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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)# c9 S9 k' l* x9 a! _
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例如: / P# C/ q6 _% F- _4 q) ?) a) w ' a/ L" J8 [' q# h1 R9 lMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)4 u3 J8 S, O$ L, r" b( S' Q
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' M! G4 o; ~( T3 j; { V3 a1 M
5 s# |: o5 ~4 X' Q2 J7 EThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)5 M$ t: L6 E4 b, B$ s- i$ k! p
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 8 P! Y# a- \& l' _- ` . J0 Z4 g8 o2 AI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)3 B/ b2 R/ P9 |3 S
2 N, P M; D$ B, u7 ^9 }4 _Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) T7 [" S8 F4 Q- S- X9 g$ o 5 z7 E: d- K- m; F! x( z% v$ EWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; p; N' A, f1 X( P, o" ~) a$ S# Z; S5 h. i4 [8 y
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 t# L, s! X2 t* `0 z
' q% {) o1 C/ C9 ]We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) S3 i" d4 s X; T# l5 u " b# Q* G; H; h( _5 X, C" C7 E. JPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?), c" I4 D" s9 ?" b& d, A; y
+ U Y+ q4 J2 }, ^- m2 g: M: H这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!' H& D/ q; i# ^: m6 e
; h7 O' a. c) v" ]. K5 C0 E3 y4 o1 h' ?9 w) F8 [ 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。4 {$ T3 I. w0 y) r& i
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)) E2 T5 P# s e/ R& s0 b
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + h& \$ N. ~" f8 h / [: c- ?0 i* i6 J6 n* ~I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & g, |6 v, Q" T9 T* m 4 z. u) z) \1 B) z( e1 d+ [He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) $ U, Y, U' n. w2 U1 c, q . N/ [0 K7 @- O3 n. ?6 }( t! X% x8 f/ OIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 9 t# i* K0 F' F! r4 w% m E, `. Y
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 0 V$ a p2 [' L' I. Q9 o E. T! w+ m! F+ y4 K0 J
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生), n. D; b% K) r/ k
2 G' Y" r1 v! r& C: ~/ f如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 o* A. }. f6 f3 q" t
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 5 b+ y$ @7 c, g1 G) @& U# R8 e; e" E1 T6 M4 m% n/ O
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.); X9 ~& M9 S9 n, @# u$ B$ [
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& q" R% D0 }0 ^; v
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)( P) w4 B9 u1 x: @ U0 j
1 S2 n, o2 Q& jWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 \) U; Q u$ k& C
^' n: L: U6 g4 o, V. _Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 b6 ~2 @$ n0 g% e% a7 w+ U- N
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) i; D/ Z* C- I/ I m
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ [: }( ~7 T; k4 J
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) k+ K# u5 G6 Z0 F* n5 k: c& O 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。- z. A( `/ J. J8 Z
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* M6 c" ~0 f' H0 @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) }" ^) a+ L; o( L
( V( ?) M& d9 x, SManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources). [, Y& j. z3 X5 q6 |
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 I q% j p1 {7 x
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 1 `" C( @- }! l6 ~0 J2 D3 n2 j, \; z4 ` _/ ], }7 z; A
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)4 a, A/ l% a% h7 `. w8 a
* ~/ {1 z& V p% |0 CPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 V4 w0 A% C5 K A& s9 Y. f8 x% y# d7 j9 U& e; Y3 z
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) $ I- |0 y3 G: g/ \4 e+ J/ a$ M9 m : R3 [/ M% Q6 G D) i2 L: o0 zStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , q; ?: K$ [4 _; L! k/ _" s( n% K5 V: L F% @; z* t7 c# S
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。& |8 H) w& }. u, R5 y
5 V9 i# {+ A( n- G7 p/ A当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 |9 R- |' X4 Y% C3 O
5 j8 k( a8 Z2 V/ d0 C有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 7 I4 f$ c# y6 B# Y' m