本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) f( A2 u* M9 A: x! z
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 C0 ?$ w9 S9 J. }( M
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 D7 g( a1 S5 z9 A, e% M1 x4 W: w- z% j4 a# l: d
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)# I+ E4 l7 H7 M# N% \) x' L. l: d
4 T9 D5 e: t9 O- o) H3 X9 p+ MThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)! X$ }/ \# B% g! T, Y
' t* R4 Y+ A6 _8 f% GThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) : \9 c! i" V( a) O+ C9 q% Q' z( m& P% y1 i" k( F) w
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 a. R% x9 o/ D2 j
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( l0 h. p. g0 W6 c
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 @% E- i& ~$ l `, K4 ^4 C% J
( m1 J9 q& f6 Y0 G2 d( {% Z& aThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . _, p8 w7 Z) X: }, L: d$ C c 3 J8 _ z" B- b/ S3 S; rWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)) C9 R, d' T* C4 I. m
& q/ q2 w# n4 _" D2 a5 U9 ?+ PPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ W( d+ {2 T3 r! v! u& P" F 9 d4 N8 q. w; ^* _/ q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 9 F+ _" [' i7 z* R% `. y9 B 6 Z7 o3 K$ S$ d6 y* x 3 a) Y6 I4 }, q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ X/ X6 J/ w+ U# g5 y* }
( o$ N7 A k! M$ y: }! F" |$ S例如: 8 [: H" z* v, c; ~& Y( L" o9 B) c) b5 x5 h, b- j
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now), L6 p; \4 ~/ B" r" `; i
0 s* d5 D1 e0 R& g' }' l2 CDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though); d8 F* {- g% E2 G9 r5 b7 o* ?% `( U
# @+ z. w- p# K6 e+ `I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); ~) w0 T4 [: r+ Z
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)2 E+ B8 F. g; U3 Y0 h4 l! A. O- N
* n: ^3 g+ v: t7 ?In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)% u. W, V, w) G9 Y
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) f6 x8 t% w" u4 ?. c% X
1 ]3 E. V; D0 A% f) t! WI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)+ E9 ^ S, g0 D' X) }2 n/ g
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 S8 _. P1 i i; y% s+ x* v+ d8 y5 x& y7 Z6 g
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) / E% a) I# `: f0 n7 B* l8 I - X( @$ \# j' ^The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % e* {" H* \; T4 D: U5 a! g. P0 x1 S/ o' \( ` e5 v
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) j7 k7 ^, Q% }! H; A0 J - x; Q# F6 I0 W) xHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' {0 u- X3 b) J9 Z
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ g$ K$ ^, ^5 H) |
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 t* X Q2 r/ l3 l1 {% ^0 M) q1 k! G5 S$ q
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)# P; q3 n$ S0 q" K
+ A. M; T+ Z, U& M此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - }8 ]6 M" L) Q& S * @( ]/ v$ n3 K- O1 M: ~$ D) d( n & y/ J' A$ v8 K3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。$ f9 V+ @, {8 `. Y+ q" M" w# f1 q Q! ?
1 h; ?3 R6 _9 P例如: X4 W# B$ d5 p' g ^
, G' F4 w0 F/ JMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)# o, {; x& f# S( n5 ?$ [7 k, ~$ Y V
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 h; v z' L6 V
5 P ~' `% d9 \! Q, i; A0 }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) Z& ^9 s8 O8 Q! j
: s$ a0 U2 p2 P4 [# iHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); }: ^- J5 K3 t0 Z6 @- [# x) e
/ H; M5 r! o5 @' C6 E2 }Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' v- M6 q* ]6 P* q
: V1 g; @$ E3 I, i- A$ e& mPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! o% c, r. J h2 Y0 F* x- G$ ~. Z& N4 y% _
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 5 L0 @* g# o) D8 i # I4 f2 V" y- GStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 B/ [; |5 s9 \. M# B" i. c) L: W % E, l3 L& w& e* z: P同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 8 l% Q5 Y+ q3 \( @9 _ x; z 7 G( Z+ a8 H8 J当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:6 z: q2 s; @# o% y$ j2 G5 M8 p6 a
3 H O1 Y. S0 ^2 @还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ f5 a: g9 u5 c" y( I$ _# R6 n$ F& K$ g" J0 p7 F
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 - I: x( T2 T9 g9 r