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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); Q7 K. \, g* {( V3 M
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). y. K8 ?! B4 u" v% q' u: S* V
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 t7 o- V: {0 R% b
4 }- A' O. `& Q7 I9 \8 EThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 ~, }+ F. U+ w+ M( r. _
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 Y5 ? T+ X; B4 C, S
" r/ v& @5 V" g2 n1 T/ E; }; NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): _4 O, n; [; b: r. ?4 u$ T& I. \
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)% l4 v& ]' h2 p; T; ]
2 P; v% [" R8 VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , Z* ^: W# h" y$ Y6 \+ P4 h9 c3 Z( \0 L: M4 M
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) / I, j: x% n7 l2 c! I$ l0 u ' [4 Q4 _- q, yWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( \; k- x3 z9 a) ~+ J1 O8 k7 g: A5 ^9 l0 { ?. J. |
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), ` C" s' D( I' l% l
: @- | e% a' i0 j' r; S! F% L这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " \* i( M$ w5 ?( ], k * ~: l* h- a, `$ ` / W$ t5 r& m4 x% d' h$ ~1 [ X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 J0 i1 o( P7 d+ n4 [. t* U2 ~
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) * [9 u; c; E) O" L, Y8 \! r$ l6 B7 P+ g" O
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); W6 a9 W7 P" \+ o) E2 |
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)6 q' s; @& n& `( y9 S
! O6 L/ v4 U6 f8 nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 A! z2 w/ c2 r, K7 w4 _
7 t3 g: u0 X3 j4 {In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 B! j/ F2 S/ `2 ]/ Y+ h* z1 U# Y; u
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / z* r- A# [) Z% E+ u- H + q3 W% r( R# j: D7 Q# m+ {9 SI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! g6 u/ [' f% L t* v' G3 S1 ~% [8 l; F
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: i" h: z7 Z: q2 A3 m6 ]9 l O; c6 [0 A/ y% C [5 wThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 Y+ y0 z! G9 X/ A ) Q0 b2 N, u5 F; BThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 L* Y" C- e Y; W8 g8 e0 z 1 _4 x h/ }$ q ]8 ~4 WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 {# w# C; D4 h6 B' z' w
3 P8 r1 b8 Z4 k ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)% S T/ c1 t" k7 Z
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)5 u0 ?% g7 @7 q8 h4 H3 P- d- l
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 d3 _5 g! I, T r; ]
# n0 Z' b3 L: L5 }4 J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ Y7 |, C+ |' P / t* Y/ V& ]5 H7 W( e! I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; n0 W" U1 i8 @. W4 e
# `! j! b* D. [7 F; a 9 z) L0 D# P& F2 U- T' O+ \4 b3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % @/ l( |: d& J7 M& O 2 z. J( L4 g* Q9 L( _7 ~8 D例如:& T" _8 w9 X6 d) C9 z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! v4 p% ]) y& i4 _
" P# i! r7 n; \* P8 ZManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 C7 J E: w- T# r5 ]1 x4 ~8 n( p q2 P( H( p
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 n9 P' ^9 O' e0 y: t/ u! w ]- N) R3 v8 m0 Z5 Y
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 7 Z2 q( B m! ?4 g! n5 \; ~8 t& m& i$ [1 _
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( D% }: c/ y5 Z: z# e% E
3 M) v7 S# N8 a/ ~4 nPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 [! G* h+ A J: p0 K, A+ P7 h# `* l' H
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) \! K- Q" x( t) T: G
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)8 c# O4 y. v! }8 ^1 ?5 U7 I
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 " y; B3 D% @2 n/ w$ q6 N b8 p5 m4 Q6 a* D# _% }1 n, C! U
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 _8 Y5 N( K0 O, G) s$ e( G
# J0 J! v& f5 |+ E0 d0 A: U7 O对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; t/ n: D; D: k) Z8 U. U" W0 W $ j8 F. r2 \/ }+ Y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' _. ^# y, u4 i. ?1 I$ U# @! i3 L
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;, @; X4 T! m- D+ H/ A
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; # V" X6 }2 _3 U! j% a F; F2 l" u7 U4 K0 ]1 _' H" X1 q
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ( F6 t" D% N/ R2 `" G- n) l 3 [, T+ z; L4 T, n P* |/ `2 d& N还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 # g& z5 N6 f% f; K; O( D8 l+ A. e4 z; g/ e8 B& O
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% R, J* a, ^! e