/ R5 p8 c0 E6 P# b- I# P9 H例如: ; P. \' q3 s; w' v8 f8 m5 G' W. `" ^1 A/ ~) c7 ~
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ ?% ~7 D" Y- m1 V6 ]" }/ Q; h
! n* ]% Q" l3 }4 E5 g1 U) k8 rThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 h2 L: \7 g4 M. W ! n: K+ n+ [7 X% g7 [This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # e% w3 y8 e" D- }- ^% B" e! Z- Y9 k0 M9 `
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 6 F2 I$ D1 R, U$ c* p 2 v- [6 t# }$ `1 JI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) Q+ p( B: f7 g j: X: m6 {8 t9 W8 y . L1 q+ w0 T: F2 i: h( [1 u6 N1 A8 aMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ) Z0 i" \' W! V! I q0 n9 W' I9 y: J* W) z g) ^2 Z9 q
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 9 G7 }. d* f) V 8 t: T8 `' _% n e/ t$ u, ]The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 n- A5 t' J9 z; u- }( W) }
! Z$ R/ {# D# w. n9 m& l; LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( m' R$ @! s8 O& ?/ ~ 2 b0 X: w% ^; ?) [6 I+ k- EPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# x+ R, r4 P! o; u& F
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!- h B1 j) v3 Y+ ]) g5 D
$ Y! S) Q: t" |: |/ @+ r- q6 B% S8 ~At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - x5 n0 y6 ^: x2 \3 l! v* u8 ?9 I( u5 y$ a
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) : B$ K0 N# d) u, {7 P0 H0 d) H( O ; j4 S9 Z5 o! V# Z; A# k/ FI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ s8 E/ |$ D* j( F6 x" A( [. {8 g+ G% X+ g! m4 x! E
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 r. Y( i. B( j; O$ e' V% p! T1 n' E* }" m% \3 O I
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 s# r# P1 T( f5 d. ] + E: s% g, Y( D* O: l* TShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / t$ u% r/ e% M' g3 t0 V/ ~* \% |- O0 s+ G% Y+ t
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 m8 T) J5 ?# [) U) _( Z! i/ S/ [- p9 A8 g# P; W
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:3 @$ ?: F9 s# w7 ^2 _; d" \6 s9 {, P
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 ~3 {* B. L% L: ~
+ I8 c d6 A+ ?4 SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & c8 N4 @/ ^( w- A: w % d: i9 O N6 e" \He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' u1 C& s/ N, H$ s/ w/ v6 p% e ) l3 Y" m3 x; E8 CHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + N4 C0 ?7 p, v) o: o : S8 O ?$ |3 I' X; G" qWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 m: w3 w3 F: S0 ^ + F4 |, {# ?3 T+ YEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 A# Q% n9 T" k0 y+ E3 D2 k/ m4 C& [+ [ 3 n8 r4 |7 b: ^0 y* g写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 p, O2 I0 M3 ?) ?* g7 ]) W; R3 Z3 c8 u: g7 L6 a( i
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % y5 f- _! G$ o9 g8 S5 o2 L; b. H r( o; x" E" R+ ?. `
4 ^! `- ^- U, `: U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % V* { U+ t: f' X6 n h: q% N$ C* F- h) B. a5 N3 \* _1 Q
例如:" _2 A2 w. r$ a, L$ P0 e2 a$ R- m
$ F& a3 l" Q% g" Q8 k: R, Q* @% GMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ j' ^ G J, I$ @$ n5 W; N& ?
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 7 {0 {! z( I: k; x6 y 8 v9 V$ M, X+ t, c! m' d: _2 r4 ^9 sThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( I+ X& {! F1 _$ J$ N" f# I0 d3 \0 ^+ R1 \$ D3 W
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). w& u$ l! T# {/ ~0 {2 F, E) W
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * a1 r! H: Q \. }) [: d$ \: t$ ^- |2 b; V9 O5 t7 C! R. V
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)0 |, [2 \4 g: y7 ~. ?7 G/ Z4 r* _
, Q- O M+ w) C# r$ {Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 f1 H/ E5 K* c% }
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。). J! f2 P1 R! ^4 H# T
5 s9 t7 x( j; M# [5 R3 E! ?' c( H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。; v" E" o, @8 d1 I$ c- }! A$ L
4 m2 S5 X5 s$ ?当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: k' j0 l \+ O" e* d7 s
6 n' t# ?: Y% r# `对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; : M( V5 @) k+ y5 C" ]& D3 Q/ u3 U6 |
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; " m% |/ H( ?/ h2 ~2 Z; h/ d9 `; j: n
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; % M; P# b; n& V: v' r$ ~5 f# K: [3 T! E5 Q6 Y& ]& ]
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 5 v q/ I% s% {9 t' t # m4 |0 v6 g, s2 F至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:% c- w8 r1 z4 N0 S' K% w& ]9 Y
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。+ l4 s0 q/ D3 y: L
; b# l& K+ `! a" f L. e6 N3 [有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; E2 `9 P2 G# ^( i( P