本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 K4 q g' r# R0 i 7 U0 b' w0 K3 A m, w转帖 : T" Y! }3 x$ B% b5 _1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), C) h) g' c: d" G% _
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例如:. |. @7 {2 q3 {" N. g" K' Y
7 P. }* n2 F/ X1 }+ @: AMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # t: R. k. e8 v* w! x8 u5 D! E g r$ }5 S' M
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)% H' k! D& H' X c, K; ^ v# e
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) # Z/ D+ N9 T& b2 w2 o' p, K7 j; V/ |$ g- Q
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' x5 z% [5 J* H+ j3 G! _5 Z! k7 e) k0 _ g: G- z! Y1 A3 ]
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( L, L" Q% t \- I) v" b# N. e
% [' @2 ^5 n- O0 i7 a' `+ VMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 1 }0 K; O: i# ?, u8 |, w * ?& C. Q/ ^9 `. `, ~3 Y% h! `We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)" I* a9 F2 b1 ?# x; I; J2 [
2 c& N( t2 T9 r1 y* o: j9 G N. A1 OThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)* V: q% B; _5 i: J6 R$ v; A6 j' {
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)' {* Y4 Y" f6 U( U m
9 o9 }0 ?0 u3 U: q% I9 HPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) & G+ l8 `- @$ }( ^6 V0 [5 M' R. I+ f I1 e c1 Q/ M6 a" Z. s; t9 s& r
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!: O$ L3 i1 w+ G- ]6 Y
# J Y& E) e- ], b1 k 4 ?. l5 m" Y$ j# e" Q8 X2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。( J) }* k8 x. D$ R* k) g2 u8 l. v
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例如: + z% f* @ M5 Q8 U+ _ ! {5 E0 W5 N' }. _! _At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) S* Y2 S) G3 O* M1 Z" O( O& _$ X, K* Q0 l9 p
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) f' A. |: x3 S7 C8 b' [* N
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 2 Q1 B5 H: c! F 0 I2 _( b0 j0 h' p0 d4 y E: T" aHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& b9 w% B2 [" a9 }: v3 n4 n" I
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' S& e, h& B, x9 t4 c9 H
- B4 t! X$ Y# A3 CShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 X( [& a* W9 h8 n8 x! y, @- S' I
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) : i0 ?, n1 p( E; Z" l* S+ {' Q# x7 }/ y+ d H. G9 |
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: * x( K' n1 U. {7 y+ H) K( s. V6 u4 s9 Z
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)' A2 o' e5 p4 I. |% r! R# n
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). @7 c( {; |' s! y, T' d( i/ Q
7 Y% R1 U; [/ D! E4 vHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& }2 r- n; ?) z. s
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) & M( l0 [' F) g* u6 l. L$ N& l . W- I. J- G5 A4 W/ f" n. n7 HWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)+ c' m+ x& g: o6 F- P# O
& x/ J8 ^2 l1 r2 Q7 R* e4 jEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ! J- j# a8 b9 Y3 ~; t" x% u5 Q o
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)" i+ |$ s8 C% d" B6 B. V7 x% ~9 [/ E
& ~/ s: K$ N9 E. y6 A' d此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 k* M; O x7 b5 Z8 w" M: Z/ m
& u$ N5 _/ @. P* G 7 |5 r) ?- x6 P- k: O! |' A( ^- D- x3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 & b; W" Z4 H ? V ' t: p4 U0 m: A' i6 c例如:- W7 P2 B8 S" [* T; `+ u
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)! ~# ^$ d* |3 @4 |/ a9 O. d
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / N4 y' ?* `: D+ L' q) |9 N6 { d5 H3 x- S
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ E: t9 b* |1 Y% M C, d3 |$ C! k" T$ U5 m ~
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 9 S+ d% `! A- o& t 0 O# b; V6 v1 T" AMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 p8 O, {$ s x Q : W. t& x' p0 Z( g& ?Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " S' a0 I3 B) O" _: k" r3 u 3 \' J9 X* l$ ]8 G( Z" \: YCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - N" ?3 K# E6 R ' ]1 Y: X7 a9 K9 R$ WStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 Q( n9 `+ p: Z; e% k! p: G / f3 z" b. Z) N/ `同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 X7 L# j. }3 x. `& I0 [ D9 W5 `) i' `' e+ M, q9 U* k q0 y) w- O$ o
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 0 E* d g0 V. b( g! J " R0 M/ t# o/ c2 a# [& |对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 u6 o6 A/ v R" W% ?
3 s( V0 s, k& F5 i对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; % Z1 J1 S: n* P4 u& ]# N: H2 w- G0 }6 K3 y% S! S* ?
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; $ M/ O: z0 Q: ^( l& o: }: |% B- \/ j
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;4 C/ V9 t; ~/ ?0 u: }6 h) Y0 N: m6 N$ r4 ?
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: ) H9 Y, V3 {* ]- J w ( N# k i0 N: v还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 Y9 g, j: t2 z) i( M8 i4 W
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。. c: J9 D' H7 I5 |3 c K