本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 L4 ]8 |% ?; t+ F6 \/ x; b* K# k/ \' T1 D8 O Z 转帖7 @0 V6 K/ m* `8 _
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 h9 Y: B. ]8 |8 a 6 K; S6 B& M4 l5 ^0 T5 r例如:8 |7 d1 _1 `, R8 G i2 m
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白), x5 {, ^+ `2 u8 S3 B5 X
6 i1 Y t* g& k( C# q' c1 LThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)& e% P) Q/ k! K1 W2 n, S
% w$ z2 J4 ?+ zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 3 e+ x' b: C( r / k0 ?9 G! q; a* LThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 D# I5 g: e! t/ t& N5 O, O
4 A4 l1 w: e5 f- I( A8 tI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) |7 M$ i7 Q2 G u- b4 R* e. h8 g1 r
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): N% Y" Z9 b: n2 i1 H$ C
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! L3 N/ E& Z8 I2 J, d/ z& ~1 G4 x! K9 V( e- m
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 8 F( e* N* L! i" @9 N) o0 }+ J1 ~ J* Q: g! ]2 Q
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)$ Q+ S9 s6 K1 U: H
3 o& ?' H d F) J3 \Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)/ d: j& ?# P2 _" _
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! " D+ r, ~4 E% B. S1 A* F & U. p7 q5 n7 J9 l3 g# U( a6 r- \9 E+ p/ E 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 H3 b0 z; v% G) Y+ W0 ?4 i - W4 p+ x* Z! c% J) o" A8 k例如:" N" ]8 L8 B; _" ]$ z& [8 O
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): d) E9 K3 I8 [4 n5 o3 Z
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " e, b) P" a& r" R& S % S( U0 L9 C Z( vI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) p- `1 M5 [1 l2 Q: _
4 d. z: C/ Z# RHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# q0 t) t- y# ?2 o* m0 E
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- P" V- h, z F1 [: D: y
* \ l- X" J* a% Z( `3 RShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)! y& t" A' X1 x0 X, B* o& I, ^
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): ?& U5 c* @% [" b* a2 R
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ; d: s. G6 W! o0 k# p( a1 A5 A, r: B) C1 P/ h$ Q
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。). }3 a& A7 v/ }. p) P# J
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)7 C$ T. d7 E8 d( ?
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). L, L( c5 u$ h- o( Z+ o3 n' }
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) H+ A0 C/ g/ s% J: V/ N- M5 E5 I9 I- j! p7 }: V" ?
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)) l" o% h8 Z0 Z0 b0 |/ p) Q
! q% O H) a2 W/ s/ h9 B3 A5 `# [Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 \. f, P3 T3 [/ w4 s* T4 U+ ]) d, u
) P: J5 l1 B, E% J) i9 o- o Q0 X写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ N6 P0 w* ^& y3 b+ ?
; }& f; J$ q, L+ Z J Q+ L# A6 q2 N此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 f7 ~' B$ d) x5 S. a' W1 z
8 Y, O9 |2 B* f& [ C' ~2 r( p. A7 q9 b7 c" ^! ~4 t 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # b( q3 d$ `4 Q% Q7 z 1 T( b- k* i1 A1 N1 J例如:, h9 L( S! k5 C: W. U
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 ]) U1 u- M& N# y# R
# q7 M, Z% z+ W4 g* B: HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)$ p6 ?0 h$ F; p. |2 b" ]
4 I& s3 g# j1 q9 ?8 ^This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)' G$ b* O7 M( Y( `
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% z; A6 ?9 p7 G- u
, ~1 X! H1 ~- j" m/ _Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ) W+ J9 ]0 q5 i& e' L! u( Z : r3 r1 w6 X$ T# U! k' Y) nPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 7 e; I. s* a- Z; c" k g/ c# `5 U
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 4 {9 y* _! w. i( q" f! ^# Z! e4 M% M$ p; y# R
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。); V7 v8 x3 Z% f% a: l. r' e
: A. o+ S1 D0 V8 y/ Z p1 d3 G7 e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 N4 H# U/ Z$ x
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 9 u$ y( ]( M$ ]7 O3 m# e 2 t- H3 [, i- z8 G$ M对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ v6 b' B, c% a9 c6 e$ D$ a1 g) f+ k2 e/ }5 F5 L
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;& Q$ M1 R. a5 p
8 X* d5 g! w# z8 F+ E' m' a. G对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; N U& q) v5 h6 A- Z( }1 F) ~4 ], W& u- D
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; * R& o* f# D0 [+ e( L( a6 J9 T2 F0 M4 k, V% S a8 l
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 0 X% V6 x' w% f- ~/ H" N( g9 L, Z M, c0 Y# D0 s N* a
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。, w$ m M5 m" A, w
0 w) r, s# Z: i( M有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 0 G* P/ X2 u, |7 w9 {, \& V2 ^# ?