本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 o0 j& i6 `+ f \1 R4 v
* C ^; b2 U% G6 b/ O$ E- s 转帖" y+ n& N! x! P$ _# X' @$ n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) S5 t9 R. q4 P' f. s ?0 g + y7 {9 g2 z& k例如: % R% t9 Y s2 M- M6 | Y- p) v/ k2 B1 _* F2 M, Y
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ Z) U! t6 Z' m. }. R: R6 i3 n
2 X, M$ K" d( B2 Z7 q7 a9 p' rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). a K3 Q8 d! A# f+ P+ z! ~
- \. [& L2 Q1 N4 UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 l" K4 O0 U# t. i# H6 Q6 b
; d* H) Q3 b! Y: |, JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % Q! u1 L* I5 K, C) q" X! F + y" z) K, {: N: B1 p2 E$ N9 pI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), `! q" _! b6 d' o' T" Z+ H
) n$ R7 N, ?' |, U, U* _& o" ?
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) . z' O( b' k* Q, w! F 6 b* I9 d6 N- K1 TWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 d- ?+ s L2 p& H) R' Z! F+ `8 i; H( P; q! @3 s7 L
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 Y+ G; t- u: z: Q, V5 A
* c' K5 B9 V/ c5 Y3 l$ b5 }3 d! OWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 w- m5 G A2 d( i$ T; }; v( I" }, ]( U6 v
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & \9 w* A$ }! y& u( w. a8 L5 z! `( [
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; ~2 @0 n8 _2 K: u + t5 R p. h a' J7 B# [: G 3 M% v0 t5 p$ p6 B2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 2 n1 ~- p& b" P* \0 V+ H9 A- u, H) L6 `/ L& w. y9 F* x, d, I
例如: 2 I1 }5 t6 s- ^- }6 c& i, S0 M3 H$ I3 q) l" Q2 Q) b Q, y" K0 J
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ r4 d; G% n8 e4 s' F. A* G6 B) G6 v2 x
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 0 b( T' N/ O9 p; {+ p! T6 z# |* N: j1 V9 K
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 h; v7 i9 `/ r. S# E. | 3 B) Z$ j/ C6 [He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 j) Z& {1 C$ i1 {
7 P5 L0 T8 o$ I( \4 r
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' t- b4 q7 W) y2 n8 k8 e) f ! f, j! Z8 E8 {& K2 U! hShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) h" L& M: L4 h' Q. |$ Z) P0 I 0 D# h2 I/ q3 j% M6 lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) % F( W3 c+ Y, I6 Q4 h3 Y6 _ . {8 Z. c7 S6 K6 S7 C. V如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 k4 e4 \ w( n8 |' z9 d" ]
# W/ U& _! y9 j" p% }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)( \' @/ p4 s/ l- B5 L
+ w) j. r) Z+ O+ l
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - R7 ]0 j/ T S n5 Q; E3 B/ T7 `2 b' Q/ ~0 c$ u# ~
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" i0 i9 O+ p3 e, p: F" v& M$ X5 K
& l) n% q. c% r5 m( E( H9 XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ l* S) N/ ?% E6 A( V( L5 L; A7 z l4 f+ ~: E
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 D* s# J2 ` J1 f+ E1 }5 w y6 e8 U2 u. \
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ l3 j4 f% P8 G$ d' c, P& ^2 y' j3 C
% f% Q- w3 i4 N* ~( G
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# ^6 X0 x& m7 e3 a
2 D0 X* y* ]2 F
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 $ _' ]. ?; P* L- \0 X, @7 o: w, t/ q3 K+ |9 g
5 G" _# I% {' B 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。6 C6 S% e: _" @! d! e
3 ?+ L0 ~/ x- |例如:3 b& H) S9 d( f/ [# J
, m% Y# `- w" y: s
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 }$ M- a$ Q6 m
) c# H: }4 K" B4 a/ [Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : O5 |8 e. B3 m4 _/ J9 \" n0 V
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + {8 z. ?9 y" P( T/ ], g+ O% F1 ]& _
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)+ R6 D( E6 ~5 \# z: r ^5 x6 o
. h# z1 _7 t- K) V' R! ]6 v
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 6 B7 y, v6 r0 _: |6 N0 m# |+ W; ]2 W \5 [) }& f9 _) G3 M3 rPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) , b. ]6 @- h% D+ t. |( `) N6 Z5 }# w7 x s
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 j% W8 r$ k+ B8 S1 t) s) ` I) B8 y. ^) t2 [& P
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。): g3 U/ { u7 [) p& o* s
9 u3 ?- g, T' d X1 A0 i4 i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 ^% N% o1 `4 C3 y# k4 `7 x# n, z/ e% l0 n4 V
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, e. o: t, T. B5 \* i( U; |
$ f! ~( S6 J5 o+ j# I1 S
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 }# T- f- l7 }3 Q( v
# C/ _7 ?4 X! L. r8 n
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) [0 v, D$ T7 |1 Y' D: v9 p
# p7 G* t: L; K" f ^: w+ v对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 w+ U4 y7 e$ Z" i6 n0 M( n7 V4 Y$ o' z# o1 \% `! F: R
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;' H- `, {/ j0 `' N. w; L
- w2 Z5 _8 `) W$ _% I0 L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:3 j t e. ?( s6 \+ G$ d
9 j6 O6 R1 v' e6 A" X3 c! z0 x/ h6 e/ j
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * A% a+ Y9 k! h( }8 [' ~" d * d: t8 r( H( B9 j, X有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 l# T' V$ Q# x$ `9 a' z) ^" T