本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 X* N$ g+ A2 w5 o2 M* O3 ~8 Z2 _4 f. m' {: S9 j1 }9 J 转帖 / R) I' z( m( K& [6 s& G \1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ I" F( [) @7 k3 q9 p4 A
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( u: M& X9 W2 W% T6 o
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 0 S$ L; [: F y" _) N9 R- c 3 X+ _; t* {9 U7 |% `3 y( aThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " T' y' P9 k" [) X- i! W 8 r& z/ n5 f/ ? J8 Z% mThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* J; J+ k* |& x Q6 n
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , M; o; f! v- O/ O2 I; V1 z) d v' w; q& b+ @( R* g$ b- `9 x8 s- R( D
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)* f& d1 N- J+ b$ l% b( c8 |* j
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( A# G8 ~1 L6 z5 Z7 E! g1 W; E
( A7 {6 l8 o7 Z2 Y/ B8 hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) @, K! A% P' {& O) L5 n4 J F
1 t5 K0 Q% s( A9 SWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) : F" q8 f2 h6 X! C- V/ p0 t# C- F4 T+ o
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), p7 Z+ f* i, k5 |
. c/ }2 I) I/ N* d% Y) U2 x, ~! A \这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!) g- I# k6 c' b, E: \! @# Y! H% g
' x! t# F0 `, {, {2 g; { 1 B- f! I2 v5 [2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * w. H9 g. ?7 c& u2 e* |9 N) y% M g
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)4 Z6 a! m; q- ^# h4 I1 c2 Z
3 A) d# I8 f; bDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)" e W' U( C7 v: w- F$ S/ z5 B
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)# B1 D5 w3 {9 g5 s4 g- U+ x
6 j) G0 `5 s3 \! z V x9 A( y4 A8 @, aHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* J" a2 s* I% f( b, W# w
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) & Y o# s( R2 L' D- Y. f4 X+ A: I# ?; e$ [$ V
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) / n- e x; n0 d' E3 U) \4 c7 s! D) h# ?9 C& s# w
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & {2 l2 V0 o( i' L! G+ Q + T) ?- |$ ], \! x. V如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:. A. r/ T+ `. h8 b
* W* l0 m% A( L/ Z GThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 |* l: x {, c+ |9 n" D 5 F# i3 E B0 R- Q, PThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)9 A4 m' \3 S, Z) k1 N3 k
+ G8 @ h* C" U T; e8 mHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)! E. w/ k& z5 p" U+ k: n9 A! W
+ L4 B# s" A2 ?+ C5 N* @( P& [He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 N) T# g) L8 W; q9 u1 v 3 h4 W' n0 G0 H! T7 J- RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 Y& Z4 Q6 S* o7 S% }0 z% _% S5 {9 |! v& _& v
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), {: I0 l: m# K$ z5 p7 r: @
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 x' A l1 J% _1 Z0 r! P- i3 G9 A
4 J v' t4 n' g: l+ O3 w' g8 Q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# s! d" {7 E* e8 x9 }; a) x
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0 e% q" K* v9 ^! U/ G3 r 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) o7 X5 q# s9 Y* W 4 D& O: L5 b* h+ Y6 }; a% h例如:" o" ?" D, Q. Q8 d o4 L
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( M0 b9 C6 _1 _" P2 O
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ W0 s3 S, U9 o) B( u( E$ L) I3 H
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) - q* ]0 C0 x1 U" c & ^, r6 F$ U3 l4 F- JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) - D+ a, h) u7 Q; m2 a, n: t6 p( O, r4 N2 B& h; M; E- [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + w0 ]8 f5 ]3 N! X' d( ] # V: @" z0 u! L7 X" Q* Z. fPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) % W; l, i& m1 N0 q, w: k, |, V$ F9 W3 z- n" e
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 `% y' t4 \- Z0 _! n1 d, K
1 q) p& C# r( @: Y' g# MStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)2 y0 q" N( K, T1 p
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 ?+ }; f4 l! `0 }1 G: ~2 p. M( z3 S' [
- u% ?9 [! A7 [; q* i当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / u: ], a# I5 o& E+ q/ e3 c : d" |2 E' F# N2 {对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;6 v% b3 N6 H1 P! |& Z
4 I7 p# S1 ^5 G! l ?& Y对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; q) c) ~- K4 | 0 g; q6 _, c: j3 i: M+ n对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 6 Q3 z3 Q, ]' a9 x5 P . w0 p' f M$ ?$ r对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 0 @: X6 E9 Y @/ G3 V . s* {, d7 l0 q+ c; c+ |* j) a至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 q* r" ^+ J+ m/ |) z
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 $ V0 K* W" N, h' l2 v* X 5 Q! n; z% x2 r' V( r有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。; F# o- t$ E- x