本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 F5 W% L' A, f- B
5 Z ?" Z9 X. K1 @! B; ?转帖 ' C/ `: k# q6 p d1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* H) z% J. X: z+ ?
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2 l* X% i7 I" X H$ nMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 W( p: o$ h8 k( k4 r+ L4 q / f( h6 S8 D3 }2 L4 `4 fThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ; |, t! a* T2 X4 n3 V2 \4 A 2 ?# a/ Z: Z( I/ F1 |0 z1 WThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% G; C- m6 E& w$ b7 j1 I
7 I$ B9 B9 A4 Z' e+ w) q+ R: j* TThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! f- M% B- P6 _1 O3 I; m
Q# l( v, ]* w9 hI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 J5 ]) r# q A! C
K2 K# S8 |5 H- B$ T; MMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " s C. ^. F1 h6 |0 k e/ L* i% m( G6 y T2 E* d. ?
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) s4 _4 }/ @3 {+ w, S: ^ 1 l* w C5 `" C q. TThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) , [% E6 P: O: N7 Z7 K8 F3 v5 Y$ u% x7 h
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 n- t" ~$ O+ V3 Y0 Y5 L/ P# g4 g6 A! }+ g8 X! M8 K. M
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 n4 b/ _1 e. h/ m 7 a) j3 e( j3 h* j% b这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# `) y" e$ | N/ k# S& l) A, k4 |
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7 u' Q4 {% B. w# [8 q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。$ g+ Q' w* g9 R& Y3 U. G5 V
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例如:, z2 q3 ^, ?+ P8 P4 R7 [! g/ Q7 u
$ Z8 _/ m7 {4 u" j% ~. `At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ h* a! P$ |" e$ f4 H' j
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 ?- K/ n, v) P1 b7 ]$ Z5 N+ ^& E! E" A
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# f N2 ~3 s' t
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - f& P/ d; C. V" k7 A1 e3 i* b5 Z" |# _. P
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 6 i6 _& ?; O2 K) V* }/ V. v 9 t! J2 i! F( x' vShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . i# Z6 j; ~* U+ V1 k, x) p; h/ a9 t& i8 v( N* C
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), B1 }1 C+ D0 T* K U" y2 M: ^
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 M2 j) s% D5 }( Y' z- J, q( ~9 }( l _! \+ I
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - e+ D/ |" N; y/ j3 g7 y0 U1 S& Y2 T( d
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& l4 M/ k4 R! B- O
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) & c) }5 @! e9 o5 V' ? 2 F7 @6 }2 E6 f8 f4 F1 lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)$ Z% X; @: g5 L! @- q4 M# t
1 b; d3 t9 O5 f! P( IWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) ! u' t/ X" j1 ? Q0 n1 E ) m6 q& l; B/ KEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); M3 \ v3 y& v& r; X
( W1 }6 r1 t- A( D/ X* K. Q) u写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 1 M* r; p& j) C+ e 3 h. }- w! M$ {% ]; h0 f9 [+ B此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# M1 Z; u* s2 [
+ K# K3 A! |2 j2 C! v i1 F2 Y+ K% g! z& W# {% r* q4 e6 ] 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 g5 o( `1 |7 I. d# [8 R % ^, B& V/ }: G1 x例如: . l8 X2 }' I6 Y# W5 c! c5 `3 C; C
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! {4 v; }$ y5 y! d2 R! z
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ q0 ^6 j. b2 s0 s' j; b6 j' P % E5 S* q3 E5 e0 O c; SThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 A' x+ I+ v# H5 d1 ~
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ ^! ~; m1 @( L: w0 _: K/ R
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' b; Z! I1 @0 O e( Z4 Q8 H, V6 PPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)1 ?4 g+ B/ x0 ]2 R
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( U( K8 r1 E' i' q1 L + q. F6 P- [9 h8 }! a( y7 JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) % s$ Q# e7 ~0 m0 y _ |" V& H+ a. U: \+ {$ F/ x' ~' X
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 E9 Y3 J0 z- l6 [. I$ Y! [! ^
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:( r- n: {. M4 Z6 ~& e
9 ^' W) z1 l8 T3 m7 \6 x5 Y对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" K9 D: u; C9 ~; k. ^! e V+ K: L
) s7 s! k2 A% N2 Q3 j对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 H" n6 v, w }: M0 Z: K0 a) B$ r7 L8 t0 X$ }9 h1 J
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! Y% o' m1 q' B9 S$ N* f' E
2 P' j, D5 |+ d |8 k6 U" F0 n T对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 8 P& U& a9 T5 F, Q1 B/ g2 Y 5 F) U1 [- [3 b) @ u3 g3 \9 f3 C至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:- D' i: }, h4 m$ n, N! x P/ x
9 t; \+ \) U9 M3 M1 i还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, d U* P: O3 B7 T |7 Y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 . o( g" ?# w) R. A+ i; B