本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 2 k# ]8 z4 e- Y( q
7 B, R. Y) h5 p' X, o 转帖 6 w5 t" A- L$ F; P1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)) D9 c, v# J' _
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)9 `$ ^4 `9 u& K0 `+ Z" H
% E( i' `( {8 K# H) J1 tThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 8 L8 }" o- l$ |/ s% D: Z$ @6 P ) S, V+ B9 }* t7 B7 W6 ~" h/ XThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * N3 |6 P2 [% G, ^ Q0 L) o# @5 J+ t : ^7 g$ m7 v. E: O; N! W8 ]- YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 c" t/ B0 `' v! C& M
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ( [0 d9 Z6 G; z- t% ^, ?/ E7 m$ n$ P; D3 P& w; a% g
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( H( S6 \- [2 {& U
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! Z% C. e( a, g# i
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 E1 k" G& t# k$ ]" t0 p
2 U5 l) [4 |2 \% SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 u) C+ T5 U1 J
! u. D' q! ]! }. m& X! pPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) U: m: v5 R& G) \, o- L
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 X" [/ C. j6 ` g- P; r U ) ^* A. N F/ s6 f# Y& H3 _ 7 S1 ]! i. s+ R$ D2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 e+ S; s4 b8 f: d2 _$ E! V f
; h: g$ I6 l: t3 a' D+ C# [例如: ( S ^! C* E# s" ]! E5 {* ` 7 [/ D6 I' y1 I+ [At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) # I& m& ? ]# P- Q$ O9 m0 l! v# r# Y3 t: l& d* [) I7 j( o
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ n7 [8 Y" v0 b0 B: i8 K
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- t6 z! s4 ? n U. J! r
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)/ o; s% ?- L( y+ i, |6 E) z% e% c! [
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)) x& \/ X. E4 F9 \' U" t
* v( U% w- l7 M! }: F; c. g, y& tShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . v* T1 @2 ]* W1 Z2 }+ [7 e 3 p! C& ~# _* t0 G6 _I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 U8 M6 p# O! \% L' N. a, j: V5 H" y2 J
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 P6 P+ p2 S1 x
4 j( c1 F% A1 N3 n) |) nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 O0 t* t" D" o! i( i
* _- h! d* v, g- D/ g9 KThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 j1 B- d+ V* y& L; C ! v' h. Q& w, a7 _$ q% q0 fHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 C" [( K( X H3 ?( J1 ^
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - A( k& }' x ` `) X8 n9 ?( V5 J/ |* h" s
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / t% e; B% L" k 3 O/ S ^$ l' F& d+ L6 b8 dEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 3 Y- S1 Z5 ]5 a+ s0 u 1 w' D5 g* f" v0 {写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 d. U" c2 h* {! K% v* O
/ G+ B5 s' t5 \5 |% g" Z7 [/ a此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。7 J, G N7 k# z+ M2 }
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w/ {0 }0 q) X2 d' m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 Y! V3 o: h$ {! H# B! Z
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# t7 ~6 K" e9 O2 j0 ^* T
8 Z: X! w; @2 m# L3 N" ]Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . k3 \" r4 J3 ]* |( Q. \1 ~% C2 k" ]+ f4 b( d: v3 m
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了): r, _5 T5 R3 Q2 L' l' ~; r
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) " f7 A9 P! B# B$ U$ Q8 c: T+ q- N9 y" i, _6 E' p
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ k: M4 k' T4 Z
2 r; U6 ~( `1 r" w/ FPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 V4 G4 z; C4 u
: z1 c6 l5 c3 r5 @3 N6 f3 B- uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 k& b) f6 Z% L2 l5 ] / R- H! l) \. `Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)! Q6 M3 s6 d$ a- ~' G8 J$ f# Z
) C, _* A4 E% F9 P' u7 l8 a同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! ^' G5 C+ s2 E6 x% p2 L m1 { : n3 O3 P* B6 P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) F$ N! ~. T' D: _: `: U( ~0 f/ ^* D" a5 l3 N* j0 F
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; O& A8 ] H! g k& q# b! i- w" U1 W" V W! E/ O6 j" b3 b$ S
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) b2 i0 V) {" Z+ }/ o7 \0 b
4 ^2 B3 f% Y/ b7 g- @对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 A* j! L' P7 }2 T; ]
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;5 S6 L C. `8 b- F4 H& k3 T
Y. J+ G7 |- Z" }, N+ ~至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: N; ~- o. r( Z2 m/ c) B/ o
+ f& u# ]8 g' D' b还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ W2 W+ S( C4 ^9 S8 S. E) Z, h- v8 H" v& B! J
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% `: L9 M. H/ g' [! c2 w, k