本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 9 `1 e7 J' O) [& f5 |6 o; Z- X% C% k% `/ ] 转帖 ( A- U) s+ `5 Y1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 O# M# F1 `/ s+ K! {0 F+ H 3 J2 ]4 r' P" [0 E例如: 6 J1 S0 L, `# P" ]1 \: G 0 ?2 {$ ~& v7 }- @$ Y5 g+ kMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 s" |3 y: z" {' G+ w$ q" X$ K
5 v5 v5 J5 H& ?4 }Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)4 e2 g# h& |/ u5 T
$ ]1 P1 o a# f* Q) p, j7 oThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ s/ h/ V# z' Q/ x
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! v) m$ W# Y" x% Y' K2 r
) i! K* a! O4 Q5 d6 \3 n" a) PI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ; x2 }3 y+ N' O1 V' k3 t' }4 T! x7 }9 F8 K* Z9 i9 h
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 J0 L: f% l; M5 n, u% o9 J1 l ' C9 e* Y- F0 W0 X) D% kWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)2 w& j& O8 Z, Q
: q B- _8 i8 y. K. I' w, IThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ T$ R! H; j; z$ c0 y, v# m: B: X1 \8 ^% v# w! P/ x5 [' d7 J z; R
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 W @" H$ E8 n, J- p) ~* C
$ k4 P( ? n6 t- q) ]2 dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)2 P! P' t7 g' {0 r4 b' b6 Y+ i
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 W4 E+ F `, Q) R7 F: B( Q/ u
6 [+ U% r1 B7 d) D' _2 {% Q' S& k: }8 b' i% M/ [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ F! R; W% |) v m: j' W
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & U5 _- u4 Z3 i0 f' R; k3 _- V, w& r4 ~7 S" b: h4 x' @
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 9 g& V& G6 h8 Y, \) G" ~+ t4 d5 |3 v p2 r9 E2 {
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" f+ q4 ?2 [2 ~" o& r0 @- \
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)9 p# ^$ \! z' w* m$ U: `
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 k9 M! B1 _* S" l1 u; A$ X/ j! _
! M; g: H# \4 p1 }- r, P! kShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) * D5 B" M8 o1 U( a; g" S2 c+ O6 l+ a% {
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 4 `& M0 L# @" w( p9 {" i9 z ' I O l" I1 \- u如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! X7 u m* |4 r' ]
" b0 v ?9 T& {The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) x1 P9 O7 i# ] l1 u7 h5 b
; ~- @( F2 y! [, r: q g, hThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 4 R6 ~/ T/ e. ]& Z + A# Z) f7 S, p8 t( u$ B1 PHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)" ^7 p0 }! F4 P: T. h# N' N1 X
" `* D$ D% ^$ n8 @( D8 [$ d I- r: B9 DHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ! e2 B' B& K3 h& ^+ @9 e% z) d( W$ o# x5 N7 `, u- Z- f4 |1 F
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& s9 L% D' l2 a" {
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)2 o( j* c4 a6 E+ T1 a
2 j/ N& |4 ]+ `' U) a, c写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & O2 @, \- o% ^) |$ l% i : d/ `, O9 ?* c" b此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# M$ n: L+ o- w) S, S- p
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5 r5 w' M4 i( M' h9 ?$ M# d7 u3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . v% v ^. \' N# f7 M# I$ s: F( l+ z( R6 ]& @
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % `: \5 x3 ^9 c3 @- K( E% M3 {5 Q3 z2 } W$ E4 `) f' c
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " F8 r8 J, h/ ^; S2 p" Q4 \) M; [: F3 P5 m/ S& `
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 ^- ]7 B0 T* I1 ^- _% q! e: E
1 L+ O+ s5 N y5 Q+ Z. ZHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)" c! ]4 {, |; B
* n }. J% X) P* u. n/ TMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % C! _- Q9 D6 w {$ ~4 k & X( N- D/ h" [$ D9 P T1 j; P+ a% bPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), F1 h; Z. `, A* X7 Y- s6 `( _9 I
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & |) X5 ^0 r4 ^) m6 M8 o7 |+ s ' C: Z; P: B2 o, p8 \! C: |7 YStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % i: a: C- D2 C# W9 B7 u * z8 R2 Q8 l( m) b5 P5 V同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 Y0 p; w. ]: O
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ! r9 N" v# k0 l* x2 \9 P3 }6 e1 Q( R" b' E; a+ L9 p
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;; C. w+ J6 D! _. H+ E
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, K4 t. v4 ?1 ?' w0 a7 ]- d
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 }, G. _0 Y' ]" F5 x9 X" [) U5 r9 v! H+ N 4 c, T; X5 N! }对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;9 H* `/ E; y% e1 }5 Q
0 [) E: R. o, c0 i2 v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 5 w2 U5 K% N) G; ^8 g+ P2 O4 k; T) O3 C* K0 ]. R& h* ^/ _
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 3 q8 @# o2 M5 @3 U$ e& x+ }1 s" m3 V7 c5 y3 S; U6 y; N
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 3 q4 q' @; M/ l9 U; g) c, _; F