本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 V5 l8 w b3 g P" l6 e j9 w% {$ a/ Y 转帖 - V; m9 r6 _. M1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)0 u9 K* @& {2 s/ T1 ]& r \, c
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! R* |% \! h* H. B& g7 O5 a6 f; E, [) F0 Y4 O' }! f$ j
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" W" p; o: G) x6 @% A1 F& {! F2 h
+ W! M! |) w3 AThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)3 T) P: D3 }2 D3 b
$ Z G- V+ K% E' Y3 u: g& R: `. UThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) % V' g/ F& ? W; ]7 e& g9 o: x 9 n/ v, t2 q+ \8 I; FI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) v' O) M" m1 X/ L6 s/ k$ a# \3 J# Z! Q
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 Q* O0 }* q; i" K" T. H6 P# `
# @; q" [* M2 D! {( E) M7 X$ GWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)7 p& v: P# X& h- g
1 ?% U* G3 b( X4 e( e5 I: e7 VThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 |5 v9 p; k$ g 0 E- @. d) y E; |9 C9 PWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). {: {3 V1 ]% R I' V1 V
: ?& a9 ^5 J" q! R0 n% Y( L8 Z$ E) MPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 b+ W& O; M5 x$ o2 g ( W+ r6 N1 ]( u! T2 Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# `5 c/ ` O/ [6 K
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x3 j% B' |6 j* k4 b, s+ q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# y0 p; @" a# J( r% Q t% n
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* [# N" {) _* I* W9 OAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) + s9 B" D" `0 w 7 H, L( Z) Z0 X0 w, Y4 s" ]Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)6 Q @8 \5 o7 L5 h$ ]2 s( z2 Z
8 l* W4 ?) m7 I8 w; w# hI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . w0 A% P! }& G& k4 G8 i" } 9 N* M5 k$ U9 |4 W, p9 t( qHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 0 b# G5 h* n: o- }3 | / Z3 n0 i9 I0 v, ~In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 i( J$ m0 P' w& J# n
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer): r1 c- s- E% v! G- Y& t
) h) Y; b# `8 ~I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 ^9 k! w. j& ] Z4 }1 }3 ^# H. k+ A- F1 t* P
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:: F# y; z5 b7 H8 t- M6 D% _# f0 T
. |- ], Q: f1 y* ]* H, T5 X8 AThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 _, g) t5 j4 F \
# b% I8 \4 Y) C, }The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 7 x/ @0 `! v9 E& d6 Y* H6 X/ h, I' N( m% X9 e
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 ~* k ~" p3 b2 @( z% @" J7 j+ K( M) Y/ H# o- `4 L; C
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)0 ^+ o8 A6 A8 b% K2 X
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) + Z& W; _* p/ O) G* b5 p7 D* ]$ o- S ?- ?* {$ M5 Y
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) " l2 f. L8 Z% d& c5 Z) F5 ?+ _( k& p ( C+ v* p5 j% P: ?8 H* C写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) * ~4 a: }0 y0 u& g6 m$ F$ V1 e / b8 ^4 J0 g/ j) e' t3 p+ Y此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " r( g. @5 U% w- x& w+ {! s7 S- b' d1 h
; L3 b: A: @. f' j& O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ! S! U" O" Q9 H" } 6 |% [; z3 f! O$ q7 b5 ]- O5 w例如: 5 d z# W' ` X! ~: ?2 C8 y! m: p3 l4 d2 R* z/ u/ [0 R
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( t7 `+ L$ T& {
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / j- h) c, c* O1 I) w5 i! Q3 m* H" @
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; B& Q3 O7 x, J' r4 ]2 y % V' W. u j1 J; jHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 i, ?1 k& m6 b 7 u2 }8 P3 k* [7 LMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ h4 ^- Q; i& E" x
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( _5 T0 b; L' ? M) h/ C
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)* V5 k' V9 B- o0 f- O
+ {. K7 d1 ]2 [5 I3 ^- cStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)* L$ T; i8 Q+ w1 ^
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ \: u6 P, T6 L5 s$ [& ~& E3 M% \% X
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; t: s6 Y4 c M q* S
% [, c; q* s, e. s对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; B9 r. I* h% y- \! d& U
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; d3 \1 g* j1 m" R d% P' ^0 _/ p* z! u4 B) I
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; # I/ _$ V# T0 @( p: q s% f, j3 ~( k; L对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;; H' l( k: @3 i( Y- V( y
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 v8 U4 z) ^# M3 W K; k6 w7 e0 y * z( M h% H: c8 T还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 6 s% H L2 P" B+ D; p0 n: j1 g6 y3 I4 s+ }
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 5 I* Z2 u) E. n+ x) q6 z; h