本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 % C) L5 L; \* X) y- D8 c$ l; w# W( @8 ` 转帖0 n% }* R. O, @! O0 N
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ~, o9 _0 X) [4 l- |4 Y8 F
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例如: ( Y* f6 s; W" G5 v$ V/ a; w( ?& b0 {# |' O# U4 f
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; [$ f( b5 }5 M& e& O1 {( V 7 S. g; k2 F, C# a2 j) _Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 3 y: R8 ^5 A8 ^! j 1 r* S$ g/ H r3 ^4 V7 m+ r. _This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 k c% I" K9 ^* r0 J9 b9 M5 l$ R( M' Z! n
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)3 q) O( o1 f4 `. w8 L! n
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ! f1 C; I+ g M+ p" v. I$ l. d# P: g) Z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 U- s/ T1 F, x3 }! n
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)3 ^4 A. d( y! e* c+ c
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)% C$ q- y: b3 Y \# l/ C( u6 P
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): ?- s. B! {: j
/ \. X5 |2 f nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) . C: I. l& @- G3 v8 ~3 V2 p+ s; e2 Y. v" Y
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!* j; ]+ J" B; f8 \$ E; }; Y2 o
: x- D' {) Z0 _, d' m C4 V ' x" U a0 W' m: F( Z7 P2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。9 t% c5 q2 C3 L; @4 v5 S
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例如: ) b4 d) O1 R# {" A& c1 V5 W F0 Y% D, ?! k+ \7 b/ ^* J
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)/ c. ?: A5 s6 O' T
- |+ E' I6 n& O8 w- O8 yDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 e! L z9 m6 g: ~( }
! d2 P6 k6 x3 a K3 P ?/ `, HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 y* Y: G8 v: G3 G( a3 c : y3 P# N2 d2 IHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) : C- {' C4 Q4 { O7 E- f2 H# v( p* k% @; `9 B
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : D) f0 J) I% B 8 p, c' N% N( w2 H" p" A/ N5 @She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) F( k7 k, g4 m- B3 j1 x. J! i, d* H4 t8 y0 D
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 1 n9 x2 u" ]3 x$ U 1 H. ~# r9 e7 b5 f4 m如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 W3 H* X, h0 e ( `3 B- f5 z, j. H) o+ lThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)& L2 h; y* H! g6 I$ J: y
8 k8 c4 a0 a$ U m k3 eThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 Z8 T R) _9 ?: W
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)& h) [- F, I6 u7 t) x9 C4 o3 |& X
0 l7 f1 N+ o) mHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 8 J2 C! t& R. n- F * M0 p' }# D" HWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) # t! L( ^& O) j7 e& L. e* | & M# A t' y) X5 C- Z$ CEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)! t& Q5 [) {. R( A4 J/ P2 D X" s
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 S. w' W4 x* V& L2 e% q, b
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% I$ j' C: l' @7 d9 [0 W
; @* b, p8 P0 h; |0 ] " j! h# D' b6 b* y5 k( ^+ x1 U! M, m0 i3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 b- I# o/ [7 M& B$ w5 ` , m1 e5 p, x: O* H# q2 I7 }' P例如: r" T7 B3 B. K $ m2 }9 ?3 l" f( Y( q2 q# @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& j5 q% r4 \' Q, m9 ^$ F' J
% q4 q E) ~7 }/ ?Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)5 ^2 I' o" Y2 M# f7 N; F& E, W* T
/ S7 A" D, L) K- C, R5 i( wThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 H- d0 @. z* f( ~8 A4 E% R& n0 h; A6 x; S
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 _2 s3 W! _: `9 Z , b" x, D" j& D, W) O) PMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 d5 k( z) @6 F2 P) [, D& m8 r! m; H" I( Z8 R
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 4 F% O" `( j i! V; \/ g5 ]. S- ^7 z9 S. T# X' l v7 v; m
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * z7 j$ j% q5 @5 [ . I( Y8 e- |1 G, JStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 j) d) I( C- Y1 H$ b5 J2 c8 i: g& H( p, t
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 x* @7 K \6 `! ?( d3 } & f! P4 s9 B7 g& ]5 l2 z4 W当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: # u8 T4 A/ F+ B6 \- m' x m6 }' [1 \" E: Z5 _8 ]
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; $ G7 a+ \4 J3 o5 d+ q8 L* a* k5 y5 y! h7 W) X- j) C2 K
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ j- v z2 l0 ^6 t. A: D7 d ; J6 {: P1 v$ U( e6 P' w8 a- B对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;( b }; z$ \; m7 l: X4 ~
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 4 c7 Q3 d/ g0 W6 C, V: O* F6 j , b* G( D, \! f5 B7 m3 J) J至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " e$ q2 B+ v: ]5 z; |% q4 o0 `; M) l0 a2 N1 I
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 w( P! D- X; V+ E6 y0 O$ a: F+ i/ `/ Y4 `; \# Z
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 , n, g. c& E* u+ T) ~; V