本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & h( V' }0 ~! Z; i& l2 k& [) A/ h
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 s1 L+ S9 t# _* e! Z
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例如:, Q. S& q- D# u) ]
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ) [1 X9 i3 ?9 o/ g9 k' H. X" X- M6 U' s5 m5 d7 D; W* z" c
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) . Y9 h' {% ?4 A$ o8 y. _; d+ V( i4 ~9 U" X
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 n- K7 T% a' f# Y3 m8 l- b
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ) A6 e* }& K( ^/ p2 o( f8 V 8 }& K% O* }2 G* ?+ M @I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) " u) b) `! V0 N+ y( r - w& U! l8 M( E' r" OMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ( |& F& A8 M& N2 E$ S & ~6 A1 W* @4 U; n } M1 `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 {) } X4 n' O# W1 v9 \" p8 z5 v j+ q, U! \" k3 R
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ I* _% ]" E0 L% Z
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 0 _, W! v3 a# p) M! q& ` . \( q M3 i u& x' D* b# CPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), _' C4 E0 E4 ^. s* O+ Z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( P2 A/ l! B$ ]- Z; K
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j' p( m1 D% ^6 n% J/ \2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. T2 y1 U# T- `7 c0 q: \
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例如: + G1 f5 U) o! p V5 {1 U9 O ' q! s" l/ I: Y, y W0 YAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + [! |1 c+ I* x% ] 8 H, i9 h/ L. O2 g6 ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% N; O. N, \& V# C& k8 j2 \9 a
5 d; i9 o' r! y5 |6 I1 a" s7 V" lI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& D' j7 `: T: y! C, a
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) T" M( l- W8 h5 s$ \$ o
6 w1 j6 Q' s2 fIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) , c6 Z; q: o+ X1 o4 } 8 M0 k2 a7 ]7 n7 h( T' E1 zShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)3 A4 @; {6 o' A8 f. r
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ' q+ O3 E5 D' y$ G$ J . V$ c3 U) P% p$ n( V! M7 v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 j4 L7 ~; B0 x) i% t4 C$ t
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 U5 C8 E! S" e- m! o5 i/ \
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 X; C0 s b1 `& g& @
* V8 ~1 R9 j$ A" C: r, |- eHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 _% g" J, J' z4 Z4 F2 Q# F
& j& y& s8 I) L. ^) XHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' J, q& n5 X% m# _9 s3 h. Z% S! ~. k3 h
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # c% e3 H1 p8 U q/ S: w0 m; n7 \* Q6 ^$ P7 V$ w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 M6 l7 m+ z( I
. W% A6 \5 \6 S& ~0 W写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) X. o x) s: V9 M. V7 }% A; p6 l5 }% A* @, V, L& @
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 i/ L/ Q) X$ I' q# a; B' ~1 V! A
* g7 S" o4 L8 d8 ~- f) y- y4 b$ k# y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。9 l' c+ f8 [& o4 r2 G( M
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 j5 f6 ^/ ~: @* H/ F2 N4 L ( q% T, N( |0 n) Y; x6 ^5 cManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 4 X1 D6 @+ x# _2 g8 U , |( I: B( Z1 `1 ^# O% d3 XThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 Y! ~/ z2 i3 v- j' ]) O
* ^6 _6 s! ~0 V5 u' [He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 5 N' Y0 B2 y7 E# w, M+ s% s" d" f- Z' {
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) , I9 o c5 {% Q. U) n0 \, B9 R4 E3 G
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 S& \# V5 N7 g% ^ . O$ a; v8 h6 _- M+ Z+ ^Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& f- C, e' g9 N$ J6 P- j. _% C2 T3 @
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # y, b& u. f' m9 ~+ O . p# k2 T# J" U同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * O4 `( l" q+ i$ @1 L8 w0 u( f |* l1 j v
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:" { H8 f* S2 m8 k# H/ u. J
& L1 ?2 J0 |6 ~对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . Q9 Q& b2 W3 ^5 T Q4 R + v* F' O' ^! g, d对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ m: {9 N- G. y" G" C5 O
( V t2 A! o" W7 T对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 4 H _* d. ~7 g8 e$ d/ T / e3 g2 u. B- b& j6 ?/ S对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 S; {" j+ M2 R5 \' X' p" m: F# K& K0 M; R+ V( b# w
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:2 z$ M% s0 f- [4 j' o% O
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ k. F1 N) w, ~6 @: E& X
' U# m8 C5 a" z3 B$ K有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 # D" \! V/ E- h1 |, B5 Z1 V& U