1 v: D, C) p+ T9 N* ?. j例如: ! U# l# h, P9 c+ X( y$ |6 ], X9 M3 ~7 J& L$ r# R! F+ b0 k
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ R3 n( H+ \1 S. ^; [. l
( W- w6 x& P; v1 B5 P2 ~Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% W2 S' A N8 [" [* I% g! l
* c' u$ n2 M: ~6 k$ ]- ?This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 l* C9 ?: l' L5 ]- k* c ' L$ }! l$ Q& {. _9 bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)% v5 U0 B) ^9 P/ p, `: b: `
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - t- G2 \* [6 w7 x q2 Q$ D9 w; q$ `+ i9 {, e/ j. U4 g
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' s, L8 |9 G9 }; a% x* `) F. B/ r" R' y3 F/ ^( Y) i
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; k2 N8 i7 W- p9 w6 B7 l$ T/ n% P' C+ _* l( k2 \+ [4 j8 d
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) . T8 u* a7 ?; W w/ A- p' _6 |% \" a; l; h
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( D+ }1 E( j/ B+ O9 \8 l+ n! S F 6 L: V7 f! n5 [7 k7 G$ hPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 6 J7 w3 w6 z1 } ; }& i9 ?& x$ Q) I$ x) M这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! & e+ r% u/ Y5 W/ A, i% D5 {! ^. z3 u5 O8 |
$ M! p2 [( R6 z 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。: j9 z5 ], v0 P4 M* [
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例如: 4 a3 P+ h7 r: j+ Q) s( Z$ R! m; v% l" L& c: ?& l7 x9 R; ~
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 H$ j$ K3 @# y8 D- A- w4 ?* H5 i5 ~0 L+ v0 ~
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * y/ Q" i( d& j& K! G) M7 f, U& ?$ M5 y! R; ?) B* ]
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( M" D* @! ]% p6 T% f; l
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 Z" N. t3 t2 B1 X. W % u6 _3 D! _' s$ w. W2 lIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 8 N6 \% Z. a% X# y2 t9 ], f. `8 G
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); e4 ~$ R2 ?& a9 t. c
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) . _4 Q5 |7 F* M6 y4 Y9 Q. Z2 l9 \8 ~4 i% R d- @
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: . b8 D3 r& R+ z; w. R& i ! A A. J; |6 o3 XThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)) G6 @- u; C6 C, s
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 o$ C1 U3 j% }& M3 ~* }
1 w; @* _6 R y9 N( y1 p1 l" z' cHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)* M: t2 k5 r: T4 \) g3 f
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* [! U3 U3 Z( c/ _
# a. h p; n# O! W; ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 3 x v, m& s; x2 t* Y$ z6 }3 l: t' E+ `' Z9 w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 Y" j- O% q( p3 I# q* M9 S* Q$ y
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 L g8 g! {) g/ [; F- g
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 0 A# U9 `; E9 Y# z% O6 W8 n0 u4 Y: J! ^; y; Y9 \
( u2 a+ H/ }+ Z9 P* U& C% c. u3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。4 D9 E, C1 I! P' m e& }7 k
8 u! {0 {+ w8 ~7 p( |例如:9 S3 V! _( ~6 D
8 x8 X8 ^. @* H- EMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) - G! y; C5 K) T7 F2 B8 G5 W6 ?3 E( F$ ?& }* V; H
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) F- L$ G' k5 N# v0 E
' h" j! D/ e" X, n2 s J, _" xThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)7 N4 m9 ?. q1 ~2 s
1 v! d$ E8 g$ j* f5 S; ?. uHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 Z+ g4 W0 }& q+ j9 V# n
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) " ^4 c- [+ B. R7 W, B3 C4 Z, _! | {8 n' T: @
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( w( {' Q* N$ Y! R
1 X5 Q) l7 a8 aCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 1 K4 N0 @, q- c3 g, v6 I! o 7 l; ~$ l; h8 V8 A5 NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) b/ [( E8 f/ s/ \( I+ m: v f/ d* J$ f/ e/ }, S2 W8 k同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ( K. ^$ B: n6 U8 g 8 T$ [/ V$ o4 r" R+ }当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , n6 c% ~7 ]$ m5 q2 J+ y3 G1 ~6 M 0 E6 G6 m6 i; T6 W, _( e9 n对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;8 f& K8 F& u: d# A
1 k ^2 S7 }5 B7 _对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 7 I1 ^8 C B& u) @1 j# c: F! A; n4 {6 j$ c0 u# `
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* L0 b) c+ _) E: G" X4 d+ W
$ s! o% g0 F- N: B6 b还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 }/ w* L9 N1 ~
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; h `% J7 X4 S+ h: O2 f