本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( b; A: f2 T: K! [" y+ a {- r. e# z6 q% l- ~$ D% q 转帖 ' n# u2 c& W( w1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . Q# J3 q3 X: `% M; `8 m8 q& _0 d: M3 W- V! f1 b d
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 Q3 T+ q. z. v/ p& E : j- b: ^4 L0 Q1 l4 A9 @Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 J7 ]) V9 u4 ~" a
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)# y2 W6 P7 P+ h: O( j0 }( h9 m _! ?
: ~/ T6 [- d: J K, sThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?); _, F( ^7 P$ T3 N$ L L; J; U
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)$ R D. t) ]( l% a" u8 _- ]2 A
; I' e+ K/ i. I) s; o) eMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " ]- L1 s; u7 G1 H$ i) w3 g7 D
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 H$ v* v$ U7 M* `' U+ w
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% K& I& x; ~/ ~3 A9 @
5 z1 G$ K! d, M3 ?: QWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " I7 ~# U0 q& Y+ b* T' [) @; G; i' C
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ v# q; ` a) L
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 {: W6 A% v/ h/ Z' C9 A6 u# U
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" N3 H0 q! O5 H0 u2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + K8 q! {; C% d$ [0 E0 `' K1 g . O% V( H& L6 E0 a例如: ( N* `2 j. t7 g8 j# j) r& `! J- x/ V9 a! z1 a
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) $ {1 `/ u) b- a; m( U r 4 H7 u7 y7 X* @( N6 iDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) ^8 t$ V1 P$ o: ~1 l' S% N4 e9 q- o" e* v6 }. `
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)% B" O! K" D( L L) ^
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)3 p$ y" q% z7 ?9 [6 J6 \* B
% L9 \6 U1 P) n3 _In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : Q2 H) r4 f7 g- T; K. U9 @! ]: F
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 O' d% @, W, t5 ? S& T
1 v" o* c( e6 w6 x% M! q; _. v! g: }) eI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)8 e: {; @5 l* e8 N6 X9 h
- R/ A2 \& Q: D6 e7 I如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 C2 Q1 t0 h7 a* l) [( j
0 G( ~. H. ]6 P1 K! ~; C4 e2 l0 ZThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。); S5 Z V [6 Q) V. a
4 ?" k: U% r( D" y9 M0 AThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) * c, ^7 F0 z$ ~: M4 j( y$ S3 W% {' m5 N2 o/ `
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 l3 E$ |, k$ N# T/ b; d
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味); O: w4 W# {6 q, L
5 L; U7 }& s, o. q3 oWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)' T# A/ O) I8 G5 ]' N
3 G( D6 I9 c6 q" W; X# e' y) ?Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收). t) W$ }; f3 r- ?- U' u
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% I+ ~1 \ W9 z9 i
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。) Y; T v" N( p- W) e5 M; A
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; @; P* S, L2 C$ Q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。7 I G+ I3 q3 @1 E, t" C0 U7 p9 X) J
6 ]+ [' K* o* Y1 g6 `+ ?. Z0 ~7 a例如: & \8 B5 W) W: Y8 J1 p& U: N' \ 0 L. d0 ?+ O, L/ N- [7 Q t* J' jMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( H Q. x3 a( l* K: |
! p/ S+ ]. e4 m0 c- [Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 C% _- S$ S# H2 Q4 Y
6 N7 `3 b b& H+ z0 ]: x# lThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); i( r. c9 D# L& }9 }! i- @
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) # T' c3 n( ~2 B . [+ v8 X: g5 z4 f9 NMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( \2 D! x! A6 N0 M1 u+ v& e! p
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)2 l' n: V+ e6 v" D8 \/ d
" J1 {( J! d4 ]& e' OCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)/ G; Z6 n- b6 H& j
}; R; C$ D5 _" V3 B' e+ lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)% E" v5 e; _$ F: e0 z+ t
( z0 n' R% T* t. p" A同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 4 c2 \% X) P4 W3 D0 m; h/ ^6 ]' `1 s: V$ p' a
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:# T- m1 V) Z w' a. v
& o! p1 N9 Z6 r$ r: Y' q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 9 [/ v' l, n4 c0 V- x ; S% A% x; Y& h$ b/ b3 O对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 4 D. p t+ K( @4 L; A; x% h* Z7 O$ m& u( n) ]5 E# b
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ) |/ C9 d3 r* }8 K7 T4 \- Z' f
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! q9 X# d, {6 }4 P$ N* b# a, M# |$ h9 m! u
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ q5 `0 G# F: ~( v9 m- U
4 k/ I$ N& t5 X4 V: Q* H- e还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ) I3 \' a/ d# f& p1 V9 W6 H* D8 M' m* F7 ^. g6 d' @/ l2 O
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 4 Q H4 j, y8 h: q