本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 - D/ E C, D* e+ J# @; W, w
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)4 F' l3 O( K% }( b
5 L9 x, `2 ^ J o5 W, c7 |2 `' ]例如: ( a5 g+ s" r% k6 l( L) ], b4 S ) x' |' S# W$ Y5 U/ fMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)/ q8 h' u; x; y, U+ R4 g$ ~
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 [) `3 X& }9 W 8 T4 |& r. \$ z! y0 f1 o/ `This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- X/ e% b# `& n. Y6 L% _: T7 U4 _
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ! D7 a+ b6 X& @) p3 F" y* t R3 j% i5 [# s! z* c2 j$ C' Q
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; z& K: Q" }1 S# n$ h2 m" J( Q3 {' |1 H7 s1 h" @5 E) }; V2 Q! x
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 G( l" u* ?7 G( d& [0 y# [
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! H7 F1 H0 M1 s& \ G
" x+ Z1 h `9 uThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; \& v, B& K1 v- E6 d4 N0 U( v& k5 y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ! }8 q( J4 h( _6 z4 K3 B5 A8 {' a4 U F
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) * s2 S/ O$ Z5 g5 s; v9 y& a" Z0 u6 M0 Z
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!. L# \, L' Y/ Y2 S" i+ Z# Q3 c; S
/ t9 t) w+ Q+ ]5 g: l0 S* |0 g * s8 z0 B! U' E7 k5 R* e$ K* B2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ) _ [2 O; R9 j" l/ L . d3 L- n1 w/ S; C: @例如:" Z$ u* y+ d1 p& c+ r. {( i$ @+ Q
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( m5 k ^7 l v+ B6 x G- V! O+ M* t5 s+ p4 H0 o: I
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 ]& }- V; p& l" e: t8 u: t: {. H
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 W! I4 j, `, K. A3 J
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) q% G4 f4 m, M# }
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 A% j4 E& |" ` u$ w3 j. V9 Y1 a, c
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 9 v2 C; }! b) i% p5 R- J8 D' w: r! {- `+ E' @( [: g
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)* P. t/ y( s3 t" s. P. d! v
: c& r( }" ?5 f7 W; O; b如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% L% l/ W* ~7 k6 h( z: U
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 D. J+ W' G% F. U( f" T
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)- B9 @8 K% e. [ h
% n, q3 y& X" J8 P! yHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 P X) q1 k( d8 r, m; g
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + u4 p; F1 l" ~' ?0 b 4 I; ~& g' c6 W6 `4 M6 TWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # |- Q4 q- n( L6 x' M( N6 m( B/ E* n3 W9 b
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)/ p+ [! Q, {5 {6 M# }* r4 C2 R
9 I1 K7 |; b6 }) j7 M写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- A7 {& L+ I: I' @9 \$ {. T! X
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 W. j' @+ t! f$ z* A: w$ y5 @4 m$ f$ d- p2 N' R' u; ]
/ S- Y' {6 U( y5 Q& s: z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。3 x' y: c! ]# i4 B( _# E" P* L6 ~
k7 ~) h$ \7 |+ z" t" X' T+ E5 k例如: / S: Y o% k6 B% t0 ]2 ^4 p& m) l, g0 B! n. l% B
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): d3 a1 `6 g5 F1 A8 [( K
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) _ {7 i* b+ r* l7 b( _7 V
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 q; s9 C1 p/ D& ^2 j2 Y
. ]+ \! z; O: g1 J @3 L% z4 oHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) & z1 [1 Q {- f* H0 i! |' s' R- ?8 ]: U( [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ; j0 y, y6 t5 b; E: A6 N6 m0 e: o ) d0 A' W0 ?' B5 jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 p! g; W& b- Q j2 { X0 H. S
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)5 |) X* m: d) N; m& ^
, t5 G9 E" Y, aStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 K8 K8 h9 F/ x+ {! v- U3 U* g3 ]5 N & f$ i7 A3 u& T v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。% {: ?! }4 i" Z* H% t8 p
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # U8 h9 E: e" g* p& ?( H ~$ o2 j( a
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! v! ^0 o# I+ N; @6 p" \