本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 Z& r. M- ?4 l( L/ w# O, T- a) L 3 F1 `& A1 _* V9 R/ a转帖 J/ x) O# I6 J' O7 {3 k: J7 m
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)' [; S/ k1 v% c. Z; A
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# s( `/ w# P7 \" P8 \% m/ B" C/ c
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " B( I. e3 e3 I) D. s2 d4 l ( p3 l( _5 N+ E4 [$ F3 |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)& V6 z! l' F4 a% M+ d) H
. \* b- A- K( HThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 l5 x1 e: x: y( D) V+ Z/ D9 u8 x- F5 I, ?" Q& s+ C M/ d
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( P2 ^# Z4 |, B9 |" D' i 3 U& e. L# ?' T# H( QMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + B5 M: j7 t/ K3 i% \2 p+ E% o9 j, C5 f% P( M4 Y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" A& P2 Q$ h( J; K
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) i$ O! R( c/ q2 G# r( t. |: m* D. c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)/ P% R( G4 }5 D& S2 O& L
5 x( x6 x; h6 n' iPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 G) q/ |; G6 V" R$ b" R 3 j1 V/ ~+ o1 l7 k! L这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 {3 a/ I: ^" ]+ d; C) h; C 8 K& s$ ^) n7 v: u% E5 W2 | + `; a5 _. p( W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。' |$ \* B G, I$ v- r; j* b
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例如: : ^5 D2 I9 t, ` + V! ?+ A' ~+ K0 ^. fAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): A/ c' g2 n' l4 }( B
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " W6 l0 w5 T0 Z1 ? - l! P$ }& N L7 O( `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 l9 H1 h3 r7 H" X5 u
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( V/ g* k8 S$ |" N5 _ / K1 y: u; {+ R3 m9 v. I: H7 j- YIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): F: @. z, m; x' n3 P3 `
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / t# e4 Q X @7 m % ]& s0 L' \: R' A' @: lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* t8 u( n* f: N8 p$ f9 }. w
# \$ b4 x/ j" b; V& |+ j# G如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: & K# y" ?" u) u, j) e; k( S# Q$ c4 p! r6 }9 L% ^* N
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - L2 E x6 \6 D 8 v. C2 ^7 v* yThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 K( g6 t' g1 I7 \- d
6 D% ~' ]( g. ?% _; \$ O5 |( z' HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) + H) V- J& s O: ?9 K& s1 [# H" k; i7 ]- |+ [, ]! }9 t0 K; C
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + M, \; {6 ?+ @# V% r" e% y2 Y% o$ F% p
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 Z/ v/ h/ i& p. Y: k9 k& k$ T4 Z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收): |$ Y* J8 o7 o# {, w$ q. e
( v* b$ r1 a; Z2 G4 [# p写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- G8 S g2 \1 i) R
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & T7 v+ n" W* a9 r: D m ! ]/ x: t, M6 I9 V g, }) V9 [1 |" S- ]% D' c6 ]) Y5 E! V: O# F 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 6 N( R/ \! s% \7 z9 K1 P( c+ W y4 }0 h: y; L
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) + ^4 u4 Q. F5 s. N' b1 t , q3 G7 ~6 G# A! U% l% {5 rManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) n3 s# q9 x- M9 ~0 l! ]1 h4 m) L- o0 W# w- }2 I% V
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 G8 C$ v2 l* o4 w5 i, H% P4 w1 [, F2 g8 l9 w, W
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ R1 J. N: o4 E# ^9 s$ z/ p* P- b0 \
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 2 n* q4 p5 K8 _( Y [3 t% S5 a; c* o+ y
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) S: u; s! g9 W ]6 \- G, P( {3 K1 W
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 e/ P2 n+ E v' F2 c. h$ v( K6 I- r 3 [7 {) z; `1 V; v CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' v$ _0 m% r2 M$ d9 ?
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 - k7 ]7 a" A) ?9 F 5 Y% s8 ]% i+ p9 g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:9 k7 x9 M+ k$ \0 l+ l) X& c% T
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;' Z: p, M' t" S
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; z8 m6 L; |6 r2 |1 v- p% {2 ?) ~3 O0 ]2 }' h
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' B `' k" N" \: D/ s5 @
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 S+ F( s4 ^3 {+ X/ M& @* `! t7 t1 W3 x' L& j: I8 t
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 b! d0 j/ E8 A( T; F" M- N! Q$ v; Z0 Z6 K3 v- Q; s& {
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 m4 B, k: |& _* e& j$ w
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) ?; v/ }5 I: Z9 A$ p