本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) j- ~6 t/ C/ a0 J+ Y* w$ J
- V1 k" I- n# e# l* i/ \( y0 [ 转帖 % p g3 h% m9 m! C+ g0 N8 z. ~2 Q1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! }/ O, T* [) g; M+ {# A* ~+ R( L2 ?- o$ X1 m6 S
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) + w% w& E6 o2 O: s& k8 y) t8 j/ k/ ~+ G6 l! L& F
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' A, p% {+ i B2 K v: P f
5 O( L2 @2 n4 q3 n5 X+ A SThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - O% p' k' M9 V7 r+ d) c5 ] x3 v# S1 U% W8 n0 i
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)! a; l4 z: J8 T: e$ K
) ]1 f, m2 p: U+ g c3 k9 cI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)5 L# y& V9 M7 \& J! B
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)& Q- g# t" r4 v; L4 `1 H
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . Q; t0 v9 f g6 r/ j/ q5 j; G2 j2 F8 p7 n) \
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 C3 W3 B$ h* H0 Q( E( A % \9 B; J- s$ R0 TWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 6 t9 |7 k" i, h2 Q1 Z7 o' T2 p* D* W u
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) I9 u& t" `. B7 Y: Y 5 F2 A/ t) l+ T# Y9 ~1 I1 x这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!( _/ G. J) y! u8 z% t2 A
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) Q7 }( q# l$ j$ c8 Z. M 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 & C$ m1 w% t9 |: O6 B5 w # B1 L* L1 Q' {& j+ l/ j9 k( A+ \例如:; ]- i7 e% P+ V& g
9 l; u' \3 b& i0 K0 V" X0 }+ wAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 [0 ]9 J' @$ ^! V8 K* c# K# h' c* B. U* V- l
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! O2 y0 E9 @ R6 a8 v" H t l& N9 t- q* B0 L- x
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 3 `& p1 [; x M) L ! b/ L9 y( y, s0 y" K# jHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)' J7 y2 Y0 L2 d3 v- @ Y# J
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually): W- q6 E, R9 S+ q6 m4 t
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) |" `7 S$ ?9 s . U4 ?) t5 @' wI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% t5 X" X S+ H. I
7 ~6 `; a; I: g1 a8 n$ E/ n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 2 C( U9 j" a8 k2 e: g3 g8 I) `+ L3 _2 [% C$ w+ \- m
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ( ~2 q5 k$ Z) J8 T" L% N" @ F$ V% ~" L7 A- h( V% s
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)( a4 Z3 W2 l: `# x7 Q" r$ q
3 p1 y# F# p6 J2 XHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 ^- L, f( g/ V7 n: {" V ' E' B1 d. |* k0 Y4 tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; ^$ R5 Q( G- G3 N( g! E ) }' B& W/ X. A* lWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & R9 A2 [8 Z {& [# j8 H% p) ^5 u! i9 s* f+ M0 Q Z
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)) [& A( M: U* X
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): f( N! i: i* _+ { h
, x9 B, d2 D) F+ ]$ n" l/ z3 R8 X此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / r4 ?! M. S, L" w; E4 @9 J% `! M+ [6 @$ y( X
5 V# |9 ]# P: u4 s- A8 T; j0 u 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- _* o6 f1 [' Q6 J' q
8 C: a6 b! m7 w# R例如: % j+ O1 w0 M7 w( _ + h' j9 o( v4 I: v4 e7 I! z1 e6 MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)" T3 d" \& v7 T& ]
2 f9 R+ X- _2 D; BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ; X; q9 w5 ^: S( a" ?, S0 H# I* v J) [& B( h5 L" t
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) m; o: c; o" f& [( L
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; i4 A& a9 _3 y+ O6 d / [; e" F" A2 y( h6 EMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( B5 B( {5 w1 D9 j0 h) h3 y2 ?; `, F* E, J( z
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ l5 u7 A( K3 h. K
& Z# w# o1 J* p9 H+ S8 ECongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives). v! i( ]6 k% i7 d" D0 v" {' t
, N) b2 m: j' J! C& ~Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 5 s3 m) E, i: d. [1 l6 |( p- s) j! K4 x
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。7 n C' Z; Y# v- d) `7 |! |
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 v) n; M5 `8 \" z- p4 i, V 2 v: ]) ^+ p: H8 ~4 J: \, @对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;" J) m6 ^+ b: K3 @
+ l- t; Y5 X& m# p! V3 {对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; . F: |8 u6 l8 l- g6 M9 F- w' B % Q4 m! Z, a8 w5 i* n# I' g对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 0 X+ G- J, W, A5 {0 a1 p ) X v; y) [& K对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ) @. A9 s$ V6 g. ?9 \ M , l8 N) R0 c3 {; w至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + p! a8 f: j5 [* n( n8 v! p9 M+ ^1 ~( a0 K- m+ @, P
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 y" k: g; J0 h0 U. U7 L- k8 m6 m# Z, C7 Z/ C0 d4 u. m
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。& j7 s# s3 S! `