本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + @" j, \# j) I$ c2 g + o- Y, ?0 `: E转帖 " P! j* o( m( R, ~1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) : r! n% r! }+ A. z7 \" H& p . B$ ]4 Q* i% g! Y; B5 V+ }! o例如: ; z, ?9 Q3 P2 P9 n 8 X t+ y5 ]- l4 Q7 f1 B" E) R9 NMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 H* M5 x0 E- T9 N9 ]* m " g; H, ?8 F& LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 2 f0 Y4 w5 ^) [/ c1 B! {6 q* `* c% ^- r: \
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , k2 S6 w% l' r. b3 L7 _2 G9 D4 B7 m* [/ \5 s- L8 j5 h
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 D: c0 w- Y1 z/ E8 U* k8 F2 V( }* B; H4 M+ ~$ l( n
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 ~ g: L3 c; a) W 8 Z) P2 w: {( i# g6 c6 HMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 7 N ^- Y& i, T6 {: l ! U* p' K* O# j! C6 c' h8 O% `3 iWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) O2 B; ~' \0 I! O0 l7 Q3 @ 8 _, j; n ]2 j2 v! i- g. q$ lThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)+ U: @$ B& F: P1 F" ^; L
m1 T4 {7 x% I& f8 T" \7 r' [We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)- A+ k e; r# a
# B, y7 K+ Y7 m0 ^$ X1 [; Z( T! bPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)' q) |' c2 x+ N! W! N
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! a+ o* ?' j! @* C, w0 {4 d+ d( m; O( F* Z$ X+ a+ ?; o- F
! n2 L( ]& F. g2 W2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 c' S0 P9 }# A) k& i- {( ]
" x9 [( v: _5 m* @% T% g3 j( n例如:9 ]( {6 z* \( R! A
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 0 N3 w6 R. r2 j0 c; f 8 A% C; ^5 X1 x: i, X/ G8 }, U& eDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 5 z2 e( B7 i: D3 C3 K+ q1 y" M7 j$ m3 [) _
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) v* \4 u" k: O
: E2 q3 v2 n; ?9 x* nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : P. Y! R1 m+ P* n& J# d& o" c& L 4 T! ^. U9 B& }0 H5 FIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ; Y( W( j& {" D+ u) m) E, x& W S8 N& l4 N) _/ u$ OShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)" V8 g& b3 k5 b3 `5 d. d8 v
, [& U5 R/ U; B" Y. j: a, r7 lI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 ^- I9 ~7 O* i; c0 l
' X' I" k/ q7 k" ~7 L7 ~# H; ?+ k如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 3 z( @% [3 F2 Q/ S ! q6 h0 _6 z8 e5 ]+ J6 o! bThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 a+ `. h) Y' X ~' ~
2 Q) M0 w$ M4 YThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 [3 F0 F( k. j J
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 B0 n* H1 U+ f+ j6 \
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 S( p+ \ d X7 V % ~0 d' _! q; a0 SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)* d, j3 ]/ P4 f5 o; H- a! t" j
6 i5 d' v/ y) Y# j! a+ I& ^8 A8 G- ]Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)+ l: P8 S) N0 f: t1 D3 f1 i
0 J5 b5 U) C9 x; \6 d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)& h' p. Y& K# C( x3 N
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 * s- V/ h' k+ G& E# d . q+ K/ ^) E8 Z8 |8 N5 {+ N" { w# a 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。8 M( f9 X9 p$ D) C4 K4 d( [* d
- ]: g, Y& g$ R+ g例如: % r* Z% J3 o; J S6 f6 u* x. T) }5 o
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)- c) `% e9 m( s$ ~
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)) ?0 w5 a* S3 Y1 w& I
) F+ @7 ?$ q) H9 y* x, MThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) " h4 n q2 ]* v* I! `' ~) T% T9 h3 @8 e' x- ]+ ^
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + v! O: P% j9 n2 R; c; Q0 U7 _2 K 1 u% |' h) b$ K' e! i9 S( WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)0 @# T6 A$ T4 U+ j, i# {
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 f- B+ h4 U2 |; v, F# L; l6 r& b " u" Z$ ?! Z$ |: @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % v; Y* h( h5 [. a, { u' b b# T7 j. D. ~# O) i
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) - u* M5 h! A" Y$ w 3 P3 \# h! ]/ ^0 ]1 J h# c同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ; r. E! s8 j9 q$ T0 Q& H" d& a3 i2 B5 e+ z2 O }3 F
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ T: |9 s: y& m
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;) A' n$ z' n. J; I7 x
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;6 Y& p0 `4 d- Z R
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;/ S1 X1 h( T9 {, P; ?9 n
! ?/ u/ N# n4 K' ]3 p$ [: S: R% ^对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;! r& U3 x7 L4 t7 A; Q2 {2 z
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:# E: O2 Q1 e( u4 P+ G* W
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 d9 g- I6 ?8 o: K. r/ d8 w( q6 d
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。, l% o0 W3 L) u: P# t