9 V1 X# F: q5 `. k+ O% I& m! o; NMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; k3 M6 l2 y$ }& | 7 n4 P7 ^9 h6 i. [& UThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! _" Z- D3 M: Z8 B+ j9 A0 u& b0 A: y5 l: M/ a2 a
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)- L8 J3 \6 j+ X; i: D' e
: S' I- |5 I, ~; U8 M. K' v/ ]The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ( |) l7 V# M S " T$ X5 A) ]" y% I: ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)2 ?6 Y7 K1 \; m: W1 K4 ] s8 n; B- M
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)$ q' I7 [& ?# p; P! t8 S6 n
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) " V. T$ C, U: k' q7 m/ l" v# t" }6 x2 t/ S) d8 F( y! H" A
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! D$ K! o3 d0 ?/ L0 j1 ^/ i/ g3 l- P/ [. y6 [4 Q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ P' j: ]9 J2 J) D- i% J
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)& v5 j; N0 Z8 p6 V Z! Q: s
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!% s2 M* W( I8 n. p3 J9 R: q. B
$ i( O5 ? n) J! P$ w' f v9 s % v6 S+ R! C; H8 H2 \+ U9 U% T2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 ?8 z; q6 O2 V. R* a0 c$ b; ^5 S+ s6 d# {& D9 L7 ~. b$ }& `
例如: ( W0 R" q, t& l) v " [6 s3 r [5 Y' P% J/ ]( j$ KAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 N" T$ T/ l+ B7 y: z4 P' U* \8 S
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 m: }$ u1 I* i% K
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) $ |! x* i0 q) L8 z( @( J- F' E
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 1 T9 Z) ~ g1 \; s! A. i6 _1 R. O ^7 k( ~% C i& v
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' I$ l0 r# Z+ \& W
7 o G! ^1 v8 u& g' A" A" M/ Z+ wShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 6 j; M7 P; h. C" Y" i- e G8 n: h) V' e
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 {7 ^2 ?" d5 X6 v/ e+ ]- g9 a( [- z4 U' x
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:# J1 n& V1 F% H6 z5 g
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。), p: v, X$ g F* {; D$ |
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) , i5 d8 u6 N, C' I9 h5 \+ O) S* v. O3 C5 D! s$ p! K* W% L
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# M% v' U6 {7 r( r& p3 G2 O; @
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; O u$ M7 Q7 a h4 N) O$ _* x; L: t4 t
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)" Q0 E3 T1 I2 a3 E2 j3 P" c
4 [ D" L4 o( j' y+ K) R7 hEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) - H6 d. F+ p+ y ) S0 w% o0 \0 r+ t) G写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): c# ?: @. b- E( Y
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 B% U9 a6 x0 j5 T2 h8 i# v . s- i3 N; r4 i& T+ f/ C4 G/ L {, P( l- c4 C$ ` 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & A- ?2 U" b, M5 _) F5 }) s1 U) C2 I$ b
例如: ) U4 A: I% h/ O7 p" | 1 V( |5 k6 }) U9 r# j5 T; ]) p1 ` h' vMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): O3 c) B3 T$ p/ i" m5 n6 g, n
" J8 F H2 [% M: \Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) + Q% K3 V7 s7 D2 R, y3 O 5 ~% W5 J* {. d* n: j, T( h0 DThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ y) l: x! g6 T1 m6 X+ g
' k5 k s, ]- w4 W9 ?He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& u3 M3 t- T, }$ l: [% x8 X
# H* N4 D6 Y, [ k% W) X yMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) . Y1 `( h; H) K# D2 ] * S8 o5 D: K1 }4 L! M/ ^Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别), `8 l2 d1 `& @# v. O5 `
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)9 I1 @0 z t1 O. W8 I" H
2 |7 j! y& w/ X' y2 {- f" rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 7 r, r ~2 ^6 }* G 1 ^+ ? N% p* l# @同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 o0 h4 ]$ u9 d% T+ I " s6 L/ x `/ k7 X当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 5 m! k1 w/ q+ \2 [5 w% q4 h- x1 k0 H7 E1 V, c# P
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 C, M# l* b, @
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 M- Z2 l) {, d7 h- ]( ?
7 ^! i; }6 _! a& G/ R+ i对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) f3 S. t ]" E( U% o
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; T! s0 v3 \. \0 u6 _: Q) _1 }! k* D) I$ E! ~
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: . ?. n5 u# G1 P5 ^ @+ t( N & {: t' ]: I6 W9 G9 u- b! U还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ( N1 ]( T* @. ]0 p4 ?* N 1 p% T. ?' T; k+ F4 s" D( N) M) V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) Z6 D( ?: `, ]. x