本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 / N- o, F; D) c, P# v
`3 v( l7 Y- D3 A6 z转帖 / w9 J) x0 K9 W. F s* u! t' r2 a4 T1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 j) Z" S- N/ q1 H4 o, x. J h* e) h0 J( T K+ v
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " T9 i2 U c# O& g4 ~ 1 v3 A+ }9 t" `) dThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). y$ p% q5 a6 N- X8 b/ Y& r
. o5 s2 z( q9 ~" q6 i2 vThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 U* }- Z1 g6 H9 F$ W+ y$ B: H$ A
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 Y, X( r& S, f) W9 G1 v
2 \1 f9 o/ Y* r3 LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; G* U* O" G k 1 j: ]/ U+ m) B2 r0 v) JMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / |0 f; @7 y) w6 `+ W , n$ z, l, n7 _We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; ], z6 q4 f1 S2 x+ [; |* u* W 1 w3 Q) ], H) `. Z4 w" FThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)8 M/ j) w" W: h& G$ f+ `' s
/ |. _/ K4 _! Y1 e! j) Z4 ^, EWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 |: ?' ?% p, D1 m# h8 C T2 S
* ?1 x4 ]! `. N) {* XPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 O5 b$ M A3 N) h; `
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 A9 q8 d$ r& Y0 G G
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; y! G/ M6 q2 b7 U4 ]0 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 O" N z1 {$ y- a; `* r$ D k
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; n9 l! X7 r; F# S+ K; o( L0 z. H1 o/ [" D
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 J# p; |: _. s& \! H; Q* u 0 c9 z# y0 ^; `+ z6 {6 |I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # s# d# L# K$ t( o; ^6 E5 B ; b, }9 H- t5 ]: T: _& PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 4 H# v& d0 l& o! P* c9 b8 H5 G9 K- W$ \7 O$ |) K
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & V7 I& _3 {) E. S6 g. V3 i " _/ V7 b8 @' `7 x7 n4 `' d7 N6 tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 }. k2 \' k, Y0 l& s# G$ R
4 T; }) f$ m7 C6 WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) - I0 V; F% X3 m: V. l7 C( W8 ^% M# K7 s
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- l8 ]# a1 ~. t
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)$ ~( P4 }5 T6 h3 q& y2 b5 g3 g
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.), L- L5 X( d0 u" d$ X
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; U- V: l. N1 o7 s P8 V" w" f9 M: r3 [/ A/ V# ~: D4 B. D+ R* c7 H* v
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 B9 _. c: i6 E% @
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ p1 T9 ~1 r; w v7 Y! f" I
4 _' R7 z& [8 U8 [7 rEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 E7 ]3 o% `/ k; K3 U) ~7 U- j 4 v6 n) E+ V* r0 D: u# h5 Y2 `写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 t& V7 z/ a& n3 W
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / F! v+ Y$ B* L# ^0 q3 x ) H7 E- q& F. a$ H; ~( j$ f9 c ?4 k y* W 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。1 S- Z6 c6 k9 s* b/ V
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例如: 1 L* Y# B& m$ h- V& d9 S8 s $ E& v1 j' }" K* k* MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ q& r, x- |& P8 X; F
5 c9 @1 d& b* ^& J8 H1 M) \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 e% N. }% |# Y ' Z% C& O. |% G" }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 p# H( ~* _1 e
) W2 k8 s% T5 ~9 f; A2 O: W z% LHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 T1 y9 K. M F9 u+ l; E6 x" W' ]+ K0 |# C, p0 g% u
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。). ^, |9 a1 p9 q) l. S2 t9 K
* X3 p" k; Z! D! z. }: _& X1 z7 c- tPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 {% n8 }2 m) i+ S# l0 w6 H( R* X
) p' u; K( x- T6 YCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * |6 L# O7 q; Z5 b4 l; Y& }: k ( Z: K2 g+ n/ v% o V ^* ]; S$ aStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) * ]* P+ o8 Y, @5 |: D- x6 J- J* [3 I9 x6 x0 ~2 E
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 n. X# C' |' R2 V9 ^$ l2 H; g8 Q! c$ V2 d* }' w+ a7 A
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + y$ `$ s- }1 X7 e: n+ G/ I) ^* P. d L8 W) Z4 `0 ~ c: t
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; D5 y: C" Q. Z4 ?4 h/ ~0 ]+ b' T+ s& \3 y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; / A6 h* e3 Z0 \# ~* v* M6 y6 x4 O8 V$ X2 p
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 J* y e- q, \2 _' X& C5 l v
- \$ u" ^ H2 I0 y1 s& g0 P对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; @, V4 y/ M1 V , _" C; D5 o7 v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 U: L6 Y& e1 t& N% D1 }/ [4 H- t9 T" ?
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。# Y b1 j% J" \4 B
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 }- Z% T z3 \' y% w