本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 D* a! @/ H- M: |# G% ~* ` o+ r7 |( [' \* K 转帖$ d4 ]% A& G* G0 n
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 4 W5 K! { F8 z# l8 _: Q* x % d& J }' X1 a9 x" t, |. _例如:+ a& ^' Z7 z; J( P4 O
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 F1 r3 u6 O- E4 U+ l
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)9 B) E0 V2 r: N% h/ F
; N: l2 p7 h8 J- \/ u u4 I3 d. {This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ) h% Z7 ?1 X( C) V1 {" s 7 c' T: E6 S) }9 f' ]1 g3 O3 AThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 @5 m U! Z: [4 [& h2 o' Q 9 D0 e- G) M z' z0 F/ ZI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)) t; H2 ^: C( R/ C" U- l y
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) * ?; w; _7 N; }% n: w8 L6 P ^/ F8 E/ Z) ~0 N1 m* ?7 R, ZWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- J( G! ^! V8 f! g; v
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 0 U! p) O6 {0 V- V$ ^ ' d# _- |: L D$ U+ gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)% z" N( C( h( O! V! u R Z. B
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " C( T3 J3 b* O* F1 j. m7 F; y8 g, @: N: X) k
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + o" f+ |, ]' p- c, V! ?5 Z, m. v9 f: c. n) D/ a
5 \; x) G' t2 Q( `, D) ] 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ M- g: A- j0 F
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; B2 C F5 E" Q3 v0 W. K |0 b% x1 o9 n8 HAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ _# q# ]+ M: N+ R3 ] k3 ?3 |
+ N8 w2 ^5 x- MDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! t; Z% `; u/ H0 A* n1 |3 L+ e* g0 c0 ^7 Y8 }
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ( ?1 d, t- t' i: Q, m; {! f- I. ^$ h3 \. y
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- s1 W5 X4 s. b/ O( ]
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)5 x1 e i4 b2 a# `
2 |- C i: C1 R) `+ EShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : R) r1 K; e3 {6 j4 z4 ? 0 q1 q f; s# y% n* V- p; Z( vI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)2 O$ P, o/ c5 ~2 a
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:2 m, D1 }0 E) {' g" d, s
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" Y5 T( J5 }4 t- `" Y9 q: u
* j4 l. z- f9 Z }3 tThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + Y3 O3 j/ ?9 O8 k, N# w4 X! K( \- C6 b! l3 V
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) p, j% ^/ ~8 P
9 @( K; |) V: p9 R' r: RHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) % l5 U, _1 t8 k# r$ c 1 E9 H2 B: A; I% P* d& bWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)9 z. D+ U$ Z7 b( H8 T v
" n% o6 l5 R- ZEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 4 g1 I2 Y+ T n' O: d' } g9 F* B- O0 O" p% @
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): B2 U }" A& H6 J9 \3 A
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 T+ h/ \$ g$ {) G8 H$ Z9 p
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1 k- V9 C# u0 m 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ ]$ P7 J9 \1 P
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9 `5 _; ? d) B# JMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* u3 ^- e" \) Q* G5 f+ d5 K4 [9 M
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 R* O: R: Y0 G$ o4 \ 2 p4 K) C2 s$ }" D. J2 YThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 _/ }4 m5 r6 d- y: ^5 o0 L( ` + c* f. n- o8 u1 \* ?9 f5 ~He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 z! {3 ^5 M" A3 p- X
; d7 Y9 ~, e" IMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)+ }9 f2 n% b: ~$ z6 s1 R
9 u' I7 m- V& y% ~* VPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * P8 g9 a4 }' I' \7 U + a+ P: o( ^- u* R& G0 ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 r: J% l1 m) }% l$ g, o% Z3 ] ' Q7 I) j- p* v# OStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)$ |0 b& n2 I/ r# r, v% U% O
& L0 d9 p2 b. S( Q8 D同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 1 |1 W- ^8 |9 D: Y+ h3 F , p; x2 `! C0 z8 e当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * q3 w: X" j/ w9 N# r7 R' n: O: Y3 }) e D7 c- g n1 E
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;+ ?* \+ }- n/ y F1 s
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ e+ h& A" _( h: [ U$ R- n( c
+ B+ B& E8 n4 k* m7 }; _对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( ^6 @3 S5 D9 G* u8 y( j( q: x % a- A$ O j3 @* E S对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 D) _0 G% B# N9 w - @; L7 e, `/ `; ~3 {至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ^: X' ~" ^/ u, g2 ?9 a9 X
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 t+ ^ V s& w' k ( q, y+ [) b( W: r; ^! c, Z有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 : m0 W% ^& U d