本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 R3 p% {# s0 D& I & i2 U/ H+ s* L W4 } |转帖 / j/ R* f8 [8 ^1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 G7 \' r6 Q1 b, [# _* }+ O4 r9 h( @& J. P: t# |& C
例如: ( A# W1 ?+ b6 I1 F9 ], R6 a0 L+ x3 L1 N# H& {' F
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 5 l5 Z6 }( y. g+ [3 A: D6 W! Y
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 w/ k- ]7 u! ], ~1 a$ f
- \3 ]4 h3 e; UThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)8 c y |) f1 \4 l: l" {% j
3 I3 e4 Y0 X. s" IThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 1 E9 N+ I: ^ p+ x. E, I. ^6 q5 M9 r @- _1 _1 Q% I
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)1 L( x2 r8 M4 h6 I
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 f1 A/ l, w% a6 {% k# } @5 [7 a n0 d$ L2 o" `5 [) h+ Y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)$ n8 ^8 ^/ x6 ?! t1 z7 ^4 F3 b; h) h
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 q( s9 v- Q0 {8 }8 j. L8 g8 a, }/ P! G( d
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 G( E& i+ R5 o2 _ Y# U# w* r& v
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ N7 B x5 Z$ X# C , E2 g: M& H- U, o这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!+ o# u! x s9 X3 R9 ~6 A
9 W$ c' k, X9 h7 Y m8 ~- [9 f; C7 m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ T& [5 ^3 l4 Z, @* ?# I- \) p" t1 R( X7 r' ]5 H9 `
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5 w' H/ f" m/ p0 {% hAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ b) z$ y/ z4 L2 G* s
2 n# w7 G3 j( }% I: g9 tDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% G4 I8 s/ i6 C) T2 c5 N, o
# D& g& a6 n+ o) tI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): B0 q5 T5 x* ~3 g
3 }4 H6 K* f* C# kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 B* E9 p1 H8 P 5 {, u3 I4 x- |5 ]" |In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! d- R$ }, p \, W. S4 w1 Z$ d! P, i) c _/ n
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); V) `5 m+ e9 E9 M( V9 k& I
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 P) M) u( _# v7 X. L. B8 x4 D2 O! m* V
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: " h; z: \9 q" \+ l8 l% O U7 I) D e5 _, c% s5 {; O0 m) ?0 x B% O
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& f$ d( [4 g3 M4 A: e# W
6 L, _9 g6 u" P) q. dThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)0 I9 h6 u/ \" z9 b
9 J% _ l; Y2 }8 W; Y9 C! }- `He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 C8 S$ u# T2 D ; v) V8 x& L4 a, W7 CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); l. [5 T3 i8 g0 {7 r- ~
+ z# U$ o5 z. [, b1 v& u4 A6 q; n+ FWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)8 E$ j9 e! N7 O7 q4 X
( n9 p$ _9 S+ n# ]9 qEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) / T+ `5 Q# V* ?. D/ ` F- p! i; m4 |* M! P$ G
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) Q4 F- x2 G" F- s# d. m! K- ` " b5 g9 S V, Q# q, f# G4 d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ^4 |; [2 b& @) [) X: V % V# D9 k1 J/ U 9 k) @" G8 `0 J& @0 d3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 J4 h9 t) `, u' o# P/ L @2 o( z' L5 h" c3 e7 i9 D' l
例如:, m& s- b0 y% ~6 L0 M$ @4 `
2 u5 c5 [ w+ [3 V+ N" g! HMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / w& l3 b' Z6 H ^7 y/ s0 {& H# L" U2 b
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . O) r( ]% @6 q # H$ Z0 J b2 w* gThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * H# L+ H2 n2 d( O% Y- d # S3 n' ]5 x. ], ^He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)) q( N5 Y/ p+ z8 q' o! X: s3 Z/ Z
# Z. c; o8 k+ ^9 U5 v# ]7 DMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 F$ i+ U7 q# [+ G9 S4 b' ^
6 _/ |: @& R) u7 d1 O3 cPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 m) s' F$ \1 e+ H
+ G* ~' W" X7 e/ v* n& I7 G( ZCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 y+ n8 |" X) _3 U5 `1 A, F
, [# e7 I. }" h/ o) @3 DStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 P; e' V% }$ [4 E. l! F, I1 T! n ! Q1 r3 ?( a8 F& i2 p. @8 _7 v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : y. F2 J: Y+ a+ d* m7 s" B; `2 t1 L( k4 L7 N' N& x
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( W1 X- e& R m
1 H6 K4 r- _ `/ A9 o6 D对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 R) [# V" ~( E/ Z 2 o9 P2 C3 x$ o. k$ v' k0 x对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ' q. e, b$ f7 N( _9 o, w1 U5 C2 }4 E8 R4 M
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 x, Z) i, H; p& ? 2 f. W) V% T# D3 p" s8 E- u对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) q4 Z9 d) N& m- V, W5 X+ e; W& G7 o! i' U" P( O- k
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 o; Z( P& M4 p8 k$ @ / J0 E% y/ P/ ?9 a* e6 S还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 + {0 p- x( Q7 U- F! D5 V 1 t5 O8 @2 N* O1 ]有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ( {7 R9 v+ I1 @- d$ U- w0 T