0 j; o# }8 |- x5 V d转帖0 h% Z* S- k* b2 h( x4 B4 \
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)7 ?& x+ U1 | o+ c) g0 V0 ~
1 z. i& j7 [! w8 j! U) U
例如:5 o( {/ i, b7 D3 P1 y* t
# _% }; r4 {0 _6 f" r9 v5 F6 lMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 |6 G5 \% P5 Z: l
3 r6 U6 }/ Q# K6 xThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 v+ h$ l3 [ R ?# O4 N 9 q. e) X9 Z+ |/ IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 |0 a$ U( S5 i( Q5 m7 H
! s* J; k. \; S TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ c$ m8 c1 e0 r4 p+ v' V
2 C4 F* a: K3 ?0 q8 r- F
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)" v2 m+ C2 E$ U2 \: O
) H$ U+ p( t! v( ]Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- e0 ~* r+ C D! s* v
% Q7 u. b. R: l5 w
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 ^3 c( R: V5 f. j1 m
4 x3 ^8 E5 s! d4 }* S5 j
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 i: v8 @) {6 a2 A
7 O6 t4 [# x, J# j) T
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 x' v+ T' p" b! T$ g6 }- `4 [
8 M1 {; a7 k" U1 Y/ g2 Q+ VPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) + d q# Y5 J- J7 z6 M 8 u/ z. P3 C' Q+ R! ?: G这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& \7 X' N7 K" w/ t
1 W6 }+ P6 s, A: H" z4 {8 z 5 i" B# b2 |5 ?2 W; @2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 r9 l: m J( V$ P) Z6 p- S
/ u8 T3 ~, B* X$ z9 u
例如: $ v. L/ e; U2 u& G; ^0 }% f% |6 L I0 ]
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ A& Y" p$ J2 N6 W8 U4 |& y6 [
Y! n/ ~, h" G/ }, o
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 J+ K! C4 C( D S, g ( y: R9 n( _6 wI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) : ~! b: @; I: }4 A7 V. _7 Z! D" l " k& C6 Z1 Z& B' K; NHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ) A1 }% Y2 a# l8 q . y" f. a; L. CIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 5 s0 A: {6 w- i8 M: `' f6 V 5 Z. c' H5 q8 y6 l7 HShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 R: @- r/ ~9 n3 H- ?3 ~! P % d9 }2 I( Z/ SI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)5 C" ~- h8 i% J# F: J
* M/ \7 d3 z$ _
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' ~3 k! V; Z0 B" w
" _$ S% U' X5 y1 u
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)0 T* ?. v H7 p
. u* X8 k/ u6 @( Y0 b$ r
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) d% e2 u' Y/ j6 W9 u
% n) Y% l; B+ j
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* m+ S1 M( l) r' T* _
4 G/ @; C' |" q) Q# n' y
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - `+ C, l( v. `2 F. y( S9 d8 H% i% r3 m r0 ^3 G, E
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / `5 n4 U% y! M8 K0 }$ ]9 U; d) y$ v w9 x4 M& I
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ! R' a- F& q6 p' @% t. R. t2 L5 [- p5 z
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 u# X" i# F/ `% J - Q) k2 j8 O n* \5 k9 L, w* F# H此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) w5 d% c3 g6 @: [" L+ d( e
# [5 T; g% D& H4 ~$ D( I & Y4 Y" n: Y7 R8 x# o5 _3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; O0 B9 [3 H: W; B+ n4 m6 I3 d5 i. X; b# S/ }
例如:3 `, A. Q) \& D4 F. x! [
4 @$ {& i9 @. x% G w$ |# u
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ k1 g& O% b! y$ t W+ e' u
" \3 C% Q' R% a
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" _4 ]+ O4 Q$ R. B
0 ~3 N9 p. r2 J. k/ g; {: E
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)9 T9 M3 b' x8 Y
% F% e! F; C* d7 b* B2 HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) s8 m _0 d( D
( L$ H% t& w1 X/ a* O# m4 `
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 Y. |: D+ M3 n! a+ M2 {2 \4 @ $ W/ Y% |. F( J; x+ O* IPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); ^/ P0 |# `3 c) ^
- N$ C r9 Z" }5 _; Q" c
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)1 D2 M3 e. H0 m, d0 E# ?* }, i
2 Q1 }4 W# h b( b1 e
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & F7 O" w3 b0 {$ o( F2 m+ r$ _) f; Q- R2 ^0 u
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。2 D6 s+ E. U6 F, N2 m) d9 a
- K7 x6 e$ Z ~; R. T
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: - y4 ^4 g3 q P* x- l & u# N7 p) e: D" S5 I对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ' v( ]- Y6 I( |1 H4 l3 ^ 9 j- l: _0 r0 z; `+ E对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;3 B) N% g3 n' m
* |% n4 I4 c; p8 F4 r对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / X/ { N& n" }8 I0 L s9 q% \) G5 H' a1 \, z& o3 S) l8 e) e1 z" t
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;: j* s% D+ [( o5 X) W
" L; G* F) t3 A9 j: B2 M6 y! [$ R
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ! G+ S# \! U; v, U! m& i. a- I+ h% z' ]; m0 j3 \9 d ~8 F4 p. f
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。0 c! a! D* {: Z: l2 Q
$ }1 o# N* l! f8 r( ^
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! N8 O ~3 G J5 E* v6 b; a: d