本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : h5 B) L; R; S, [% |9 w
9 E/ @8 U( X# P3 X转帖 , u m! _2 j, ~3 h% h1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) l/ y7 D2 I" o2 W( u" b
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例如: `* S8 N0 g& H , C$ S: c5 G' E$ ^Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 i7 W; l+ T- {7 P: h" u0 v
5 i% t$ @2 {1 p- \! v8 SThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 j: d* w' o; `; r+ w2 H
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ `1 g* d4 T7 \' u4 ?3 s
' _, {# j- a- A* qThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ f5 I! k& S; D2 e; l5 T7 r; c! o: C2 \# J
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 5 N" f3 ^. \+ i1 ~5 ]! _ Z* M0 Q3 _) ~3 Y- s, Z- U
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) N& l& m! l5 B1 _8 `6 k. N7 I+ S
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)# m9 d d4 [9 N7 l9 B2 n
# |; {0 U5 S& YThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! n5 k/ P4 n' s: ^. b3 X/ M5 ]3 W) U i( Z+ r. Y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" }4 Q8 [; X7 n2 \" E8 v/ a
; _* S5 b+ ?, t9 o: sPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 ?* e* n. N9 {3 [& E( y . X% ]6 d' u9 x2 e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! % m( M8 O6 c/ t + c* D. j1 W: j# w: I4 E% w8 Q8 g0 J P6 D0 w: a8 m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 b" N" V( j& H& T 5 B5 E' t8 U( T" {2 ~例如: % k9 Q0 K* w3 {2 ]5 q4 N/ t- T; q+ e- [8 C+ z
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) W5 Y: G3 a+ m" k2 L
) e0 O: t& v. U+ SDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)+ \: C- q9 u8 T) s: g: F: q
& ~, b' P' w7 z. `0 ?I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ; A0 X3 F. _ j$ J! k1 m9 r8 `8 m8 b" P3 u! \$ e* ~
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)1 E3 W5 R1 C) `- z
3 u J3 K, j& p+ D6 KIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' r5 h6 R/ T6 u0 N7 v4 I* ~+ Y" Z! U+ O/ K9 F
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). X" }' I+ \7 N; `$ `
" O( E% z) R% O4 o9 f* X2 \I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) " m% N" s+ p3 k9 U! e ! D- r& O+ p5 ]9 S8 W7 q如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 P( h: x5 u! z) |" L
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)* s8 N6 A: U2 b* {+ \
6 C9 ]) H7 e6 i( `1 G! wThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 V. F% _8 |8 H j1 ~
: A) U! [# w* `$ |5 b: ?He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 7 }; P: l, _9 G4 R+ w8 P. z+ |/ Y! S3 Z$ |1 b
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)2 \) z: o- f; u; R
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / k, L3 D2 D3 _" A4 c, Z3 E; k* N4 M# Q5 X: J% h6 @0 T
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 F9 ?: J/ I1 Y7 r& j
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - U6 q8 f Q2 w0 P5 b, a / ]# `1 x4 t+ I. g2 F此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。3 N e# j4 ]4 x b9 B/ g
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! Q# c8 Z) Q8 {' p7 {: G% `" c 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # W6 @! D4 i5 ~8 E+ i) }! X / C, f2 _& M# f& }例如: % O" u( c3 c" Q1 ^& q1 y# q6 l9 H # g' Q& H" m! R7 u$ a) _9 O, V' uMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)5 d! p" m* \+ F* ]0 z T1 J
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" c3 [3 V+ Z7 |; I% _# B: \
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)) E9 o1 P$ Z& U, [6 Z
6 l" D, p5 p2 U4 ^He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) Z! J$ i p5 k5 E% Q4 j
& r9 q! J* e- A0 K( XMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)! t8 {: o+ D% ~# G: S+ y
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) - q8 G/ i- {- R, b O# o+ O6 F' b" |7 ]; m- c
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 k" N% `# g: e& v3 l9 U
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)3 C8 `% H4 b5 \8 y g- d
, _9 N m0 X. G6 E* d- w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 + G1 @+ O Z9 w* x$ x8 r% Y2 M 7 Z$ A9 _: h0 W, Z5 d" l K2 t当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, Y, F0 X' [" |4 }
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 A1 G7 f' \! D* t2 [) I0 n7 R2 P% J; l7 Q% C0 y$ O
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& b# H' A7 }& [
; g8 }; A8 X7 ], K' S有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' y9 F+ H/ [7 Q0 a' s9 e) w0 x