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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 f! r8 i8 v; i6 v- l% P7 G- M' d3 T( V* x2 C+ N, e! W' T
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) V5 r+ `5 y" g
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% P" v3 I* A4 V/ x7 p2 ~
+ W# _& Q8 B* X I) ]& W# PThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) & q# t8 [$ B1 P* c3 c! b0 n / n3 U7 k5 \3 \ w" J* ]The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 D9 f* X4 `9 c2 p* ~. o5 V / a, a, V q( S( l1 Y$ eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 4 p, l1 H% `4 P0 {' [9 v3 X$ f' k; ^, e9 _; K
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! J! P2 v1 I+ o! U/ y7 E$ y% Z
6 |% u& h) z9 A+ W7 jWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 7 |: n1 C0 ^) C. y+ k/ X6 s + Q$ @( U+ v! c8 ]- D$ X$ Y! XThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词). I1 W0 o* c# J) a/ Z4 g) n% g2 J( }
- {! T0 l: N# x- [ i8 \& q0 @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # o7 B9 S/ c9 Y& t! m* r% C6 \% g9 G& ^2 s9 y' D
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 |' }0 w) \/ V) d6 S& `5 |3 `) o3 Z% {2 i1 L, p
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ Z5 l- x+ m2 r3 D) `, B( F& H3 k: @* y
: |) q3 h) H! ? x0 t6 m/ T1 _ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 6 \5 [# J9 M+ {5 J% J T( e& f2 G( |. Z( V5 m8 F0 M- }
例如: ( I( l; g' I Z& V& U& `1 @- m + d r0 L9 V% z$ G" ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)* L) ^7 M1 x7 S# ~
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 F$ N) e, M+ J2 c2 ~ 5 W7 u8 s! u9 ]2 ]8 x7 JI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( a3 M B: s( z8 B+ i: J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 e5 w) _- m$ B/ O
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % P5 A0 {) X7 r1 x* u- K" j+ i' c# M( f1 m6 O' O
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 F& a9 J2 i" W' O, _# y/ H: G6 W4 y1 ~( w
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 [9 Q1 W4 _: Q2 R7 b8 T7 r6 }/ H) X/ i2 u: r- E( [3 S
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 \6 G6 |: O# Y
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! h9 A1 w( }/ b, M 7 h* ?1 e6 t6 ~6 E+ uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ O, j9 @5 B+ U' X- V) B& `
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)4 D/ ? ?" W. e- O; W* ^( T
+ I) b x0 T% z* e7 m# Z+ |. WHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + Q- o3 `3 e% K, |3 [( K/ s. I$ W
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! K" w# ?* \& o . Y9 G/ y) r9 x* c1 _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 6 i& d2 z9 R4 ?1 N# b; s* T3 C: E5 s6 O* O4 P
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ( l9 n% Z8 k& \" n' x3 P( \/ q( C* p2 A' U2 C
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ) t+ d7 d0 [) L3 t2 {1 g3 d' P 9 K) n+ [, ~8 y" }' A7 F5 { 1 F7 ^7 g8 u& \9 b, o3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 ~" F7 z" a$ d$ _9 n2 O& W }/ p7 H$ S4 R
例如: # q" h0 M* q$ y2 L/ _* U P' s1 n
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) # z& X0 f0 L9 L4 T , k) W; ?1 e- |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)# a& i6 k! ]; a# f9 |
% O! a$ z5 ^8 T1 c, z* AThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) : K! t0 S, F1 s1 U4 Z/ p : I8 s6 b. K$ n+ ^1 h* ^9 m1 vHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 G5 k! Q( o5 K3 |2 b. E7 ^
% k6 l+ b# _6 LMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( R7 Q) N1 d5 m9 E U* c; j. E1 l5 h% S5 K1 b' I$ {! }
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)8 y6 M9 Q h6 ~' |/ b0 T$ F, n4 y: R/ g
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)( p0 _% ~% _5 [5 a; `% G* r5 w
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) $ B2 h, ]+ |8 t2 q' @3 i6 g& l) j, K- l# ]; c
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 & C! P" s2 w; N$ a! b: T" E2 j; M7 W! K4 J9 {- I
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . _; W% u: K" d _9 W1 q2 D, s( c1 p4 E' F9 B# ]
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # g' a! B" S* C& O2 @$ i. b7 \7 |$ s( j; g2 F4 Q' R1 B/ S6 d! x4 [
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' T! q; t( D; ], Q7 ` a# P
/ N# h$ Z. r6 x; a- `6 Q) B }对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * w5 j( G0 }+ R1 Z 1 u: A6 y! n+ t$ j7 q) s0 G) H3 q对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 N0 A" o$ m- t# y, c( C# o- o % ?* q! u9 h, S: h7 O4 h9 ]* u至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: y5 Q' B4 z# O( `# b( V0 X4 h- ~) j& a6 C% t+ d% y6 K* h' s% Y
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 [8 \( U! E/ @3 M# S9 ~
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, [7 K8 i6 w& E) N