: o9 a) \) I$ T+ Z4 l& d例如: 4 ^9 S% V1 U% T! [# a# ~: s" Y; H% Z2 n7 \8 k# ^- @
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)$ V4 o- y9 t3 F8 f
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)7 t2 g' Q& G9 `% S! q
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ y/ W [: T# s# L% T6 `
$ e$ t2 l" M$ X' n) T& L# C! z1 KThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?): ?6 a" p0 t" `
0 z8 d/ f, ?/ R0 }2 j" J" O& GI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): Y' y1 r: m9 v8 n& m6 @
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor); g' W& ~5 s2 [# J( Y( i0 d
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)8 @; @# I- T, ]. j
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) + u' c1 ?# D$ H! N5 n! e# G; Y5 }( |( E0 W
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 5 c1 w0 r+ ~- n P8 t% Z ; X3 ^! E, n5 m8 A% a' Z5 YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) V4 a* s8 ]: J$ ?% ~0 A) X
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* |7 C/ c E+ K, {
0 n" x# I/ z- l) _$ t& F6 g6 ~" `1 _ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 0 \$ U5 }8 R3 P# }3 _ 1 N6 U1 O. c7 X- M/ [4 b; Y例如: 0 N1 r& K/ m+ C% } G w1 s% K+ @% f: R# r9 {( n
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)3 o* ~6 M7 W) R: f) |
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 7 ]' v2 P, C6 M6 @ : V; S' E6 J1 M3 {8 o9 ~I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 5 o3 {' ^7 F! Q3 ` % Y7 s4 V' W- T G8 IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) + K# p& ^- Z' Z& H( t; m+ `- k4 H' F* { L1 l
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually); g5 V' A( A- R' B+ |8 I
a3 f# D5 G- }( q4 R7 R( L; e% MShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! l$ M7 d# c; @/ x
* e+ X6 C, ~1 A6 aI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)- c5 C- [) ^. L% b6 W
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: + d7 R5 N: @/ Y 5 m) B' V9 M- E0 \1 D; W# `: MThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . w: }; [% k( d) w , L6 Q9 t6 U+ W1 D% W/ `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)* }9 y T1 y1 d R4 X; s
/ d* y2 @' m2 H) U7 MHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . n7 S- ?; ~- L7 u- h9 |6 y' n9 u( E+ |, @5 I6 X
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - E, c/ v; ?7 Y% O9 } c! q9 \' @3 B$ t9 j
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & \4 j# P3 B, E' P ( ?( j/ s# E3 W8 w! bEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ; I7 p. ^' p, P, |9 G- n/ G+ \! L' @+ j
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 P( g! n: C% U3 U/ k4 y4 J k$ w6 Z4 i" y. V9 N# k9 b
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 8 `) c8 m/ x- A1 ] 1 B* { I0 [2 w8 n # F$ e, Q% v0 K# W H3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " ]$ _3 m) I/ @% T' Q 7 D% a; x. [: ^% ~* R4 D例如: 4 [% I; w- N, y/ j& S 2 Z3 V: Y0 q2 u4 p0 sMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ) [7 ~+ U8 ?8 c5 p2 }0 b 5 s# X0 g/ C! fManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 0 q5 J7 l# D. W) M- \! R % t" B) _. j, L! H) _6 BThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) + |- {2 j" e# h5 x; W0 Q" x: S# ?" n7 {8 E0 d6 i- X
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)5 o8 k6 P6 V: ^
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# R. L. @/ a' X
6 `! D. ]- r* W- f( y1 dPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)6 i2 ~( t7 Q5 [* i/ q; j7 v" ~
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ ?. ]. \' U7 f- l
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) + A3 U3 D: g* J/ f! ^8 u/ j6 B7 \: h- [7 p( p$ Z8 J) E
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。* v! \ Y Y# k; y) j
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ J6 F: J8 [+ h! L7 w" @7 r l( z9 }) K
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; I* ]% Z5 m7 r + C4 ~4 d9 H$ `, _5 O, b对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * _, O# \* y, M% {4 v: R0 v9 h$ ~" @6 ~. p- x
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; / c( j2 i' R" r5 T! Y: B+ N7 f+ x6 I# O, @6 Y' P+ s
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;( z8 p/ O. Z9 @; g
* R' C; d( e) i至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:$ T" y7 V. q+ v$ o( E, h
! p4 L& D( F$ s* b0 P% u+ z# j4 a6 a有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 8 c8 }. `: \7 V. |* {! P ?