本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & s5 |' G2 I7 d) h
: P5 S+ U: P. S( t* O4 X& x' v9 g% [转帖 , i9 ?' n* F9 J/ \& K* x1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) h/ y" a, R0 b( F1 t
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) " z8 O, d# G' k5 v7 q" C+ |, E1 c. a/ ]3 R
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 @; B# j# D4 w+ Z8 g 1 k( h3 V- p9 y) G, ]: a- sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- V4 p; j" k/ z8 E/ @7 i
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , w$ Q" W' W9 T $ B' G( l o' LI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! _. Z' X5 M6 Q& w, F b6 A* H 5 w6 i8 ^" O* q4 u: m& S( p) yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " p' }6 b" @3 L8 \( I4 [3 w4 g; x! Q0 e$ [: w8 _' e+ h1 v, `
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 ^* T q: _7 L6 y8 Y G ]
9 D. s H; T5 u8 l: \2 |The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 b& D9 @. ]3 o ~, C, p# l3 H0 }% h' E$ d! g
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & ^: h+ l, \0 F$ X" Z4 J% Z4 Q% t8 G( @- o# ]+ P/ o
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , h: L2 M( |* Q: D$ ]4 N! h9 N* l) R1 ~( c* v
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# G/ O$ @+ E2 T
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: Y/ x" o4 B8 I" ?( ]7 t2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 u! S% E/ I% s ( b9 E) T' h7 ~例如:' n \ ` u# Y% S
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)' W2 R% l9 D( Q* l* h
5 m! q! c3 q/ I( Y3 L# x" S9 o- ADespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)$ w6 m+ |4 \0 y& {
( c$ M6 @1 v4 l( c- s' oI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 [; l6 i. S2 i$ f/ S% ^
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) & j0 P5 ?; v! u; i% ~$ [, h1 y7 b* A1 a3 d/ I! C! E# s! s9 C
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)6 ]" J7 K- F! b- I: p
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" q+ L3 G5 b0 i9 Z+ \( _
) c* i2 V+ r- FI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! C. F( }* a* U% B* a2 v' n
) a2 B: C0 q, v) V# Z" C4 Z0 T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * p% f: A+ @4 N2 {, r( u+ S, F2 S) d6 k0 w0 C
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); L6 e8 L; I) ?
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)2 s. B1 ?4 k( e% ]' ~ Y
" g0 [9 X0 m4 Z7 h# YHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 }& \1 _/ Y" n7 c- }5 ?' p/ [% M) j+ T5 k8 \, y+ U4 e
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ c! f4 P& F, z# y1 j& ^+ e, I
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / A4 D. s6 C4 q6 l2 t9 q3 E& ]' f9 S4 q' e/ z: f* m
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' r6 C& L8 r4 J( Z; m* p
1 {/ Z7 }5 b/ ^! A; W4 i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" G- c' p, Y, O' _5 R4 O3 t1 \( [
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ! T% g( y8 Z. V' ` # b4 \1 W, F( ?5 c: |# h* b0 q7 P! _ v 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 7 I; S3 o1 M* z- b! y( k, Y Z) t " U( r% }* v- O# Q' [例如: 6 T* Y: {& j+ r# R4 [2 {4 Q5 V% o+ N$ |
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & A: J+ g" p* i& _' K. L2 ? $ S, p3 O4 e& D) X$ ^, x9 WManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 2 m _# I' g! @4 P 2 s5 A6 z, q/ W8 N+ j2 TThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) * R# t9 s7 Z- L! V; v! x- [! t+ [" z# q% C/ Z. c3 Q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)- z# K, Z) A# ^8 i
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 ]3 Z. D# x: l8 D! T
& G* V5 Z3 x \1 l) E8 @+ mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别): s" v8 O. e3 \# Y4 Q: o0 P0 C
/ c* s- Q( G$ @% B6 ?- ?- Q# rCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & H" q0 E) K( O4 p2 x! x- c# U 9 s8 F& x6 f* Q" }9 AStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)& s% I+ a1 U7 |4 }$ G* h9 `
& v+ F- [, _+ q/ O5 w同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 u2 P( s6 b# r! Z5 D ! O1 }& s. B2 h+ E4 b当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( A2 e8 t( B) n$ w" f) g+ n, @1 _* x* H4 y
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; & V7 ?+ Z @3 \2 ]& k( g( L1 w/ h . G3 a i5 g5 C对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 O7 j1 k7 e& X/ @8 I
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) p* b& b5 G n5 ~* \ & s7 C- \2 r9 a5 N& f' i! }7 ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % x: M/ w! R4 G- A: N' R0 ?7 e : v! W+ o* e Z3 o% l- ~3 a至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 q. d. W5 ?3 }: T 8 o# K+ @$ Y7 T+ t h0 Z还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 / j+ I8 z3 X5 M + C) w: S+ ~3 W5 _4 l1 @有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ; A+ }5 | T( @# F) A5 j