本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 3 _' x0 R+ s/ X0 {) L: ~# g2 `! t% @; ^ 转帖4 U0 c* E: }7 V: F) I( u
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ) v' C+ C9 J( g/ P) d8 w" U. b6 l; d! E' }9 O+ Q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 Y/ Z. N1 q+ c; }, W' s( ]* W3 h2 M5 a
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 w! d& ?7 l* H6 q4 y7 G
+ c- V. K- U" X) ]This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " i9 ?; k3 L: U6 _( i , U. q, `4 y5 j3 [3 bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ ^6 ]3 U6 ]0 p' R* C( H% x- E
) `! Z* b5 U% e) sI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 p) f" D$ _2 L+ @0 z; Y1 ]1 \ + v* [$ H% i7 ?) M4 PMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)0 g# z- X9 Q$ k" K
& S7 w+ N+ J. a$ Y$ G8 bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " A, I! e7 m5 Z$ U# J" i $ w+ E/ x/ u6 f7 jThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - B" z u l. s' M# X) C1 O5 _! J% L! I* m' X
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ c" B+ B7 c+ x8 d2 O$ M
2 U' T, a; b1 r) I% G. u8 mPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 V+ q0 z" g+ u1 Q% x% B T
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ w8 |6 T8 q8 k9 F1 v( e9 X2 g. \3 W, j
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) " u0 z% v' G; u8 U' A! |( ~6 ? 8 [, t9 b+ b8 g5 sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) % S0 c& x% T; S( A# V1 x- Y4 l1 ?" w. G
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * u v* g1 ^3 o ( u; V6 t! o7 q- T7 o; z! U9 [2 eHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) " s( B# ]. t: p, [3 \/ M3 r- D7 g* _* f0 C/ ?
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & R- m! L+ f/ O ' `9 k. M0 r" J; V M qShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * K8 ^3 k3 c+ L) |( t0 A; O3 L7 G# r0 K' u2 e6 n" w+ c+ A
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 Q$ r3 k1 P; m) E! G! |
+ s$ d u z; J& I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 q( e. q7 Q& Q' z; R7 s: d, n' Q/ T2 I- B# C P: e4 G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)8 j2 N" V& U0 S8 Z
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 G0 f6 N& w7 K- K
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)' Z" v+ W' t7 P' ~/ o/ T/ T- L
1 @- }. D8 l2 u! n% b( b: v2 q2 BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# e0 [1 i% x: d# Y: O' r
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- l# {9 w( M- P0 i
1 G+ F- b. f& X. CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 5 E* U5 l# U. h; H/ V1 @$ b1 T; }. v: T# x
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * p$ V# O# b; Z$ `/ s! g3 G |- ?! j8 Y) l' ~8 v* m此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 ]! Q4 t0 B" g5 P0 K( l+ P2 h( e% F a, l8 T& k% c
2 w! \% e/ l' B( }! ^4 }( q+ d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。: H& @: M" ?/ U7 x O- o( }
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2 a; f6 k+ } o. ?Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 i9 V r5 C% I5 Z5 l b: ?
3 g6 B; X) q( Z9 Z. H# F+ d kManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) x' Z; i$ h5 P- o% e6 ]. b, h
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)4 y4 U/ T" b9 [# }7 C! X
2 j4 h9 {0 Q1 e0 PHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) % O9 {5 ^! m; K! L. I# i" `# i4 x" k: s) }2 \- v( ?4 p1 M5 g
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ y# d. O/ L% U7 t. U
3 v! l3 C' R, t* E/ x0 zPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)! E0 b3 m$ P3 s+ O* ^, p
& D. h4 n, y* A. B8 P" L+ GCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)$ g _4 C# Y' L4 t: B
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) z& ~* r6 p! k6 f; P% D0 X& i! b! f L$ N# T5 Z/ R+ S% v% ?1 H
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' j! @4 @. H7 o7 P; g5 T6 g% v9 j- U8 r! |9 Z) ]3 x
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ y* @) k) N- B- l S0 d
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & p& v- r* B! r* \* k, k, T$ Q: S+ W. K1 R# j7 [
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, ~1 W0 X! @+ Q
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;& a& ?$ d5 v M
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' S3 m/ H$ \2 h* ]6 }6 \4 P2 y7 `: G
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:5 `2 p8 n' s- u1 Y/ e
+ O- w9 W \. v" O$ i+ ]还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 W r4 }9 v* A9 B Z5 z) d- Q& t+ t0 h% J+ o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # s5 J' T% K) D# j