4 R$ z j( X# R
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例如:4 w( j3 H6 _" s% H& `( i( y: G
$ f3 F# {' g! {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 t0 }) W! w& H+ i6 k* i% m! M2 O
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ' z& V* ?$ H% p |6 Q3 W7 v, Y S/ b$ KI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 s T+ J& f, Y, o. ^+ w1 H. W# D! r& r
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ W) C) C3 ^& ?. \0 s
: C" Y! E- F9 _6 m2 ~ |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! W6 v1 N; |6 z) x' }) d
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 a$ R8 [& p- n3 Y- y V & D9 _9 h# A1 S) C& D, vI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + ?; M6 W! q9 U! ~6 `* l( }3 k% {; g
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 F0 b. p; {6 s0 s0 Z9 C) p, S8 X9 g$ s! U1 @
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( g; n7 J" ?7 k- j8 ?# B Z i% o8 n7 J \: f+ a
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* l y9 B& [$ @/ H
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 J* `- W0 W A6 J: }9 P
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): V! D) M7 D4 a- M6 H3 ]
' R5 M( W R( e' A) ? NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . q8 P \ V+ y4 s( k. q2 d' c$ S# ?0 y: g; p
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) # h) _$ Y& P" M& [' q" o, s# \' \8 O7 B9 b3 ^2 x
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.); ^9 ?2 T1 X- i* F
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) N7 `3 e% X2 \+ U( e: K( c4 s1 s
2 n6 m) R) u8 B, K* c/ q1 L 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + z5 i( P$ Z1 I # }' w: }. G5 g. Q0 {例如: H8 s8 L) c; Q) Q1 C) u2 t9 j1 u0 z1 E/ f' S/ p/ @4 [7 I
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 U, _" P, X. K9 V0 J% y, u" v! _5 s) X, b0 }% O" W
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)4 v( c6 f. A* K' l. z4 K- d
* @5 X) p% C- M' DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ b2 ^" M v4 Y ) r- ^( T: l1 d6 q4 j6 BHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 P0 m- G3 K N 1 ^, V7 m4 `4 B X& [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % f& h$ B7 D- J G% Z8 D8 Y# Q" H% E0 g/ J9 n
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 ]+ O) p u* C6 B. O' E) c! ]6 ~5 b, ^; a
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 o! a& t, ~3 o& D; G$ W2 i * Y, V/ J1 N# J. t! jStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) m* \+ H/ Z% b* c) i# R# k+ N& n E- m% {9 ~' a7 H/ R- H
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 w$ J6 P8 C) P4 T
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . D7 H6 R- R% E+ G + ~! N1 |* c' A/ s5 A6 i# \; g- V对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * \; C/ j8 ` f, P) T8 @3 c3 O2 u/ {
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 5 h4 [" S8 G$ l, S# B# s) n$ n2 L$ P. D. |1 H9 W) A
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, z6 V& w& }+ S9 k. c
1 [* P4 _! N; _* d$ n& s7 P对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 G. h+ [0 G+ Z
9 }& K0 M2 }8 {9 j4 F- Z; W至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ `4 `& U7 [; s' f
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 ?3 V# V! L9 ^% R. Y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) T' o9 R: E6 w* M9 x; J