本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & e. r! h" E9 {5 j/ A3 t" [ # n. _& `! U) c* j转帖! M, J+ b$ v$ e; q3 }+ o f
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)$ c6 V9 b8 J/ V0 k* ?
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例如:9 B9 d, i3 V/ D! D1 Z5 j* O) a% }: J
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 }) m) J/ U3 c c
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 s, r# e2 g) s u, s 5 f! s+ C5 {8 a3 X; L! K1 GThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)9 ~4 s; m2 n0 l. b
* f* k6 ^% t% N0 {9 i7 |The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 P$ K& p4 @& o9 q3 Q- k: R
; K2 b- r4 L kI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) / r. Y1 F. F" A C. v5 |& p7 G" [! w8 @8 T& r" U, u
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) J3 `3 r( J- u9 b8 a/ {3 b 1 v- k) n) H( f$ z& N7 s0 V& MWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " S- F' V# m; ?+ \0 T% t+ ~ \0 ~) {2 M% k
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ |! R9 A- Y8 H) r% K0 ~
* a2 J- r5 Q4 ^% M2 B7 nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" W9 S& ^' D& v1 u$ @4 A) k
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)6 G* R' j: _' ?5 Z1 i
9 N* n/ S* @2 h这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* g' ?1 l! s$ u; T' x
" c, \3 u) w3 j8 [# |, w# G; w; z) `4 W/ _8 W 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。7 p( C1 s4 j y" v
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例如:8 u5 f* c. y6 ^* ^/ J* g
; m/ i2 [ X% G+ Q7 o1 ] QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): ]$ A, }6 {1 {9 r
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 _' L1 `, X, p7 N
/ P! b; s# s; n( Q" e+ w4 wI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) " C( P) y4 x0 I& }6 }; M3 P% T) Z. b2 p# d( m5 E0 i
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* @; ]' R2 ^: E3 c/ ~- ?; N- b
5 {5 h% E$ o5 t+ J- RIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) _' `% w1 l' t# B
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) v1 v1 h, g* d: z( c7 i 3 v1 |% v* A* z: UI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)7 A+ u7 @1 Z/ I/ e2 u
( o. _7 O9 b6 G* @+ y) C如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % s! h1 U9 `" A- L ; T0 C& s# l$ \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / P1 o# E/ ^: l5 h- `6 X- r2 F; G5 R8 d# O8 w: ]2 K
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 8 @( J9 G% Y' E* M) c5 w1 \$ t# {' H
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) x6 b7 V* X0 S# Z0 E( E
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 V* u" p. O7 [6 ^ . y6 R3 l1 e; F. x+ A1 N) VWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 C5 }8 |9 D6 e0 v7 n: n 4 ^2 m$ Q0 X, X) ^: O7 dEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 [' f; o8 t5 {1 G, o
& v3 h) R* Y/ Q1 Y写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 @( t( T1 |$ \ - a8 t% f! R' _( G1 |8 j此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; R! {* g' C. g; q1 ~4 }6 T 7 n0 r" \$ K( t2 K: {* i) W" V. b. t- _) |7 q6 _ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) |; M' B/ h- {2 M2 ^# i5 q# }+ [$ d' l4 i- O {$ X+ S
例如: , o- ]& E( s+ J3 } # {) z( c; I# Q& r7 WMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * Z% z7 b5 q; r% o4 G : d/ X/ }* e/ DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 `4 h0 |& C6 J
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ _) a b! {: `3 l8 e5 m( ?1 I' N' C V* |' q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; x# ^6 B5 J8 c; F+ G V7 m! `4 N7 d( x* s: W8 y: g
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)1 o; v+ r- _1 l6 \
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别); m$ _: ]+ W# `) m6 d1 z6 _
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 2 v- j T- z% T$ } # `# `$ o+ G. H& E/ o+ |7 oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)0 L v3 a q. c
+ A$ E! k9 h. h% V, P! W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 E" K. V$ Q- t2 C* H
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:- h8 v2 s- l! N- n l& M4 q/ } `* P
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! Q. x, n3 ?* Q! b, B9 v' t$ l) \