本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 ^, l$ Y' y+ h" e8 }3 U+ d: D
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% y7 V/ N, Q/ Z% L' e! l
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例如: 4 g8 P+ P; u0 Y5 W W0 p- Q% D$ K! g! ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)* R% {; X! {9 z+ a
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): r3 x+ _; V6 D' y0 q% D( c
" }1 G+ ? ]3 T. hThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , [) B! G# I- \9 @* M. V- P8 g3 A# R' [3 [: _) F" x' ?
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 _# | T7 \$ U % X( G9 X: B9 Y* O" C. RI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 2 V( e: O8 m3 G0 ?' Q! R; v+ \* }4 P; F* f
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- t2 H' g( s6 R2 t8 K
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* E$ O( [0 a- w. y' a
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) G7 Y( g* D7 Z4 p8 w5 c
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) , ]2 k1 {3 y- e( ^/ {" m! G+ `+ U5 E- u1 A3 A* `
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 3 w s: P. E6 m- C1 e7 z* ^) |" C
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! N# _) B9 \! Y7 H5 c
7 ~0 ?4 ~3 |1 I7 u# s , k5 U8 y& }5 B2 J, U2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ( h5 [1 z* |+ t7 z% m" L# K9 A4 P$ _, s0 W2 g2 v, p
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 P7 M$ z" I1 u# T i7 C
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)2 Y/ G+ o @. Z2 Y) F
% F# i- ~% r; \0 GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)- I% \1 o! q& B4 Q" i
1 Q1 D7 [5 t. z" r7 j/ y) }8 c- PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 A( S3 v2 w( A3 b( w- }/ r1 p. l
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " B- g# O7 v. f: s6 H0 N' o4 x2 d' J4 R+ T
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 g$ P1 T9 l/ I; F! a$ E) |+ q& Y& h( P# u. M* z; S
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)! Y2 q4 v- s4 Z5 R) `* I
7 u) u3 e3 h* `; d: `: G如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: x% a3 @2 I; ]0 _8 \
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 8 K1 [7 }. a3 p. ?# T6 Q1 i+ W
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 H; o( l0 Z, `6 t0 y7 |9 J
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; r( k P. {2 A O( @/ `1 g 6 h6 `5 x+ ]: R5 C( {6 n# xHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ) R+ u( r3 M' @& p0 d : n, y( s5 l' q2 k4 gWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) / [$ R o7 z: K _; J9 ] ; y: j" s2 d- Q: C* BEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)9 a% A; y9 X% A8 F
) @8 g$ |; `/ k* g3 S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)) h' a" y& \+ b9 Y) a/ _' z
! l& j) J$ `8 u$ v+ X& R5 h. V! z此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 _. j7 D9 p8 i5 p4 r+ t# s' Z! Q" a
% H* o2 A. j1 }; n8 L! e8 n2 j' c6 w3 U, _% h g1 Q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - a: I, x8 v7 p3 j, D* W) \8 k* M & ~' L' S8 v2 u( p f+ L例如: ; U2 B" F4 i: [- ?8 ^. P: e4 c B$ _, `; u
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 9 t! o. L& \5 e8 r. Z' T$ q, k5 z0 P7 B
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / r7 h- |! e( |( l7 A4 |" l0 S! |# s- E# U
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) n' H1 ^/ D8 n3 P" r7 C. @; g5 O% L v0 V" S! V" i; z8 Q3 z- u
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) m( k" H$ O/ | r0 v) {- i! H) h4 R# _" e) S9 j" R& F ]
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)- l+ G2 L F& {! K y! x9 o
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 W) F; C, O0 a# G) z, \
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)+ U a# Q4 z+ Y. j5 u) u
6 ]; Z+ \9 C7 L6 ?Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) g. I4 v' K' Y& r W. N1 y5 {
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 r* |& ~/ s) P3 X& q5 }+ {
: J* Q9 s F; F1 I/ j: }/ P* M当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:! F" z- [- R9 {8 F; _- [, { t0 y8 ^
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 l6 m% _4 C' W* o+ G
% H& t1 v1 `3 m' n8 k6 j) f对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;4 M6 _$ j! h3 ~$ z1 _3 S
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) s0 X2 N# y& C- ]( O6 Y2 ^- j( G; @& a2 y4 q9 K T3 p [
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! Q. l9 ]1 U- \3 O5 U9 q" X' S3 F' B9 R. z& _7 Q [
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:6 p: Q4 I3 m; G
$ l7 H9 {! y3 k5 e) w还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 1 H+ p& J ]! C! d3 L3 n/ y% U `1 j; W+ ~8 w- {7 F8 {) u
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 F, R2 Z& ]3 \. x6 j5 C9 B