本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! p! }* E. Z- m. C
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % _1 g+ C2 x& a5 b, ^5 [' A7 V# [8 U6 ~! U
例如: . Y7 B6 N3 ]6 [) n. ^$ D* G 2 x6 @) e c# l* W% S5 BMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 K% L& F6 I: K) R, L$ r
" K6 _1 o1 n0 X$ {0 S& f. HThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)* [" [' v' b6 G1 E+ D5 D
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) $ u2 N, B% _/ `) \3 C% T3 a. V6 ~3 k% u% q ~2 A. ?
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / w' n. _) z! w5 O; T8 B d/ S 7 K" R" S; l3 D( b* NI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 s8 {% [& D' W
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( C/ h: b$ E$ B4 ^
& S7 e) @1 g. I5 c) aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . K: b( ?. k2 ]9 o! ]) ~ - r( G8 y1 @* x$ }- UThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 T; ^, a8 ]/ r, y & Y7 J; u9 Q v8 l; qWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): B2 U1 ^ S1 M
6 p" E, f; P9 w! W6 j8 fPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # Z) ^3 k/ u8 X2 r, I4 E* w% |: b# s, m
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 P" X) Z `/ q5 ]' c L4 g6 C! n& ^, d, B& |# u* Z
* \- [, G$ e, ]9 t+ k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 1 m/ A9 L {# r" K( F) z 2 Z0 \, j7 q% {( d/ t例如:2 s. [; s- I0 R& Y8 B
3 X$ `! E/ B& V: `- Z5 u' K) ^At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ( H) u5 b" m9 Z3 b5 L3 }4 Y U4 T* p) z, l7 ?8 \% ]7 c/ o# h% rDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) r ]& \( _ c( q t5 H! A* Z $ p2 t: B2 I# U$ ]5 p. o8 S( B. GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). r4 K2 a% @* v' k, m3 R' D" l& }
, U+ X" K: p1 Z+ Z. YHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 j) j; C4 j" b7 e* ~5 s7 Q0 U6 ^: S6 b
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; Z2 t9 k( J) M) Y6 |2 L% o ) `* |2 A2 Y% H8 C" `She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 4 H1 I: z( h- B% G! V! J8 o+ P; A6 {2 t- _
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生). P; n6 V) e: _: P( {
* j, |9 k/ I2 c如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 E1 Q0 i6 [2 [) V / g) _- G* i7 A) q* j( R# _The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)2 y2 w+ D) {- S3 R
" ~+ k/ t- M9 w7 d9 X; `' _The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)4 `" I! }, P- g
* ?# I- V; z8 ^* u9 x, SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 @ y2 J \( ^- m
& d! g& o" a% C) S% mHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) * c, m' w, M* V4 N5 B# Y+ g" y: t6 Q
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) . Y3 w, ~- W1 L% a( t + {. A, l; S% \! w! _) ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' P7 s- R: j9 ], N1 E% s
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)$ k8 G: V" _6 T" L0 B7 ?% ~
0 a, B- \9 z5 k# ^& _此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ; c7 U! K) h: d( S8 A* M7 S$ b0 Z9 U" [. b0 E5 Q w
* ^2 m5 f; y, L$ F T6 I1 b2 O3 XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)/ @$ j4 v0 r3 e- ?0 }: \
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)1 t; Z! Q% Y) y: z- X9 N8 [) E
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 Y# G3 c/ f1 Q% N " z7 b; [" v& E0 JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ' i( S7 j# A. g + K* P- y9 i0 _# pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)7 ~; f Y! T3 d" x* K
" q( z* S6 B) g) _; O. v; {9 FPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ! B3 B3 M l3 _: v( u( k # q; k, ~: W6 [, P, h7 yCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ; T" J( }: X4 z! d3 z/ ^7 [1 s5 ? W) V$ m6 o& A7 W
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 A) O6 q( ?2 W; D; R& k( E. l& Z5 [
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 J ?" J/ Y7 |6 E; M- z1 b
3 b. m( g4 ?$ O5 B g# P当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & e7 E) j; Q7 R1 t( b, B : \# N) a2 H$ h+ v4 t0 l% Z1 d+ Y9 M' H+ c对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" D7 m3 z3 D6 Z' A
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * m P6 F8 j; V- X: r/ f 0 S1 x, a- @8 f: j对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ! W8 g+ x1 ?3 |% q" V k/ Y7 Q7 e: \ # i0 @9 I9 r7 Z0 b对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + [4 H; p3 R; N$ G9 l$ | * ]* z/ H* X+ l, @# L Y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# O% ~" X! ~% W% ?
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 5 E4 S. W' W, }* Z* s2 R* }8 C+ }# z. H8 M9 u
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 t1 h4 S' @% _6 c