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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)( n! B0 H, Y& M& X+ s
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8 d6 `; D# W8 Q: ]6 \7 m2 D( S KMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 {# ] C9 W4 p# k1 R7 B- L - R9 ], y- G' YThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' N3 K: a: T0 i6 T
! O# N& ^' N- J* w" xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)+ u% V% c$ d% l- v! r6 O6 J& L3 @
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) * Y* u3 Z0 |5 r+ f- i' z, Z& k/ O' h' _# r
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# R) K- d* Z3 ]" ?5 c6 i6 ?. a* t
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) $ m+ u2 H2 k! H3 p ; t6 A; V4 g6 T# U! ZWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) T; e" p% b% @( }
+ N1 R5 H$ F, }$ U- QThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 t: K8 g( V2 `8 u0 V. b, w) R# d% o/ @' i8 ^" }; L
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。); }0 m6 |$ v. _
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) y( k8 T5 j0 x0 Z : x% Z/ P1 H4 S* n5 J. [这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 [2 L4 V+ j1 l0 G0 Q0 N5 v K. o- T9 x, ~. A+ f) d- |8 P( p
2 Y$ u+ W6 }+ @8 u% j0 P) g0 ?5 n3 U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 V# V, {; t6 Q" h$ T, k* N# A 9 J) ]+ E8 C# @8 S& w例如: 7 z- z! [7 r, D ) Z- l& b; C: A- w3 m# s& `At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 W; J7 {+ Z2 v1 z( G9 P, |
; y- I; C4 o& f% o2 WDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ e2 H. G* Y* S2 o# ~) E6 n3 o- y7 ^
3 b& l. Z' h, l9 vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! i) M# V8 l" d6 b, j9 h: q 1 L" i1 |% \; K f, V4 hHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . q+ u8 u' r4 F& Q* t( z * d. x* ?0 Z' z2 e5 BIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) M5 i* s$ Y* A; m# K
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). T" X" w" @, B4 F+ E) {
3 M1 b( y) f; B0 a5 g8 e, }I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): t+ I+ d. `/ b# H( x( `
5 S7 q% Q* Q0 r2 c' v' S0 P! ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: J6 K% D& H, l( e0 \
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( n& M, ^2 m0 C2 E/ `. e% A: D# w* N' {
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 x1 ?4 D6 Q1 I/ {" M! g# H * ]/ D: \- {$ C$ d+ j HHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 j U5 [6 L* W7 ]$ V9 c3 t; ^8 \ A" ^6 A5 N1 e8 R
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): P1 l5 m% U; z* o8 D! v8 ] J
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 z7 W! j2 i+ n* v! f + X k4 \9 ~! G! l- S" V ]Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) & C: U7 P6 O. V) P: B- z * J- d% [. e: S. J写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ V! J6 d h/ W- _) H& T g7 \6 Q6 l* E# N: p' u Z
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。0 h- N. _ _' N& l7 z4 y1 A: k2 d6 B
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) r9 ]$ B5 M; S+ j* k- W) I3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 C1 @$ ?( d1 D; ]3 [ , \; { @- j/ q) H例如: ( I2 z7 v3 N5 ` 2 Y% h) |9 C/ D3 J: uMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 u$ S: `) N1 ^7 B; {
! F# o* ]8 u6 l% B Z9 K9 EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % A( i4 V4 {2 U2 L! w8 I( V9 [ % a" K+ P2 Q+ O% }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 n( q2 v' u) `2 U% g3 J: X' x3 M) x. q( ]
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) w( F R8 @# I% d5 m/ X; G# k( q" D8 v; ^
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ ^7 F% j @4 [7 S) A
O5 J1 u9 O; z4 u* k$ `/ s rPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 9 C1 O: U# B0 H; p 5 o% _. u/ f, a) M! w6 W! PCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 c; i2 _1 N3 E- a+ [4 G, x" E
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( x4 ?$ B& y# g9 W' A, e4 ]
. _7 Z8 \+ z) h0 z v( B. r同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 ?" ]4 ]" k; Q/ e- C1 @1 f0 u# z% l- }4 o/ o
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 1 p4 A4 m, `, S. T8 N$ I% n" n' h; x' P8 Z3 N# ` }; p1 o" H
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % U4 {* P( j2 {" B. x. b$ k5 q" Q. B' w% ?6 z) z7 e7 K6 ~8 ~$ q
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;; R4 F, p% d: Y0 Y0 Y- M& u8 a5 W( C
% ]) O# Y7 g, Z9 G& ]对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 i) w& V. v4 m8 L- a8 N1 q, [5 C
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 |8 E( p; d, c/ w2 I/ v # x' g) N; i" `3 O2 g: v; V至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; M* N k5 s' \9 j6 U3 G) E
, R/ S+ ?$ c8 l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. ?2 n4 U3 s* h