: g4 s* a$ W, ~3 b$ h) ?Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)! P( u7 K0 ? z3 I2 L* m
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' x' e& F2 |' M9 l: r0 @( c' U
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 7 A1 O- I' f2 H' g( H 0 x" l$ N* m/ X5 j( l* kThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) u5 |0 c0 U7 f
" t) ]$ o7 W; A* D8 ?% p! ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " F( t/ r* C$ M2 @; T6 N 0 M4 D. U8 S, K. {' rMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( l8 X ]- Z' O: r. f& u0 d 2 {2 L# D/ [9 H5 S- M. nWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ( c2 Q% g# |& P; X. I$ O* S, C2 [+ a3 B: T" `& y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + B$ u9 H7 t& D' ?: k5 A$ [: J* I$ I- I+ P3 y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 8 i3 @. d9 Y x1 q! v$ w; @: b
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" L3 C+ S2 f' l" H: d$ ?& Z. H9 s
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: F8 q5 m# d* l4 a0 a
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% a6 r' {: ~5 K: B2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: C1 p1 U K$ |" n6 S: E3 T
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例如: * U- [$ M* F( a! F) l+ L0 a2 _% V' Y% r5 T
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 b6 B" p. E" T0 ]/ N0 H8 l: _% D5 v% H- G
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% E' F1 T* b! k v7 {
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ z; q( G4 H/ C; K5 r ' W! b4 r9 |2 p1 `He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 ^$ ^" H& L2 Y6 d
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , T& \( v9 J; ~1 M7 m7 g9 L! n! M5 X8 Y/ c) [ ]
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! c8 V: l- w H4 j 3 X* d+ K" B$ s, G; ?I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 {, V1 |. [8 E+ h
. t& g$ c! R! h% Q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 e3 W+ G. t3 H ^0 T6 @
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 m$ J/ I$ p v9 h( e8 |% u
0 K; n' E9 S4 n z& I/ S" PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) . J# b& d5 q x# {* }1 K ; F1 X- P$ H/ S. {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 x7 N' j( W& ~" F! |! y ' w( Y6 [7 U& Q/ b9 SHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)8 i2 ]. }: N" c/ i- ~9 z# D. h
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! c# F# d# E j J/ l) w B4 E
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); g. D5 d! D- u1 Z+ |+ e: U1 b
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ d# c1 O7 J/ Q+ A" c T* ?9 W
9 |/ e8 P; \$ l f! ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 v% u, M' a9 X$ D9 r! O & y) J A; |7 e0 l4 j. V" w5 ]2 J" n8 `# i& ~1 w 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # P- m0 V2 }+ ` & ?* R7 ]7 ?# a; c' y. _例如: : J6 m4 d. J+ A) ]; U1 n" s7 t : J x# `3 b/ R# ?6 {# _9 SMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # |9 ~& ]8 S/ Z3 K% G+ p, Z2 g3 a1 Q. x2 n4 m
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; q' V/ B9 O- G: i; | t9 U' o- _2 S( x# v" V# L
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ ` Z" g4 n5 J! ?- z3 W# |
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . I- t; P0 \* H$ u: w2 O+ J6 R% M: {3 F# Z4 W/ f
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)* p. p& u: d8 [0 g4 W, p- m
! I2 r) H7 A6 A# c0 X APolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)' U5 ~5 \! T1 Z1 k& A6 }
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 6 r0 |/ n1 P% S8 G, f . l8 _1 ?) M7 u3 QStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* V( K) g2 H( C. a
* s& r- i' q- A5 k2 \! {# R# |6 L3 v当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 7 G0 t& g' R' S% v( q9 w% m 3 X9 L0 t' x: e: n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 Y0 _) ?0 a! b9 M+ \# z* u% ]6 x: Y1 D1 W+ |6 e& N, U& m
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( p+ J: O! k' W# C W: \7 M& o' {0 v7 r& d& `* M
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 i) Q9 W+ F# [* N& ]
: h+ O: A% n; \对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;" |, ^. P2 m0 |) \, r' z
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: & [# P7 ^% N; z) m/ f5 Z% }) h$ i( P' q+ e j2 A2 s
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。$ @4 s$ L1 s& d9 H
4 G" d! O( s5 g* M9 }. Z. d有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 a5 _& R$ Z6 }9 N- J; A* r9 i. s