本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 h: i1 b8 O2 b/ T/ w6 A
% x+ U6 m" E8 P3 ~8 l0 u1 l转帖 " Z5 r4 i$ D1 h S7 B1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' s; s* @" t. U3 C' s$ k) S' ~ 3 Y) k; q+ b$ y4 y1 h' n% |8 i例如: 2 [, H5 B& r0 U* K6 i8 d' E" Z( g+ s* Y% h& i
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): f3 f" F i' B7 m1 Y) h
% s( c) t8 w7 }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& R) s) m' a6 a, {) V5 c E
- V: G9 H* T- `; Q* kThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ [! q; [ Y& p' s5 p3 d0 O4 |/ e- v: B
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)5 e8 M6 y( g: \' t& }0 o
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)+ _, M2 u0 i( P& T3 j
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)8 p8 u* f. q! s# d A
& ]3 o$ [; F2 ^/ \1 p* r/ d6 A/ UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; I; ~ O' g6 L ) h/ h, Y8 R8 `7 j v _The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ( C' B% L3 S3 {, o* A - l1 I( ?7 E" @1 p& Y7 v$ v9 nWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 m7 R' O, m6 L4 e, d; t& A
* Z0 R- }3 k! H6 I, `! C0 OPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)5 ^* P W/ f' F8 Q( X! W1 @
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! ~- v5 x* P/ p+ i' W& S 2 | G! Q" }1 m3 k 7 A- q3 b- Y2 X8 e: m2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 . [2 M/ K9 J3 [* o" x( g( o * o; E) ~" P1 o) z1 [# H- D例如:4 L2 O6 N4 E* Y7 Q. g
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 x5 _; R+ z7 U& S3 ~
) f& h- E3 o2 Y+ c3 p( x) B0 H* |Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 M) ]; c& M5 B2 N$ U' t! L: t / {! g, E7 j; D" T! S: DI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ V8 b7 Q1 w. C& q$ {- D
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! G% _* \: N0 _6 V; R, |
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) v# k* e' ~ X! w6 J5 s1 D, `$ d7 G/ f `" [
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)6 n" P7 v; C% j+ u# {- T
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . I4 ?: c8 s8 R+ j ( l$ s" Z+ [; y" m/ ?" j如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ t5 ^3 d- H" V; n" i( U
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 w. y+ R5 ~: F$ U r
7 B5 z7 w" |# R9 \7 hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)$ H% P) D& `- @7 n/ W( V
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)( i$ F5 X+ V- }# H* z3 r1 y
. c/ `& K2 e) bHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' V6 g5 _4 i: v6 v6 x& B, b8 T2 l
8 u6 w) X1 _: s, Z4 g+ E- h6 NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的); X4 g- W/ _# P
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 g n7 U8 B3 O3 R
' U6 E; g, A0 i& T4 R! w8 i写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* a; S8 w; M9 _0 C$ Y2 {
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' j0 u4 D7 y2 ~+ n5 n
( Y- f. b0 u) f5 F0 E* Z& L- q! |9 P 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & [! U. o6 z8 K8 w7 e" S. t& P- l: l$ [* F8 _+ M, t1 T; I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & u5 X& |* I, V' j2 ? * C8 {. O# e. U8 U" q( DManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 9 r; p. j' A: f- b( w8 L) Y# O/ c# D" V$ Y8 q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' f- `: S# C: k2 H+ a$ v
" W+ |4 Z H \) l, WHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% r! N3 H% `6 W4 [5 [( N/ H2 Y2 d
' p+ O/ w% ?. I6 l( E1 {$ @Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)5 U9 P4 \$ y" e& Q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ ~0 `7 c h7 p& ? c
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) , V8 o0 U; b0 _9 g: |: i/ c& t b: a: E5 n5 Q- e
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) l7 U+ E6 K" L; r: g1 }' T4 v
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。8 U5 q/ Z) c9 O0 r