本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 L7 G& e+ H9 p+ D
- ?. n0 c: e" g 转帖 2 g9 P0 ]& F+ G' _; h8 e1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) - J3 T3 d3 L2 k. N- n( X Y- s # W% a8 t( d/ s |' s例如: , Z: ~0 q# Z3 n: r 0 ?( s6 e4 E: X$ r1 UMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 s0 M- Q7 w9 H$ v
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 Y6 a G& i8 H8 k) r7 n4 ^
2 A/ [) B- G7 [ y5 @4 ]! l+ `: tThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 l. U" `% W9 `: p: G : s: | c3 y5 `* f5 S* S; P9 o. eThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 m" I' [& x5 n- M! B. N) R1 ?+ ]% p
! h r9 A9 N- ? Z1 S% fI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' [! n- v, P" u/ a+ F5 f
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# s8 p5 {: @; `
4 Y' F# w9 m2 w1 m/ P; G @% uWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 4 v8 D% Q* e* S* k6 P1 G/ u/ u3 {- E! }. `% V, [
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ s( n% @ x: P7 W
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 V" q- q6 U" F# ~3 k5 i O+ A 0 G3 b: A8 |( z( S7 f4 @Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( R7 I+ K/ k5 l9 l + A- \, y% {! | J3 x- M s这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! : }4 _ U% q! C$ c4 U9 W r% }, i2 X% R a$ k/ p4 b* }8 r0 h1 t
: O3 C) ]; \7 C2 _: D4 ` 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。& ~: V8 C" Y6 f! z2 @. n. G
: o, y* G6 e8 q0 n' X$ a# Y例如: : S Y/ e, }$ M3 L+ z( Q% E# S- k% f2 C2 U; |- R
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 x6 @2 {! r! x R
6 t [7 y6 ]: ?* j. v0 f3 [( {& zDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 l4 w2 p7 b% m 9 b- l$ B% B. I M: l, D0 J+ tI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : B- F4 x1 u2 V& X; Y+ z: I) x* u; ]9 W3 U9 W1 k/ N4 y% n* `
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)+ G- P% x1 |- a3 l# I; b8 I
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : I$ t; I4 }9 V3 A9 g. F7 Q 4 H( f& z( W! e$ OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; d' g1 G2 K+ j Z/ c, q5 F, S$ l* B- f
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 t* D0 \+ H& Z" s& ^ 0 t" f0 X( K7 y' K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- c+ `$ |7 e9 J4 [9 r# W6 F0 W4 R* W' s
6 B$ V' T' N, KThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' V' K/ z# G* ]0 R9 _ : V: ?* \6 b# \- n/ n) IThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( D3 p( ?, U# c9 z
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 a/ l/ P( z1 a
5 n9 O# N2 e0 [% A- x6 S: O9 H3 AHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % y J- S" f* I0 G; D9 ~# m% Y0 x5 r" ~( {/ ~+ P& O
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 K# r$ |& u3 w, n1 N( ~
+ {, q& q4 ~4 y5 Z3 s% Q4 NEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 R1 r; D4 w l1 s' C' j
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' V: h" i# m& S. h1 q p$ u' Y3 H8 {$ n$ K7 u4 j
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 6 q& p3 V V4 m& l& Q6 I 6 o+ U) O3 b+ B: q: C& @# U4 Q" b0 t' k9 Y# ]! O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 A0 I( U3 [, P0 x/ a ! }4 s% C- x" V7 L例如: $ c/ a @, l% D5 R6 O- J' H% A& i4 ?' E# F+ C( s4 A# f
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' k# i7 y& V" ~ * N- B) E" s( u" \; k3 r# GManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + R% S6 z/ `% j3 ~! f1 J% u, u" Z7 {7 H, ?* m4 h0 ^
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 j# u, w. d* \, j) ~( Z) \: R m& @: @) y/ R3 ^! }
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 n7 r0 i# a+ x' @0 n
' M1 j# T9 _# M/ sMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! @9 R) ~ e8 Q+ k( B 2 L4 U% ]) z/ S1 W" r) J7 E$ {Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) B0 o0 T& O* u0 {$ X( H9 j
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives): e7 T9 z, p0 ?+ P+ n$ k% M
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' p8 r: N4 T" T3 Z: d/ i6 S* _ F0 X' o: b4 F8 g
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . }; F. t- B6 Q) a5 ~) A. V$ F& M/ Y3 `& X
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 2 b' H L4 Y/ B7 k" V q* v+ Z2 x7 | Z) E, o- N( [. _- @
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) I; H) T0 e# x) P! u