本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 k1 }" g$ D% U- Z S
: L. h" `8 Q2 m! M. h5 A8 o' J; g转帖 - _& B4 S; Q" L/ b& K# w& o. M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 8 p- ~& G5 T/ w" } r3 E- ]4 u; [# ]! g2 F1 u5 ~5 t& V1 X. Y% u0 k* @9 L6 h
例如: 2 M/ N/ U& G% W9 J/ J ' N9 p5 O1 s' h* z4 G3 p: A, CMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 8 P; V' n. G; H+ [; f& v 9 o. |& |3 r& |! w( RThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)) r' y* k, O/ Z* ]8 k/ i( ^
D1 b. K8 N0 v' ?2 X' e- NThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( H+ f, H9 h, C) v- U$ \0 N1 y. E f* {! C0 j# ~
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ _/ j6 |- P, z7 J' H7 u2 G, D+ q8 u
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 W. W8 @9 p' B" P1 t& a4 j1 } 6 z- a* N0 `( [! eMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & O( K5 L4 k) Z9 P! G/ y m/ R$ J' y6 B6 t3 R
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)1 c; ^5 h D( l' {3 q3 X
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 F0 v3 c) \# p* r. D
- [( _) ^* `9 @9 B* {% }We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 d( r; Z( N. D, p6 q9 a
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) M* Z+ Y0 Z$ ]* X1 o. z
% z0 I1 \/ q. H8 u这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 c L( u! R" _* Y
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- S; v1 U; n3 U$ D0 w 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。% P: Z2 \4 ^( ^, D
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例如: 6 M. |* L% u( m) `: W$ l, C7 Z {% I8 g: u
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ H- w4 x k$ w0 x8 q3 q) T% u4 I
* M. g0 K5 [$ Y; P# |; pDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , _$ E% m Y) [( L% {" ]# Y' G6 [& p' k' g/ L- a
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & g4 U) ?* ~: w0 m/ u 3 q5 h8 [% [' L$ ]He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . B( l& d8 E$ }* m' u0 H* J; Y2 W7 S& o4 K* }$ y- N
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" ^# W6 {% i4 x, w
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * b+ D/ Z2 m9 Z/ n M8 b$ k# J3 `& N! F. a+ T1 @# j! {
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' y5 P# r; S5 ` t; W6 ]2 T
9 j. V j# r4 U如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 7 l$ z* n5 V7 }$ [ Y% k0 {; d) o# g / y, F7 s, E: G! ~- g _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) + m% Y" Z9 n. R0 [/ E) O8 ^& y1 `. l
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ N0 G4 D0 k' |9 |
$ u0 }" w v: x# {* C. eHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。), q: f$ x. B8 O
# S4 I9 ]5 Y$ q) x' T9 {He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % x B) W- c5 N, m ~ Z( \0 w; D9 ~% Z! X& H9 d+ w9 PWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" R( j. C+ `9 i+ Y5 p, n
4 J# H6 k7 O; ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) * e' E8 N% [5 `) e. d# z& K! \1 G& R, Q8 x! q, ^8 m# v
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 |% z5 X# l9 w& [4 c0 ?$ j3 \, \' a% d' P1 y* f
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + K1 w! |# D0 X 1 W! [: k+ i- q* o! |3 r! l) H. K9 Z5 K% c+ A 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 3 M0 T" B) Z$ _0 L, G* K" C/ t* F' N: m* Z
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" A5 m+ W0 U1 C1 e, u: ~ nMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)6 ?4 @! t) I- n1 S: w7 v
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)0 S7 h# B, N' G1 d; Z" r. F
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), A+ W# B. l7 z) |3 W3 Q) Y; _( `" l
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 G0 `- l. N! P# s6 c
# r# O& Q+ N$ }' w# rMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + V- I2 Z- u. h/ L3 T7 O2 \4 r3 k. R r, F
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)- H$ d6 S% j* k I
' M3 J, C2 g0 T2 P4 lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& Y& Q# B6 X3 Z7 [6 d
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + X4 b$ G' A3 S4 L9 ?3 t3 c" j, i& t( N+ Q) m8 P' C
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) m$ y* j; Y) b
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ j. a9 M8 w0 {5 V: w `: Q0 ]* L6 D/ [' I; S对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 S. F) }# @* y- S; I5 K' j! C7 y2 Q. _/ L8 s9 I) d7 ~* o
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 I( c/ n2 L8 W+ Y9 k8 K5 @) I # ^2 T& [$ z: J对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;5 p" c3 Y/ t! M! G1 j
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& c2 B6 @5 M. @$ {# I2 H: k
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:! P R' b# k7 N4 r# R1 x
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + g: m: |4 B$ ^8 m1 u5 d2 k. F/ {% T' Y6 B) \( b+ y
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ! T$ i/ u: L P/ W) j! i. r8 z