本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) K3 }$ s, A; B& ] & b7 m: b- G& Z& @$ s4 Q转帖- Y7 u/ W7 L; Q8 q* M
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! _) u% {, [3 Z3 ~ 3 `$ L" `, m1 C' f' d, s) I' k例如:! z- s$ y: ^5 b. K! `
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 C: M0 p j! f5 L5 K# |7 A+ W2 M) u$ C$ r- J* M
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 c( O: U8 W+ i7 T3 r$ [2 F( o
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# r3 z( C+ m* A0 q6 d
% Z- r {6 X0 v. T, ?) j: h" g* XThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' v3 x/ W! b" \) o 9 u) {6 w+ r- M- O$ h9 CI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 M0 ]) r2 ]! Z1 N
% ?+ j! `! e# {) yMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) g9 B& a3 T$ r+ T- P" G' i0 }
+ t5 e9 K8 g ?; X& xWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!): J3 P) S# g8 K* z! |& G
# ?9 {0 ?) B. Y! t) t. iThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)! `$ m3 @" P3 G' K* Q* A0 o
2 k( t# c/ t9 b, X3 {1 `2 z0 S) @/ {We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 9 a; U8 h4 q' j; ?* k( r M+ A! e0 l& ~; |9 w. \" ^; L; P" O2 S
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?); |7 {; {" s) ]1 {
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! }1 ]4 R8 U' G+ @* D : }: B* v- A+ r7 O1 R 3 `, `8 x6 d5 n1 ^2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) t6 a d4 W4 R$ D w
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例如: 3 W/ @- J' V! F) O( i9 F# [( z$ e. d . H0 ^+ M. N8 | V+ EAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! E0 ~" b. j* E$ s$ `3 c: W, W2 {# m! m M1 [
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) * ^7 _0 o& H+ c 7 A% a( s" _ OI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) + T; T6 y: X& g: j 4 Q, S, V) j3 v C9 ]( dHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 i: S% W5 t; A4 l
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) - Z8 W( H5 Y% Q4 h. O; s' ~; @( ?! n: X! _4 V- Y7 h
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) y: j8 r& n& r) p6 x$ |& d+ J3 B- w
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 3 ^, y# p/ w2 y6 S 3 [1 t7 b# o/ B: f& V2 @. t3 g如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:0 e! v; V' H1 j4 k O5 ~$ \
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)5 X- k! ~ r2 T# E: t
: N2 `# \# N9 w1 C" t+ ~The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + V4 x2 ]. V% Z9 ]5 k O9 U- |- I. \
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . ]& J+ R. A6 c' U+ o/ L% u! c ( D6 ^1 c1 h- B$ Y4 JHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , u, V4 ]# \5 _1 [, a0 F, Z- b! T% Q' [2 U8 Q. N
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ( I* x# J2 G/ ~" A( y 8 r c4 D5 u& u5 A. ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)6 A) ^* H/ d/ I. m6 V3 f
& {; h! t' e" L% b0 A0 x4 ?5 }+ w写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) $ I/ _6 R/ |8 g% j, e# Z5 Z/ A0 i4 X) F5 z" c+ B$ Y& t. l7 x/ v
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。' n7 g, U! h* p$ e- E: C
$ _/ z0 N6 T/ m- p5 s3 e: R ) c' r# H' m! g; C/ G& X6 p, h3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ ~: M% Z! P1 Y7 r
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) p5 Q" m9 a! a$ n! P3 R/ z% a/ J8 Y5 w
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)8 t# u( ?. d/ n% Y0 D
5 F7 Z: @" {* \* k! s2 }This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)$ Q- z9 {' n: j
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): z4 k$ M: R: D' o
7 G& g v- C$ _Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ `5 ^& y$ I7 k# W \4 L: C F+ `* B! ]1 G" \" s) [( m
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)4 {7 O3 \6 O3 K6 o+ W* z( ?/ l
3 _6 J3 g1 g# h& G: h, zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & b! P6 H1 f1 h: m: E& Y# y6 A7 I/ m 8 t; r& L- [! w1 x4 _Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 E9 _0 {4 N+ L2 \/ j . f4 Y6 [+ H2 ~3 f7 Z5 T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。' a c3 \" b7 H# I5 p e( q1 a( y5 M
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . V2 d3 o2 {7 | % R! |0 M& l( B L: s2 T7 C对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , B% S6 a; U, n6 \ 0 E' Y$ n' C' [) o! `) I& x对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;$ `; Z; c* ^9 e4 E
. H# X( n, H/ ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;7 y+ t5 d% l1 m% S! c
, J& a4 W6 z, B" V9 u5 Y. t至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 6 K2 Y4 i9 v; K4 l $ }- @: h+ P% n$ P8 z, R) t还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。9 ?8 A, o( W1 }" M. a/ E# R
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 [' R) k2 I2 R3 l