本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 & k. o, S$ u9 i. ] " s/ u& d8 S% c转帖 9 T/ p, R i4 }1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word): G3 e3 m9 E7 Y6 U: u
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + k/ s' N- ^+ p; W% P 5 s4 U4 h3 Y9 h* D: l6 CThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)8 H& t) t0 q5 t+ ~1 f
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . S6 R- {# M- j1 f" ~* k5 T' U+ }9 k' r! \& k, A1 t
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 R, W. b5 w @: j: D/ M 9 }$ F% n6 p* X9 ~* I8 ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): ~+ ^7 G0 L1 P) f
* ]( ^! q0 l9 R0 |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* j8 R0 L( E% m% C% G* J
5 G1 N% E; H7 N) u, P7 a$ k1 mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) : b7 R- a- `9 H% P9 g" e% u. ?; G8 M3 Y! h
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ g6 R) e8 W- n& I$ k: a# ?. A) ~8 h
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)6 q4 e2 M. l. }- b# q
+ R% r- w8 y6 s# L$ M& b APlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)% e9 Z9 O1 B4 I6 F. z5 Y$ B* L! f* ]
- ^* t& H! ?9 q" M5 _9 y: F- W这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 _- _ P: |+ Z8 ~. {* C' M
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7 a8 q% f1 s$ q0 f5 y' k 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 9 z/ f7 x h. J! w8 G, W" c1 O) z R; }+ L/ s+ a, G8 B7 ~/ r
例如:8 D$ d% e/ w0 |' J! S% n
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)2 F8 E5 c4 }' K- z! w
7 F5 U4 x6 L8 v S4 qDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)4 a% m, r+ y$ o/ V' T0 v
" e# }* G; I7 H, M. g& T: uI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" [$ l9 P# N1 d I8 u r
$ s H8 A: x7 m, f! kHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( ^* X, d R3 V9 q% z . ~' E* H2 _. p3 {: q" k; P4 rIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) s8 ^! `, S0 s W4 @ 2 L- V% ?6 }, g9 h2 E+ xShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& e9 ~' z8 w! P- m* C4 g" y5 ~
8 x4 X* `( D% oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), j! K$ R7 J- k0 J! y( h
) V/ P2 O H* U. e. A如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: % U, A. B! N0 }# j' _1 v) _# E ( G0 x/ Y3 r. _6 zThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % l. `, v6 u2 S7 i) l0 r0 J {, ?! n* F( J1 k7 a9 P
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % z9 z% C* O5 r0 Y3 f5 F! u# {! x
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 5 S: o6 C3 M8 T% k8 ]8 N : S. }/ M; O- ]) [8 C: BHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 d9 \" Y7 q; ~% r" o9 j* l- M* K2 L3 i1 t0 G
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% S* y9 D5 K" L' c! x; e* K
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 j* }: Q- ]# m$ r8 m 4 m J& a, c6 ^% q+ L. O写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) z% }' | b3 m( S* ^( L
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 1 C0 `" m7 I& }3 z% w! P0 S- m$ P6 B7 J. S
7 w+ u/ X3 N% s, e% C 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; ^6 C! D$ T/ |1 ]2 w, Q" c3 \/ n3 m; V7 N" s
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 W8 W; ]# Y- F2 K7 {
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : L6 H! N- e7 t2 n4 m- T; n & o) r1 v% Z7 Z6 V+ D8 CThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ( }$ v1 Q/ {2 M T* [( K* ?) h0 P8 Q$ S& N( F C; x) n2 C- k: h
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 4 t+ {! E4 E0 P. ~: l, K5 e4 j3 T. b% Z4 b; t& j$ `
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) % t2 s7 c. C" @$ ] . M/ f& E6 t; x$ h+ {2 y1 {# sPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 Z4 _$ Z: H4 r( D
& r `+ A8 B6 y7 u WCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' X4 l* Y9 O& R0 `& I9 f; `& j, I/ m: s4 F
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ; s7 x B9 v/ E# t) e# u- P( N* v$ q# t' _( B, v' ~
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" c7 ^' }* G- r5 l0 z0 G" ^ r7 a6 t
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , K5 z; f1 C5 g9 U; a: i) r( B % S$ t# h7 k- c+ n8 n! s4 R- z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; * `: v1 N! s/ P( \$ L2 R( h |* ]8 x/ ~* y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 8 l1 h& f' Z, F% F5 N3 O7 W. N4 G, P$ K+ J' n
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 ~' e8 u8 F( k4 r; Q
) W- y3 F/ y r% _0 X* N还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' M9 W- G8 f- w, A& T
; c) D- d) R1 r( q& b% A有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ]4 t" |* h, y, \8 U: B1 F0 W5 Q