. q! J( {5 O3 A& F- v6 f# Z例如:; P5 ^$ f) y* q5 F, b2 a
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" h/ ~' [8 G+ B3 V* ]
* G+ P$ \# C5 t! L1 xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。). x7 u- a9 o& }' W: V) r5 z# s& \0 A
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 I J+ H8 v; R3 N- @! y+ M# W
- F, X) ^" j v& c# `* AThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' Q: \6 E n J1 F, \ b( `
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ' l0 h4 l1 y' u8 s - ~4 ` l6 B" N5 d! |7 k( nMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) a3 u# z8 E* m% |; u5 Z$ U# P* M/ X' E3 u
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- P& P6 w2 Z' ~! T# |
3 A- p/ r0 L. h( \2 `: KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) & @) X4 l' y% d0 p& i' s, v- o 0 T3 V' ^8 N! cWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。), ^' h* |" R0 i7 `7 Z: z
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ N& y: `; W& M+ q' `. ~
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ w" n( [( \5 |5 w" \* U/ I
, R! |. j; i& N5 W8 ?3 h例如: * Q8 x8 V& t2 | F9 c. P# S4 X / ~4 u u( w4 B$ g, o; r. p' g j* jAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) R; ?/ R: Y, o+ _6 A& s" R; Z
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 V$ h9 _, E. U+ `: b
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 o6 y, V4 U R! d1 l ) [$ r9 Z( c' P [/ }& k2 DHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 T; [& u7 ], V7 }+ N; H
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) / `+ ?$ l6 n) G5 S K, ?. Q: h ZShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 t ? k% u- t0 D
# c; h1 w4 q, H* YI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) # a. c$ y* \ U6 P6 ?* Z. A1 f, A- m5 m" V+ w) y4 g7 R
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ( w3 r7 Q- ]5 Y- g `( _- `0 _8 s0 Z5 M, }# V9 U$ K$ m$ g7 L* l
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 k; h7 E2 e# {4 @0 b' R
; w+ b" m5 T* ?The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): E# n& B+ ?9 f2 q( k$ R$ C. Q2 _
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): N6 p4 X' j, l
8 F1 t; L# a1 ~9 `0 [# DHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味). |$ B8 n6 p- X( X) r
- {; p, f7 F% }$ R* b6 Q. X n- DWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 0 r9 Q8 t! S* a# x* a: y B9 E- H% v( R4 u2 ^; B- X
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 X3 k# k' N- I! T0 }; i0 l2 r4 J+ C( q2 ~9 v/ q% G( ]
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ U2 ]- R$ |- m% R8 D
7 S4 e( ]2 |8 d3 J! s" b) s此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' W5 k8 L; `% e' a# ]
, o/ ^( B A' U( N: ^9 A: G4 g& e7 s例如: 2 h, L9 ]. ~( X5 ^8 x" e: w8 z# r; E) [; H2 {* J/ l! V, b$ _4 L# A, v+ |' z
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" x/ }7 B j1 a5 E' u$ f, M
2 ^/ u U% G; S; kManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : g1 t* i" J9 p* I/ c2 m5 M# I0 b7 h8 z. _, k) @ G
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & Q8 x5 |8 o5 i' K; R- N, s1 l5 o7 F) `+ {3 l
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" G: ^/ d7 m% R3 ?4 ^' F' Z
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 a' O: X* ?- b" K, i- D( ?6 h3 P; X3 K
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 d( X3 C% t! w' ?5 _6 y* [! \. ? $ s. ~" N5 w4 q) i( @$ _, j3 ?3 DCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives); j' E: m: t2 L) Q: F
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' ]7 [6 T+ g$ t2 U& l3 Y6 l0 p
4 b( K1 i% D, P5 h9 m同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ) I: A$ m; s* N" `6 x& K. d t1 q( F9 V+ P2 N
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( |% J$ j3 [$ M. d: h + b4 c. L2 N5 @; G( y* c6 p对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;# U, R9 N( C- \, T
. s5 V+ F" Q6 C1 t& J对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;( m: J6 c$ p8 m2 D
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % E: U- t a- |) l7 |9 c( R: ~- y* w6 X) e: T3 H* w. ~. t7 g
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 6 i3 C% x/ f: W9 c- x$ |$ `! S; h' Q. c
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:& l1 P4 ~5 V; ]; b/ |% l" [
! s% [ g Y/ E- [) W8 G还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 l% n m) k* B$ I+ i) C8 w m( C9 b1 b# n4 C
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' @( J; Z1 f+ _0 L/ w0 Q8 R9 U