8 W, S8 n/ J6 b- O; v. dMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- W5 m f; H ~1 K
6 F: F- a; j$ P3 W, v5 J0 XThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 `; v# ]: x' O+ r, y : s! J: S% s2 R4 m, q4 p( t8 q6 HThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) j/ `" K b1 M. i / u! W2 G5 g8 v7 ?* I% T8 U! _The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); F7 |! m4 D5 q7 r% e: L
; ~, X! R' j6 D1 `I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 J1 {/ i% p' ?! ~; k- y% o" ?
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 D6 N# N: G3 l, n. b
1 M: a/ m0 v( {$ w3 j" X. s! dWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). |0 e5 r) B, z! z, G) a
% z. r0 x$ M- p0 ^, L/ r5 x9 i! zThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)$ F' d0 F0 }- _( t6 L# L
6 k; j! |! ~+ t5 ^& GWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 7 v+ D: w2 t( z4 ?5 N* r& J+ x6 ~5 X. W4 p% k& d: Q
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ( T. J; r! z9 T. W4 X0 W/ L+ t) H' X2 i, s: v/ `# ~1 v- A i' y- F
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 0 C) j" L8 p$ H1 R, W$ e6 S3 f; J, V% \# T
9 h, v7 Z2 ?- T, z8 [2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。* d* N. s3 V' i$ |+ P+ `
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例如: - Y9 c) j/ ]2 }: p" I # i/ w( M( B* K! Z3 B( UAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 p$ b% Q6 J* a) p/ y) X 7 s4 m6 F$ \3 ~2 }; P: VDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) , e& B8 B, S9 L5 x q0 y& b& X$ I" g* R: p- Z
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% S+ X& B! B8 b: ]6 {. ]- v
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ' v' ]- {3 q" W% \7 N6 r! \3 ?% Z3 i/ U r
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)! }+ q. ^4 S9 }( ]+ K
, o) }. U& h& T0 ?4 z( eShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ _5 I0 S/ f2 { ( B* m ~* K8 [/ [5 }* `I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ r/ m/ D# [% _* E8 W2 b
* z& e3 e/ `. m0 o如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' P" C' D; _2 l+ G# f2 f8 N- R$ M4 h3 I) p% V9 G
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 3 h* {+ ]. p( y" o; Z+ Z0 y3 \% A& W( ^& M6 R
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 5 {7 L" p' l i" K) s& v: @! }5 L' T' b! j4 v' _4 ~6 T
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 E, V0 A+ v8 X* ?+ o! h ! V" K9 J4 o0 U& n* lHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % ~- E% j; }2 F- f7 R0 L9 w" u2 ^% |" O& v# Y. D3 m1 }
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 9 A6 [% @( G; s* v! L+ A+ I( n1 ?# Q" T! i0 Z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ g+ a' ?/ N8 t- D0 Q, b8 q- L( r0 @% N6 [3 H( X
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% O9 X) B/ K, E- Y9 R6 b+ K- Q
, m4 [$ f& U7 n7 B% c% {此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。- e7 _% j5 q9 R4 f" w
8 v- P; _6 e# p" _ 3 ^0 P$ R l8 X3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。0 f ?7 C$ h, s2 @+ N3 m
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例如:7 C, A# T$ e% o9 L
- |: B/ z; \2 I& z: uMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 2 M1 c7 j0 Z) L9 w F0 f$ p* R8 E- _# S( m0 t
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% Q# O$ c# Q4 @% Y% V
' |8 f4 Q9 p2 V* pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)% x# e V, q0 S: A, F" S9 d
# C" n3 u6 j: s4 yHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) * x r6 N* f! r9 ^5 z7 r0 M. ?; [( o: K ! |+ f9 F, p7 h5 nMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! i: X: a! a4 y0 K ' Z2 i4 D/ b( o+ @; `/ V! @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)3 T: \# P/ O2 f
: }' B: ? |: Z& w" qCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)# Y- ~2 l, y: ]! q: V
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)4 l3 L2 _# @1 h9 v5 S9 a
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 9 \3 x6 f0 }9 X1 q) P( w0 T+ l# }9 @# ]
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: & @0 @7 Z* }6 _) _ % i% _# N: C* J7 s% F对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; % u4 w, P7 q' U4 m8 B4 s: H9 l/ J0 E1 T% B
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;. i& y, y+ k8 r/ L
], \* E- {: x' }对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! b% m! \9 U& `0 |- |
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , k: \) H* K) }7 L8 i4 K' Z5 v4 A3 O& E; v# x
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ^8 p& g! p. ~& R% F4 I
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; K/ T. `5 n; L" p7 |9 J8 d, _" G7 T3 Y6 p5 J4 J% q
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。0 F/ H* H/ [) A) i' G, W3 z0 v- p