本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , e Y3 d/ m6 c+ i# Y7 l7 k5 b- Y9 n4 f- _3 E7 V 转帖1 P5 r3 R" ?- ^ P9 R
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) + t/ X' J d% E6 N, T3 x( ?( G3 J4 B0 u& F9 Q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 3 \4 C/ c9 c" m, p4 w4 \ H8 W- E+ w9 l; v* b) }* S3 S% E- ]Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" q( ~; T, H+ i8 m. h" v- E2 v
[1 d+ p3 e1 \; {+ bThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + w9 \* R0 [8 ?$ z- ~9 a % p0 d% g! f' J& S1 ?7 _, eThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)( U8 E9 C2 d# p$ o6 y7 J
- b9 I0 x: ?* N: d0 y* @I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ E# _1 k$ ?' E1 M& [: `. r
. I( `/ n. M: v2 [& U/ `Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) p' c4 {" ^) x. M3 h
5 A/ ]3 {6 P+ s8 d! g( {! bWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): A: Y5 W, |0 B4 `4 F2 o1 ^
& Y, B" x' d6 Q5 J' B+ J1 kThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 A( F6 b3 L* K& k
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 S4 y* o0 u( m+ k$ C
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ; N' e% `, D3 P S3 \' q0 [2 x / s; p$ t9 g' @$ M9 `这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# o3 X* I' Z! p" k) b0 S3 S
* h" `+ v9 ~+ W' Y \$ C; S; y) j x X8 Q# d5 ^ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 u7 w& a& Z- I2 S* F) m( v
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 B" K. H9 |( N, N, M* M* y1 w
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( z2 \( Q) c" w0 g: i! i" ^ j
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)1 v" L+ s, [" T$ f% k4 M
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) T N: E2 c; I; w) a
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( T+ x$ y! U( o# X/ u1 C. ]( v
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 {1 T5 L5 J2 u9 X" z. I
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" O3 e3 m; H0 e0 h' W% o# Q
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:) h ^ b2 `( n" t
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)! A, K- Y/ ~) `
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). u4 o* z% H* v/ Z
" o2 N" D2 T( \- ~! I2 @He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); i% ?- V" w# v o4 }& f, d3 O& l
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* C2 K" W" J- T. g& z0 I- B
: y. [8 c3 P4 Z: _% }7 R4 Z6 mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " H5 m0 _+ F, r6 Q- v" V . \" M4 M" k H1 CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 f( [; i: D0 b6 z
$ h! P) l- e0 o5 ]) F5 b' I+ Y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 8 {! P2 y* Q: ?9 N' [/ \' y 6 u+ R- w5 g2 }8 @; H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。$ W6 A# v3 p& d, S, @& [
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; F4 Q- y) B5 k7 D+ U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。; W) F# L5 y9 F ^4 l+ a
0 |' |0 q9 g3 P( W! ^; I' L% W例如: ' l/ v5 k/ z3 L4 K( L! q( N5 z* d# V' A* u( r% H
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * I/ l6 Y9 M$ [) q: q* w: W 6 E3 E3 Q0 P( V& L) {Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) n4 m7 B4 v' \% K5 A7 n; m, f" i; U2 @0 t
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 U+ _" C+ J. a! c. B, y 0 k; M N# n$ b3 o% qHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ F3 R5 T5 j4 W$ ^* |# h2 a
5 y& V' J3 w- x J2 Q/ {5 cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ P8 g; w6 f0 j* g
C0 q5 K$ L) r X+ }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- Z& f0 p; b: n: O- V( @2 S
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " U1 T( Z! i) ?. Q: s; z+ B x
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # E& m8 [! }/ j 1 u8 y( _2 N& V. q3 ^% j6 `同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 U: z# P' p+ W/ A0 S `
8 l7 C1 {% w0 L; @当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 3 O0 |' A% }4 Q" v' ^8 I5 n$ q. H5 e+ U8 q& u% j
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 n% O1 g$ t. S/ l$ q
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 G5 a2 B r: _- B5 e/ G . p# n/ F7 N: d5 Y2 Q& T对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) V. T+ k# `% j
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ f1 K; |7 n* C, X- @- [$ _; h3 Z7 ^' n7 o9 C& `% b
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:1 E+ y. K {/ _- ]
+ j! a# F) g2 W! q4 d& W5 T有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。4 Q0 z/ t) m" x' v" B