本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 7 [* K' I7 S5 C" _; J ( ]+ z' i1 h% C3 F转帖3 t$ e' V+ h5 r. U8 K8 c; B
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)' t9 p% s1 U( D+ I7 r4 ?* q
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 0 a+ |4 E0 Z$ e9 H$ w" y- J8 W# N) ]& i* A& U& i2 m/ I! W6 J" i8 G
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; _3 q& j9 q# h" U- R( P! j( M: z; O- @; @
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) K& J4 N, `2 c
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ S! }' A4 N" F$ W5 @7 ^ * i/ a, N: G4 R2 z! o* N1 nI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' f7 z1 D$ W& b: L7 L( m4 i( \ D4 w' u, }% P0 W3 XMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)1 G8 X6 B* u5 E9 H; I( @7 [
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 k( ^+ Y: b1 j$ U% L: w( M n# r, ~2 h) M' V/ O p5 `8 J
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 5 ~: s5 J$ c2 n% S7 k. T v4 B( U; L/ bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 g2 l" U6 u4 [0 y* r: W
5 q) b4 p9 {3 h1 e: LPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) * A! z8 |! A8 n# M2 c9 Q: B; Q7 C5 {
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ; F0 b7 E+ z9 T; m1 ]+ \# b3 \; s% h& s
1 X5 c" [3 B1 B: v 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% i/ j. R+ h! @9 [; `, F
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例如:; }0 [8 M. g3 ]
0 A3 v, _9 b+ A1 J" h6 e2 oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)# d1 T! I$ b8 v( `% [
% q/ t8 b& b5 G3 |6 \Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). p/ E8 I1 C% S
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ Z& Y2 Q/ q" C( f" @
! a2 J1 M3 B0 [" x% U# }+ U* iHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + q+ [0 Z3 I2 |2 ~3 B , l, E& M* Y' p% m. j2 Y, K; VIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ]& e8 j9 H( `8 D( ~* S
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 2 C, _! a5 b; k" e, L% a$ A" r) T& K# }2 E3 O+ p
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)6 x( O* j" u- a+ K
( A& X: k, }8 s0 v* {如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 X- F# N0 I6 G+ r
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) z; z4 I; Q* Z! F. G" V: |, g2 e: Y, }5 @1 v% @9 i
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ X( \! P, [7 T0 O( E9 ^& {* T5 H" Z- [4 r5 a) w; n
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 2 v' m h6 w9 ?1 W% x3 {# O 1 e& q- ^. Z1 Y: |) nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 2 N* I- i) S p/ Y; C+ H5 V- q0 R " {+ h; A& E- A. F% L4 iWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), n; A/ s4 M9 {1 z4 C6 K
" G8 Q9 | e8 r! `Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 k9 k2 {& M2 [5 Z0 @
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + g4 b$ P2 I4 Q+ e 3 }3 u& Q/ ^. }* p) D1 ~7 b& F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。( c$ J$ M0 ^# x
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% M$ Z" b! f m) r; T6 nMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / A2 @2 S9 O6 U: n' ~7 i1 p ; P4 d3 A5 Z! r% Q) ~9 t( @- BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); J+ S, T+ W: Q N: y; b+ w9 R
9 y! q; T, J+ B* O- ]This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 4 [/ Z8 V8 `7 {6 W! U1 d3 {. `3 @% c; J2 w
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * p% o4 H0 y9 Z* `2 U( u) [/ d. K # g2 q& u8 @. o# }( y/ b5 aMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 0 _0 @- k6 C* Y8 f5 p% t( F; K' ^7 l, P3 ?
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 q. ~1 I1 D3 r; b6 K4 X$ ]
+ A7 W7 B/ v$ F9 N- MCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 B, a3 {+ o4 v. M3 H
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 W) v* L- M) X$ ]( T
* p4 U* z% Z f3 k同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ' h! l3 S4 J, B7 D, S. G D2 ~) h
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) a' r* ]! x4 E% b
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 F3 M7 w+ `! e2 c; Z
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. i" B5 e, m a9 U/ i% i
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: M( P Q& j; W% L
% j6 ]1 i: T; Y4 g对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;0 S S9 f" R& F" N0 `
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: , m3 A z' R/ r* S- z/ B ' ^( D1 I# j1 U9 N8 x( ^还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! u8 v* ^7 E6 {4 z8 \" I* w% t' t- A0 @- g. v) Y5 J; p4 O
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) I2 L# K1 c) d0 ]