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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word). u. J7 ^5 l) A4 t8 {1 w( E" f( v
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+ y( {+ l' p7 ]( _' K/ IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! n9 G1 p9 H' y! K; T2 e, Q
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 D7 U/ g& J7 O' C# S7 ~ 7 p% O' e' O+ Y- c( N- H LThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # {% d/ m+ m6 D8 a8 O3 S H! w
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ z+ H( f1 T1 f7 z4 {7 i0 d; {( v
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 v+ m+ e& F! h* Y. `4 X# X8 }: J
- g+ x3 }# s. i; X" I8 }1 XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% U( m( v! F8 S- n
' Y: ?' n+ }) J; p! `1 Z" SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)' i) E% k) K$ A8 D- G
* }* u2 c. x1 ]; G4 ?) p; Y6 RThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). z& u+ _1 u- T. F4 _* p* l* h! J* {
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) Q2 j1 _# X6 ]1 Y
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), L8 b8 w8 |/ M! q- x( W
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 m" s) z- [: b( u1 Z) s5 G: ]% }* m& k4 [* ~7 e# `
& t5 B. d# I9 Y4 [9 e) v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : g7 { |8 h+ U8 b) e# r# z) l7 }& _( ]' t6 i c* }4 q
例如:, e' m4 E8 n" S" J4 s6 @( J
! C) h# b& @! p; T7 V! o* iAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" K j& n3 B* l8 Q/ | o" u1 A2 \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). A. W4 o0 P4 o8 S, s0 P9 B
$ ~5 m& Z9 M! d3 S. S' c1 QI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( r* A9 I7 i& b 5 c. x8 g* _2 C% T$ rHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 F( s5 t7 c+ J$ s( Q7 [, S
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) U1 n% x/ N0 X B ' H9 S9 C7 Q* P2 W. yShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer), q% g' ^2 w' R
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 V+ }5 G* k- v, E- H% D 2 q! K9 R5 o5 s9 Z I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 r5 g4 ?- u! ^7 R& D5 e( C 8 c, f& | K7 DThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)# o) V# M5 @- o! L' K/ `
0 v! `5 ^, |+ n* i# wThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / E7 f, I. Z( i- T$ {& r$ N/ V( ]) G' J3 H% o0 v
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) u+ G( s1 ?3 ?" m: X2 E8 H
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ x* K$ b2 Z7 ^9 q* m4 ^# y & Z$ U/ Y2 ?) V! jWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" K& j" ~$ R; R# L
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)# |& x5 @8 i7 z R) L$ V
5 P: |' V6 U9 G2 x) w* G2 g3 T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) {: [+ \2 ]& A
* x. O8 `1 Z1 N7 x# W" n$ m8 G此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) v V8 }- f! E
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2 w1 V( P ?; f9 y! t) T例如:. C* W- a4 Q1 i
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 j% `( |+ l( x7 k% H0 G
4 Q; |7 U! E: m% @" j, ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" s, A4 D$ W$ v! k5 e( q
# w- N, Q i4 w7 w6 VThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 \0 C4 t( X- {. h5 o & e; \% B- F; q) t7 E0 V8 mHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; d3 F/ W8 B1 p6 W. T; s, q' h: r0 z: J6 Y7 n
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 k# K/ G2 n9 `- {) e3 @
7 O' \( y' F5 d/ U: n! F }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)/ u7 W3 `1 Q( ?4 E" K7 G
: a7 }1 ^6 s* a3 a i9 b1 R9 M1 OCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , }4 i6 W2 U/ N# o) n# b0 C4 h0 w' Z; C+ Y& \9 e$ f$ p
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 k* @* `5 F8 o$ O6 R- R7 m4 c5 ~* G. z- a
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 V8 p" R& b) w" [
" r: ?, d x v P, V, m8 e: ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( T, q2 c' _& {7 _- p. U0 }
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 \6 P0 f5 t8 Y0 u 3 p0 O4 \0 P( {! z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . U0 e: x, q, ~: @$ {8 e5 J* m1 { |+ j, N1 u2 n3 [. d6 i: W
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;- d/ d3 e* R8 N$ z
2 _" B7 T% D- p0 b' H* j对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;, m4 ^2 t9 j% V; U. l
0 f7 y+ @0 s# {5 }' F6 |* g至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 @1 P" l, O6 E" A6 J. [- w
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % E8 Q: v4 `( V( s8 q6 h , R& H9 R! W) Z# L. S' F有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 N; ]1 v, Q I