本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 u0 ^1 H+ H- `+ p: L
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) " \+ H- X; c7 X 3 N8 k1 E6 K) |0 m* O+ x例如:! m0 b6 U% C2 S# w" S. k
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) . G/ i* V8 L% u8 @5 n & j( ?& `4 _+ ^5 `3 \Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 Y. W$ m7 H' v" v1 C0 K* J/ |* p" P, x" D
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 0 e6 A. E! y7 N) ^% q* p 7 ~1 h7 c. _ v6 CThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- ^* _8 \/ P9 J4 K z
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)8 h0 e4 S \+ E' ?+ ?
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) - d& d7 o5 |' o$ L6 s ) |! }% N; j. PWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! w9 L7 |- v5 e7 k0 Q# ^ 0 w7 L9 I9 Z$ X3 `The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)0 H6 F) y, F8 D6 n9 g& ]" {
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), R P( [ w# J% _
/ ^" `+ O5 [( |' W) v* K# }" \' |Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " T1 N3 u* E6 P5 h* v * U* |( g1 K1 Q" E; G' H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!0 d9 O9 I, u8 g8 Y5 L# a) p
- C+ ?8 L6 q+ e" z3 t. Q/ v& H1 D3 x' A- c( r- c 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。. `5 {5 K/ |' E( n* D4 Z g8 m
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 9 D d3 _% k' V0 f5 D : B- v( l0 ?/ n1 IDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though), Z; h% U; ?8 l+ J' G' Q# V
& T0 @7 i- n9 a2 T8 Y* B9 L$ AI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 q; x5 U5 @+ k+ ?& B/ a& x0 b, \! B3 M7 g R
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) , \6 S; Q* i @* [2 V0 E+ |4 o, f : d) [; i! m" s/ ~! d( C( a6 W8 {In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) m& }. n0 w3 d$ U G. V( K2 f7 w' i3 x. m: F9 `
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 `# S/ _4 y2 Y7 g c: ^3 o+ D* c1 y) o b: X$ h" D4 _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 z% W+ q# @8 b
P* e4 q4 R4 x! d# Q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 u8 V, b! Q* i
8 w- d- X3 {- E, W1 Q- Y- l# G9 zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / o6 `" h/ n2 U" a9 ~* a5 L$ e7 }1 L$ q, m: B& S. i3 w0 G7 ~; D+ G. v: ?
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) `+ ^* e/ m( N o( c 6 _ I& R* \3 ^7 nHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ x+ s6 a" K' w- E* [
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 7 Y2 W& [; J8 Z$ h7 N. a4 c' l8 z2 Q% B7 F
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 c6 U1 e( D+ j9 u3 R8 W: T 6 t* {/ {0 t0 KEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 ^( n( h% h2 o! K3 G! m ]0 Y U3 _
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)' i3 G! Z. Z( }# F& l$ b
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 @1 c- R5 M, t/ |& k4 V3 ^
* R) g, ^* W6 N, ?1 w. j, T! ]+ \, v _9 ?5 ]8 q7 M8 n; ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' ^2 a4 n* X/ H) J
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例如:1 q' \$ d1 ^+ m" H2 s* t. [ X# k
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 B* M; z, D0 e2 A1 R/ K; F7 _5 J
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)( x5 H' v3 S6 W. `' d' z) ]
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)( g, x- q6 m& f0 J( d! y
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / F- _( I( C: J* a4 {5 z 0 J0 X+ A3 v/ d1 tMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & q! Z6 q* x, E5 B# J+ m; `+ ~" k 8 c" ~, Y: L* A: x' z3 u& r1 dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 0 m0 l( m! H7 |7 D3 C$ @0 G2 I# n 4 `8 R! S4 g' x; U3 `1 X8 aCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), H* W" _' O9 V2 q. Z1 e1 y9 g
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - Y3 M5 U7 l8 Y5 j; H# o 4 k% t0 C7 N; R+ Y2 i _同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( C. s+ L( r2 G2 g0 P ]. E2 T- u! i; r! _/ f
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# j ^' c" P- A. B% m! Q
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# Z/ u+ @" _; ~3 ]5 T3 q
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 v8 c) P T; r1 X( c
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; . \ m9 P L$ q% b8 K : T0 F, [0 n+ w对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 B/ P7 M' B6 Z4 ~# A$ u A ( p& k; B) n0 E至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 `* m+ }0 H. l, ]( ]* K. P8 J/ @: @/ S' O3 ^5 C3 E7 f/ L9 G1 F
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 d/ \" z: ?/ D4 u
. @8 U' \( d/ p% r! |' f4 a0 P有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 " g7 _& m# ?' F! T* L p" V: W