本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 f; \/ p/ F" K* W3 l$ i" v$ v
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 p1 ^9 D: w- H( V, p0 @
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 @' Z5 i+ y/ q. ?7 {7 n8 j* c3 T7 j+ A& [) W' h2 m( N/ A' {. ^8 h
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( z* k% a8 H# w/ Y2 {3 R 2 W% T$ J) F! V7 ~/ P, f J% ZThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 F. f/ ~: I1 {9 Z: C9 `" @
; Q d6 h7 p) n9 a1 YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 u0 c2 f# k3 z2 G, a E w2 y. X: F# a, M5 u/ H
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), n* Y1 a I# T0 J! P# W
1 ]' i" s' O. ^/ E0 @3 B: mMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)9 m9 ~- D: A4 @
7 ] p$ z1 S A7 }0 IWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( _7 |" |8 X4 A
- [3 a5 t/ r8 }* N9 A) u5 A% mThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 g9 b7 M( F) O! R t7 d4 e
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& u) k! b/ h5 T1 ^
, u6 P N8 {* ^7 _# ]6 kPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) - H. i% Q) S2 ~8 z+ I1 j" Y( k" l2 X; `1 G; A* ]: l5 g4 h S0 E9 w
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 2 @" g! k/ Y) C n 0 {8 d% y) X- M0 S6 X# j! y& z 3 \# q3 ]; i* u. E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . }& U5 y3 ^1 j. D* U7 g6 H7 C9 V8 W3 ~* [6 [
例如: . m" B/ T/ l* x$ U; q$ Q2 b! o! }# p2 v. f+ q
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( [5 l7 H0 F- D2 b: [0 p
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% L* w2 C0 V, ]3 o2 q D- w
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! v) k% |/ R9 E6 X. X; y" T* l " E6 `+ m# G" r! ~' v$ h zHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . I6 L6 z# {- M( {' d 8 f0 \: A* H: n& g; OIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): J+ T: }4 g2 {/ Q- }
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) N% ?) u; ^: z* G4 E
2 ?4 U+ b; ]4 F, xI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # o5 s2 M" h+ u2 [+ L: j( T7 h: {: e6 F, Z, X
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& T' Z' U+ a7 d$ D8 |7 t
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , |! Q3 }. k; f) V) r6 j; I$ I* d" N 3 r) E7 ]1 V3 \ g/ NThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ' _% C. w8 i0 W9 Z _' u( M 7 `% d; z8 m4 X8 G) WHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). w& W7 a: @- A- `! U
3 w% N' p( |! m2 G; m' ^5 HHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! @ r/ @! J6 \, c 5 Z1 ?' y. T/ A' U# LWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! n! ]1 Y* u: F. A & R- k0 Q7 J" J* @Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) Q) L& b% |! b3 B6 c% E
8 y1 n% Y* p6 S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 B9 @* H H2 Z) R: v
: j& P# W5 j5 M# T U) ]/ j$ S& s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 & R* O1 `0 S/ O- T( } A; {( T8 U) G$ ^
: U, q& n+ l- H 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' H& H/ z4 K; y% k+ }
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例如: + E' J% n; y% ~6 W9 R" ~) o* o ' D- R M2 [4 FMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) |# c" t0 v: A# H& | ?- f7 C
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). q! ~' @5 L# @. @* A3 j
' O+ |: v2 Y9 S8 x% GThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) l1 N0 z7 ^5 q d; n; c
0 r3 Q! s: Y; [* b& a+ FHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 3 |3 I/ i' w9 ~1 \& M 3 H. [$ v: b2 xMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) I" w( q2 s) W8 } _7 O8 C3 T% ^( G' U7 C+ V
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " _8 N6 o$ l# P" {; K: g1 P & f- ^: ?8 i) k' ^Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 E; I8 E2 N. `3 G ! b* A5 I! Z6 y3 W& v; o6 AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 V! ]- P( G7 d( U( e
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! l3 x5 a/ V% F l0 T/ P0 S7 F/ K y5 o" ~当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - W, m6 o; ^" m. e( a, F# C4 Y* k$ a# g7 x
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( o# v; E7 C4 X6 t' t
1 p" ~8 r" F# O# g3 c' q" L对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, G- m7 k4 O3 q$ \" Q" R9 @+ G h
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;1 f j) v% G$ a
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& v! S/ L( F& w
* S( j, m1 Y% M0 M. R3 U$ Q! w# R至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ' w+ O7 r* J q/ e3 ^, {" N! i# t. E/ `6 e+ R
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / f9 O6 K" P- h# t8 ]- |9 Q3 Q1 J6 V, ?( N2 m. c6 K6 v
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. w8 x/ ^( W8 ]6 \: h