* V/ N; _' e k5 g+ GMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( {/ X! l5 R/ {6 b& Y 6 {& Y0 E! ^ c5 q# d! m3 jThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& U5 a2 F% [: r2 y. p; @2 U
! y8 a) }9 r8 D% W1 PThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ p3 f3 x. A" X5 y+ t6 i , Q+ `& v9 i `9 O& d! ~+ x/ zThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- d1 C7 l2 r. X/ n+ P3 [, L- f$ |' c% q
' w) E6 @. M+ f" NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) H$ V- F; }; o: L8 N1 R
3 I' E8 b4 g8 g# G KMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % M- U9 V' y4 u7 {9 R) S* t ( e N9 x6 _$ s. n) A/ ^+ Z1 h* M3 V! aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) r5 L6 I3 W8 }# `! p; j
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) - v( z" U: g1 M' l$ _7 ]/ W$ P+ v) _ f , J: s( N% R- FWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 ~2 ~; {# G+ T% w/ ^5 a # I: v( }' X) e3 `# l5 B. z6 WPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) v d. `1 U1 }$ w2 }0 ]9 H$ W3 n1 |0 o
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 w1 v: W3 j2 k) T* A
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, \9 n/ F* N* `" M8 s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 V8 J. }' h+ i, p " @# h6 X+ o9 j7 i0 s3 K! ~例如:" ~' |& X3 U& n' `7 t' n8 Q2 M2 s @
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 ~9 T" Y4 N, i; [* \* c0 d- e5 A- A2 G
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): m6 L' T# D3 d0 v3 P
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 s" o! b/ w' ?. K) @ H
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because). [) m' s% k! J7 {# |
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % k# Q3 ~; h' B- y6 U' ~3 L5 w , V# M# U0 B( l5 G( _0 z6 a6 O$ N9 ?She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- O' l' M" \) I" f
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)) U# ?" z" P5 g7 k/ s: I
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' F4 F+ e4 J1 p1 Z8 d 4 x7 L& F# w) t0 n/ m* O1 C- yThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " y) _: R3 a9 t' R" Y/ D ( J3 n6 f$ \7 t3 c DThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 b, @* E/ H y0 K. ~, p# u' d* F
' A# K5 f% n' [6 N8 vHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) k% v* \9 ^! e $ p* a( n4 I4 X6 M( ^- u9 }He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) $ c; Y4 Y# S( a- E7 ^' b! i! @ 7 o! u$ q. R6 o8 `3 @We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)6 a% t1 i; p: P
8 G0 j* N. b L) { TEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 ?5 i; }) t" [
4 T$ C& A6 p. j" |& h写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& a+ d% Q$ l3 ?
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。, o& r8 @; H3 Y9 a4 o
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+ g! H5 ^) o6 _/ [; ?" Q- P 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ' ^0 H: T4 j& ` : l, W) |0 n; z& B3 ^例如: * h) F! s! d' Z6 y( n& X" C0 a9 g4 q7 z: g
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 W0 n3 O0 z+ f$ _( B' n3 @! m+ |/ X" \
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 `- _: t% Q# O/ [3 e% v3 M 0 ]6 \, D0 F$ {( ]/ NThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) v) v8 q9 M; ]3 B0 m
4 ~# M4 D5 Y7 X$ mHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 M$ S) _4 B, H; p2 T* D
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)( `* \& T9 K$ c+ M+ I+ z) N* s
3 t0 p6 Y' x: d& z! `) EPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 }% \: ~- g9 w$ o$ K' o3 [ % q$ S7 c& j7 x( d+ V1 qCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - p3 s' j: w! K4 o3 }7 W: s' Z7 p; i' |6 g& r6 E. `5 _
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 d( F& S; Z U- f ( M" H1 A: T! `8 {5 c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 n" E5 e2 D" m8 B! c$ q( p' w, T; p, b$ r& k: _8 k9 e( P9 N
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / M5 j2 X" i+ w3 j! {- |7 V0 n7 L - F0 y5 x w$ F% {+ I) C对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;7 ]4 K+ w% V8 v
9 P( j2 {2 O: E6 F- s3 t ^对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 A6 z/ | p& Z# F
1 n8 i, d1 }# i& e至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + m6 t c' Q+ A; \. [& X & h/ J; y/ y! L还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。2 J' V* r& B ]3 J7 Q
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, }/ e! ?% V! R2 E8 C A