本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ) E7 `* u& c! D' g# M5 w1 f- x- i$ i( c& l( a 转帖 : l4 ]1 l6 Y! z( v* o6 _; L2 s1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)% t" D) K3 V W7 l
9 ~; P I3 c: w& B% ]) x' U" y
例如: 1 n5 T; E* j9 [+ b% s2 K ' h( y& h" w8 o* i4 ZMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' U. R: P1 h7 r6 O; A9 g6 H; C% C6 \! \* l+ T
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 _/ S7 T3 ~8 h" O; p f: K& M6 Q9 G- k
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ; r9 H* P9 O T$ k 1 J# Y- C; s% x1 lThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) . t. `+ B/ ?3 ]' {2 ]* }% f8 N0 U- @) \8 m$ g' m$ `/ G
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)& M; g0 I, p+ C, }- H
" R2 f% D$ w$ ~+ z( {5 f0 E
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 }# Z. H# k! @
c, D2 Q" Y/ P0 h/ q8 f( b
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 Q, w, v9 ~+ O6 F# v) s4 }" s
6 q* O6 P! W% \# ~* M$ U
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)3 N0 U+ P) D2 ^: }
* I& F5 x& M3 [; d4 N/ gWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* _- C" _$ z- M9 v
2 h$ X. D% N! YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) Q5 f9 v+ M g; K% L) V- ? $ Q/ h1 Y" q" q这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ! d( S. ]4 N- Y2 S/ w( D( h * }: X4 {9 h- ~% b9 f ' |% G N3 l5 `2 J" b2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 4 U9 {* D% Q/ _$ o , k7 M5 d' X- y6 @- O' ~* D例如: : B$ F2 T2 j/ A# e5 G 2 y% ^8 ]2 e; b+ g! `0 V aAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 `8 L- B1 g% R3 r9 Q2 a' Z& D
$ y6 C1 {( q, B: V
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - X8 P3 k1 z) f1 U/ y& k: E: J7 S8 m 2 O& [* H7 F6 Y% eI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think): z6 |9 J1 f/ F6 Y; g2 p" k3 q
- \8 b* o; g' V( _
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# }" _5 @6 D$ U. K3 d& }
+ s! \% o" `$ I: ]6 {% l. A& {9 IIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)4 T" k3 W1 F, U0 e' @& t5 |
' w3 y* O, a. iShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)5 ^, f4 m; }% ~7 k6 k
A+ s9 t& j' c$ oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)1 w0 g6 m! C9 ^
7 T; ]3 T9 ^$ o. v如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:4 k: I* M4 q- O1 Q1 f
: `2 U: P5 u$ r! X# JThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) - Q6 W" y- l( ^; K4 R5 n- ]" p 9 _4 V/ J% ~$ u/ l) @' a9 k: A( NThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)5 v8 A# `9 p( g1 v, Z1 t- M4 k
7 A3 M5 q- Y9 z8 q1 [& P
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)0 _ M( _! [0 e% t: x
' N, O% O) S0 Y% \+ IHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! W3 m: @7 G7 V! I6 {# W3 U
; n( b% M& i* O5 e: e: p6 N% S* X! xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 E- x" ?0 \2 j! p$ I w/ m7 \% t3 Q9 i0 P! q2 X3 L7 d0 T' J
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)% {* j& ]/ S3 @( Z9 @; g
" n9 J# h' r/ x1 n+ k# g8 o写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)* t8 c! n, l3 A3 c" F; n g& F+ r' o
. Z* p* C j8 G `8 |此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 X9 _6 y$ U1 B4 K; A9 k- m. \
- u: N8 P9 q& K+ K ) ]% _3 V! z5 B' Q8 o. b+ a3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' ]- |2 {, A8 D
: ^7 ]* O$ C7 [$ Y
例如:$ {. y9 y- h8 O: P) Y7 k# ]
' Y5 Q! c1 K" l- x! u. I
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)1 a! T; D6 p9 T }5 c9 q
. H& k, T; c" ^! x9 b5 t
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)' ^! v2 R# L i: y! [# {4 O0 k
% l& x/ s' l! H1 d" o$ `" C; }
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 ^7 N4 S1 S+ B6 u4 n% o
# E6 G2 R; r! ^2 H! u
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) . q) [/ E6 _5 g6 A 7 I# D) H. u0 cMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。): {( w# C9 J4 V2 v g `! c3 w; O
' @0 U2 F* t4 `9 @Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)7 p* c# V2 w Z3 N' }
5 s ?0 r7 o! X( O
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) & b% `, x7 U/ G- L* M, L + c$ t [2 o7 ?7 j) S% lStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) M6 W) p: ^& M L1 Z4 K" _
' m( U/ l3 @' u8 I. v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。4 F# @' K' {! Q/ a* ~5 z
. [% o: h4 q8 o* @; M0 K# U当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% L: w( ]* F4 H; |
' V2 c, C9 c4 U+ R6 c/ k
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;$ J3 R+ l" @" }4 G K" M( l
3 H; c" D. T* `2 X. d' r" w T: y
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, m- s. w: N9 n) J6 ~
' J+ E8 |1 Z) r2 N还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。7 |7 j8 q* [/ {+ d# ^/ _. Z
6 Y6 r( P. e9 e0 I A b% a
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。3 O& n6 h4 d4 y+ T9 T2 _8 J5 ~