本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * c. \/ f6 B7 M: A9 G6 S: a- j7 w7 [5 c) d 转帖 / {4 V* Y' z7 N1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 U n$ Q9 H8 Y6 a) {1 X4 c4 @2 i8 |' d2 R# [' L
例如: # U+ i5 X( {: P+ |2 ~3 X , I2 z9 F6 C L& Z9 IMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), b2 [9 A g/ e; Y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); M- m9 g) g% C9 ~- j9 h7 h
8 Z ^# A9 S" e% k: [3 fThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 O$ T) m+ n$ w* _) {' x1 s/ o7 W5 h$ i. }
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)6 s% U9 C* q$ ^ f4 c' J7 [7 t+ w
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 0 D0 A$ E- x, |. G, ^( N. {; Z% u ]! q; v- e
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& _: N3 t6 v' W0 p
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( q5 v/ W! b3 R; A- D
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ) W9 a$ _; }) I5 d, ^- j# E* o- l$ v, G0 o2 n
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 4 U* X* ~- W: D* @ m6 s( N) z5 G; i0 u' F) nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( k5 l* D/ |/ X, U) V8 g' g C# ^: b N5 w& j9 Q. D9 ^
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 _0 f8 ?/ h2 A8 z) {
& `) p) ^$ L& t& L: N 9 a& A0 W0 z) s7 K3 Q& P1 ~! M2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。, E2 V5 J$ d: H9 G
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例如: & H1 w5 p7 h8 d: I( \! d* m) q( g0 J* |4 P/ ^
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) E- k, n _* U; ?' O: |3 D0 q" u: k( F
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% S9 v6 S; i% E: l& r! ~1 j
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 k7 O4 o3 r% p5 Z0 W 5 E9 D$ V* C0 ^$ K/ P1 [He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * _7 s" n" {, o: K6 W1 i% U6 N; s* x$ C% a) v
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) + f( V' i l2 i3 \/ k) `/ g" L# X5 A6 A1 y
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)# c- [" S) D0 K6 r
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 z/ J7 l: p* n+ H4 k 0 [' k! ~: O- ?0 l3 }. N! F如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' D: p+ D/ K9 H6 L
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " B: @- @4 t3 B' u + l! @& ^1 F/ t4 r* EThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) : P- L4 N: T* `3 m; r& C) d6 i0 {
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 k" r% Z6 {9 F
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 b% l% Y( o( @
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . x) x+ D9 J5 i6 K- T( A( g3 |1 G5 L; G2 |: G
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 U; k: r0 E: t6 \+ a, O1 c" v7 M2 Y$ w. c, C
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) / c. j! Q+ Q6 z9 U1 ~. T, B 9 Y' l& y' z: ~3 q6 W& c( }& H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 |! _4 F! Z, a: }# ~: x" P 3 o9 f3 a7 w' y) W; a6 ~& C( Q8 A8 g* Z& \& ?3 \8 g7 P! U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。2 I/ { H2 B& M1 u S
3 b5 s1 L/ M9 n% n$ k- g7 N例如: , i3 Q4 i: P* r1 E b* e5 G( q( u . G6 j: P" H! d, j6 qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) u! I# Y8 |& u$ A, T ! j& V' K# O% U/ p6 n, t% O: f2 AManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)6 r; I J P* A( E7 c4 T
' Z0 F" n$ |) q$ p0 h) j$ xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 9 Z* O j% ?" |2 T8 }' U2 Y% p+ i8 m7 w3 f; w. q0 L! `
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): h( V- v9 K( l7 _9 M- v
" n2 R# |3 t. iMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + r5 {, P& h- Z9 _: w+ ~( n! z' b R1 h+ V9 `( q" Z
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); B7 J! W& l+ Y% F+ I6 I
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); D, K- ?$ D+ u5 g% d1 f
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。), K6 E. z/ c) p" U) B
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 , P' S' ~, b! z% ]1 \7 K. X5 Y1 n- H! `5 [5 \) b' v
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- z" R$ v' G6 M1 O) P* @
1 r8 M. y# h4 T对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; g% B9 J/ N) B8 Y& @. e6 U# K9 P
2 m/ D) g0 u% i3 o' J$ {2 d9 Z. b3 Q对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ p" f( h8 s9 { [) r( D
( S% C) E' Z" r) j# I对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ ? s- \& u, m9 C$ S. Z3 k- r4 H% [4 r5 Y: c4 Q
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;3 F2 e- e2 e' Q9 \
6 U0 R5 ~, f' W9 z. s0 }4 p至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:: N$ g+ p6 K: v7 e* l
) y S4 c. e7 o P6 ?1 c: C还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- u, K* @8 Q& p' z2 L3 ~
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% I! ~. w& r$ p- n" h ?; X) P7 n