' [1 m& G0 `' |* fMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)# q+ y1 D5 Q4 N9 E4 e2 f
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; F6 f& \. }) g2 B" \; P( y5 q& v . j6 b8 e% r0 S3 f' T8 zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 i; i( R8 T# g+ V$ C
7 Z- z. V, J- x$ F) J ~The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ; Z7 a# t/ j& P7 L4 H; A, \! f. R) P7 I6 D
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 T7 _3 ~# M: X$ ^! X5 t
1 b x3 ^( I. y% H6 N# |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( ]1 v8 ~3 t( Q8 C
4 A4 Z0 y0 q) f F M/ zWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) $ P. {& y+ h8 h# G; o : }: v" l4 r- E6 s8 eThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)9 B) p, l" K4 z/ J
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# g. a: Z6 |! k" k/ @
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# X, B! t" c2 r! i* l2 |
. M$ s9 g: ^& H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!8 ^# E( U$ Q# v! Q6 e5 g
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5 @" w/ l( i, e+ s: z/ c0 X& c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 t' j- W6 ^; b1 c! m6 X+ t Q% w 3 ~. K8 g8 Y' p3 e例如:4 a4 }$ r7 x; B6 `; T: b2 d8 L
Y# E* J. i- L& h! [9 x* v1 vAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 m2 e5 k3 i2 M/ e8 l* H/ I/ V6 p1 H 5 T) }$ x: W% L! mDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 L/ x# D) ], B. X& ?
$ ?: A7 ~4 r# ^5 U- i6 [" C% rI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)8 m( O$ a6 f C
' o1 j: ~$ V- N* wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)$ d( [8 b s3 ^( w/ d; ]4 n* Q
9 y% a6 |! l, CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 q0 g+ [8 M7 }+ E- F0 L2 J3 O5 q( C & q8 B% x7 B& Z0 m! r8 RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' J& W& S$ H; F# ~# s3 d
- B2 d# r) ^8 Q3 i" ^! v, HI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ @5 S, {" A1 M! ?4 t5 `
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' [! A. O% S* P( c. I! G. ]3 K
8 w4 y# I! ^* v3 Q1 \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & f1 L' `2 \' D5 s7 g0 J# k, X0 Y+ E N! b/ s4 C
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! n5 h% A9 G, P- x: f& l
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 e& Y6 ?: J4 j% N1 Y
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 9 q) |3 w, r+ l; O ; f8 _. | g) i" `+ s M3 qWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)# b6 L0 I9 Y- D2 M* G9 f2 G
* w) ~9 ?/ \+ O* }Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 b8 G7 q' J# z7 e4 D# S7 P' l9 O4 v) `
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)4 p& W M; w |2 G0 U& T- F) r
1 o* n$ C* \2 b b6 l$ H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。; d g8 y& S8 X `
# R. I+ Z: |. O0 e% |4 } " P) y4 `% `0 [7 T. r3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 5 d( p8 b+ D$ w% B5 Z 1 ^8 @2 R8 b+ P+ \例如:: U, @4 b6 L! d7 M7 |4 b
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- s7 s# L* h, g$ A
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources); ^" F2 a' t+ M8 i8 M7 j0 y' b
, O" o. i5 s' K% n+ o; tThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % U. v% W; T5 l) F* ]9 D1 `$ h% l, A
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); V8 X$ F: g8 |4 a1 Y
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 1 d v$ ?( ~$ `8 `! H7 a 5 |/ l: Y1 A& g; K# N/ pPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ' e8 k; A$ [ \: d$ w" h ' O0 N$ ^# \- W. O8 ?8 a7 `$ HCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives), `0 m# g+ ~: J1 l2 o2 l
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& e/ V' B/ W8 @% G' \: f
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 `4 r' L0 ~" X2 S5 H+ C8 b / m4 G4 a9 v, p当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:) q6 o* G0 D4 i6 v
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 {% X) i2 Z8 M4 ]9 t0 h. _
) y ^* V( b F6 O3 k( t对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;5 Z/ W) H) [' Q2 Z
0 q% C; b. f+ [对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! {( ]+ b a7 k5 z
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;1 R1 \0 }5 ^) T8 w
1 a- q" s; j2 h/ o; i至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; M: Y* {6 n: d
8 O' a0 r7 I& [还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。3 t* h0 S( K* D( w
4 s/ @ Z( N* L6 ] d9 p有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 9 _% W3 E. ~+ S