4 B9 x) U: o9 Z& \' A例如:' ?/ u* ]& F! b' i! z3 I4 T8 w% o' C& Z
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" y3 |$ o, F: D- |% `) Z% {
! J: P. l7 E5 k! `Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , N O3 ^) ?7 |' C+ L! W6 v; U! K4 a8 n
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 5 h; S. F" V0 w( B% u2 }" G/ N2 p/ M$ o4 ^" M
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 h9 ]: o! H* v
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) + W/ M$ [0 W+ T/ i5 ~4 h1 v7 T' Y3 i7 ^
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / u3 q9 _6 d5 h+ t8 D7 ~! H$ x* Q, e
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; z- c5 y7 y) X9 I2 X$ Q9 x- p/ X) b/ b: Y" ]7 O( v
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 b+ D) P7 L$ z' y! C5 t. j. M' I9 F0 R% H) c! p
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); R( j) f$ H2 t6 a- M/ p2 a& ? \
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " @) K4 K# a9 ?* u# K2 ]: l+ y/ Y) d5 j q" i: f- y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* S) I' r8 }1 _0 c
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+ T" H: [- f0 r/ }4 V 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 }4 e0 a+ b8 F( h& B5 V0 s9 i2 ~: Q l) C2 z2 M- M
例如: 4 R, M+ `( h/ K6 N/ H1 P0 | 0 f. ^( E: K; L" M" b2 b0 q8 ]" {At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( V7 f6 M' w9 u! J
! n( _6 r8 k2 M sDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( U5 p" n- |" H: O O
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 4 {" o5 p4 w. c( B" q5 _5 f4 V) f0 X z; X! P
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 L7 U* G# O. ?: J5 p) U- ]. M
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 R$ B, C2 Y; Y. j3 J) P* j
0 a+ U' U; _# A% u$ o6 t- T1 oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 M, Z4 u% r6 k \3 o; n$ b4 [4 E$ e' W \ w2 ]
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - }4 `" G" A3 e9 o1 o, y' P% d4 C, V$ [+ x, j$ X' x9 P0 a
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. _! F: T7 n8 ~# q
7 F5 b7 W7 V4 ]0 q8 D2 L: QThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)9 u! ]# U( L' G, h$ Z$ L2 C
6 {, `. A& ]7 p) ]+ @The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / B5 i* d* m: b9 v2 | ; m2 d* G/ q2 L2 [. \- {7 dHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 [7 e: W3 G6 }" V
' S8 z2 f3 x- S, EHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - b0 V4 b; m& w1 \2 ?5 K5 O 0 @# H7 x. I, F! F( FWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 P+ O3 E8 ^6 i! ^
r$ r1 ~, c8 x. r( D( P/ h( z3 c iEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 m# U5 V% S) P6 p : z2 M0 w0 k' f, N3 ?写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & }9 q! F- n, ?+ _ 5 b6 t! H+ ?" T2 m2 x U' U0 p$ Z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % }' _' n# o: @/ l- m" e+ h# a$ A5 i$ r' c9 c# Z% {; l* x' M
( u, j; Y- k4 U! J9 C! SMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) _6 I- X; s0 D- F$ X3 ?
3 X7 V0 x7 B. e. v' `Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources), ?0 m+ K) }# X( [1 w! r
2 l- I7 w4 G: i7 C+ [This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 a. D/ e7 y( N! a 2 q. d! D9 O3 `/ O( j0 y% `He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). x" j0 p2 B" [
. Z/ P3 K, y$ g/ c9 W: |Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! a: z A3 q* |% l0 k4 Q & r, L7 p T9 p4 U; |& PPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 T) w! O* B4 D* T4 H2 q+ J2 ]2 X, D1 L+ V) l
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 ?5 l: I9 b; L7 g 0 b% {; g+ B' F" H: NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 l3 {, v5 J1 D0 S) K8 T5 `) ^& A 4 R M9 [3 w# Y: p+ D同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- K) {' y+ S4 m: ` s3 j# j2 e
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. p3 Y7 Z* C$ p" p" Q& ~
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 w) o0 i9 F& d
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;- [( G2 e" e, X
q0 ]; d/ y9 F& Y" `' [, l对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 a" N) l D+ Y/ a" C- J
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 o6 ?4 w$ e% O7 l , [0 H, I& I( {: W至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 4 `. b. m4 {" k8 N, b- R; _ ' i% O; W/ a' `; ~还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + e7 a$ p% k; C# Y4 S% \& i+ J; L6 R' L# h* X8 U G+ M
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 * ]2 \5 b9 F, d