本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 : X% M3 r n0 [- `0 A. ]) l0 ]) r7 ?. i6 |: j# B 转帖! ~: I! a" e; E" G9 F) T+ e R
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 7 F, D! {& w9 Y , Q7 W" I6 S; X2 n F) {8 d4 d例如: ( C6 C; p- ^# e3 J8 Z: i4 f1 B' a
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ! y: F# Z8 g2 \8 f# O7 g" u* ` H9 f) d# c5 i9 \8 Z
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ' Y* t1 a6 B; M; p/ D F% `, i6 O/ vThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + U6 {4 U1 z4 X1 h J; B3 j7 L : c" G5 ]$ ~/ }* F/ |The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 5 [- s+ v7 ^: }( {8 r( D 5 h8 T# f9 G, C: _ ^I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)! `- i/ J8 n _' B: C
5 C' j0 i8 c$ ~. z5 N* s. PMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) & x" r% @9 _$ E 6 p+ Q& d! J3 ?8 w- D, ^We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)% u5 ?) b: h! ?! v% f* [0 r: |
8 G# D! }) j- {# t8 A% EWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)5 ^$ {& i$ a: z7 A0 R; t7 H
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)9 |: g6 n3 X: p0 @- ?. q5 g
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 B" w% c7 H. w& I, U* O * }% x( C6 x. ] 3 c- q# G' B) i; u J. `3 M9 T/ Q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + l3 |7 M" T& [0 ]* x& i5 z8 h7 E$ v' ]
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 q( `7 V. i! i; r' I3 h1 t5 y8 q6 {6 c
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)! [0 Q7 h& F* j4 B
1 R& K9 K0 f5 X! m# ZI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 Q3 r) S) x; D3 W' L9 }
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * j( d6 `, A' G7 ]( `! u- w6 P- J# ]. [$ e" o: s0 }9 z* A
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)& w7 O7 v9 C, a X
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)* A8 P* g# ?- @$ A' [8 `
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)3 J. O; l2 F/ `
/ j0 o+ Z, ^3 B) T如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:' g9 k0 G. Q8 q2 q, N7 p
8 p6 ?5 J# G. o5 E# q. M0 r* }The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ! g$ r- Q8 N& g# s- G8 |7 r. R: C; U ?8 k2 y3 A- }
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) & x6 s3 M% k/ i # ^8 N( v/ D/ t' ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)1 _) x7 [ x+ C. H( O ]
" _" b+ _- q2 b* g% FHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)# [6 O6 g8 m) I, |% @2 S
/ U# C2 w! V8 K( o" `. xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) " K, V: c& `$ T7 E/ ?' {+ ]% ? 1 L" ^9 _. ]$ s- K9 }: m& n) Z$ s9 AEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 1 [, p! I1 s) M" Z) }2 v- ?2 M" b, [. b8 Y+ \3 ]5 T/ d. t4 R) Q4 b
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ]3 [1 |* q6 {8 ?: z1 G; H 0 J( D8 E$ `( M" ?7 Y1 g此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% `5 f* S( E: c
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, o( t* w+ K" | G: o1 V5 z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 G+ V' S7 y- N n8 M# A* D0 [' z: N6 c
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) Y; B ~: G6 {
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) - Y4 f9 c- ~1 J+ Z3 h" U) H$ U& @2 |8 N0 P j+ M5 h: C: e1 K. v
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)0 b, v9 L6 t0 Z, h3 q4 ]$ K
$ R9 F, ?# I1 i6 o* @He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , L) V' x* y! V5 Y" i ; Y. O! b' m W" n: [Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ [- ]; B8 H2 |) M1 H0 K6 U
! |: n" z6 B9 H( }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% C" z. w' V) F
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 v5 u$ Y! V+ f4 K6 f$ x& }5 R
3 R! K- w! ^9 [9 A6 N( oStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)/ [! n( }. y6 N8 d3 {; y
- W9 { N3 V% X4 m同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . n/ p& X, P' K1 K3 z5 e0 y 6 F7 G3 c# J% W, J当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ T5 r# C6 r; A3 `
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;1 [- r1 {' H* ]. ^3 X. T. G$ x
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;) D; X4 l5 w/ C
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 u3 R; m0 H+ q) O ; N4 V ]3 ~, d' S/ S. z, g对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;$ C4 Q( W+ V- a: k' X- _" ]
5 S$ v& W* {7 Y/ J2 Y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:( N8 r/ ?8 `7 K
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。; C' x* i f9 U/ B4 L% K1 B+ s A( T
& F d5 j) }5 ]7 ?$ m有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 d4 l6 z/ s; v9 `% p/ L' Q2 F A