本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 5 I$ R7 C! W7 t& [6 a8 Z1 t2 p6 W1 M % R0 }1 f0 B& \ t5 O4 Q转帖 5 ~* h. y }2 X" q/ r' }9 ^1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) # x8 n. h* V& t% I$ e" v. H- N1 }: p: m
例如: + s2 b+ G+ g6 G$ F / [2 S# b) S: [ z# J: ~Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 i9 M9 x/ ^$ G0 `: F8 j! X
% t) U( |7 C& i9 e/ zThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)' C |4 a9 M$ n, @& w# v G' J
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' ~8 q4 M2 b' o0 e: K! ~
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 \+ j" v' D. }5 `8 L" b" V, W) z / i8 ^9 z' F2 e1 A$ R vI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 l" b8 s# }5 @+ G6 D- k6 @8 a7 _& {( M# L+ ~
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor). I4 U) w9 a0 J! _& F0 o4 `( ~. r
% D' T! |! _( y' yWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)) c1 z0 p& Q2 _! N3 T. @5 v
% i/ s5 @3 c1 K& F8 }The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 Q5 `. n3 X; `$ z5 F+ b8 e* W; {. H% J& M4 X9 p
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)3 ^7 v2 B& f( Z( \7 w9 p
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) * q1 `5 D- s0 V/ `! C, H9 ~; ^9 k ?+ ]
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + O5 v$ f2 q1 o: h9 W) w$ R & B0 a, p* a, G: g" N9 y' C( F, x. K% s0 R; c* `- m7 ]; u8 e 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。# S7 s. n7 X) G5 H8 c) D" l
$ v2 f3 M4 } N# P: ` v5 M/ K例如: 1 k2 g, P# N6 \9 g! H4 h8 Y; u0 h0 O# ]+ s
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)5 q5 T0 C" }+ W0 D, h+ J3 x
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( I, p. I$ i! x 2 T/ K# @8 T8 t" G( }I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 n9 Y# c; Z5 s. G' y2 H$ o: E: |
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)4 m- I' Q) f+ P* D" i
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 m- C5 m. u3 _. }, Y' k; ]
* V% U7 h& D: u1 o" n" \She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)0 z9 F" `1 m( u8 W9 W
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 c! X$ n% ]+ z- c/ o
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:! w7 @0 m* N+ y# }3 v
A: W0 J- v! f5 a) IThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) : R) T3 ]) u; L; ]7 _" J/ t. N- C2 s" J6 L2 P
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " _/ a( X$ u6 D4 p4 } d 2 F7 q- T, Q8 W% xHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 8 H: z @5 V& W7 X: V' K: d2 F * x2 d+ Z& d3 F3 v1 NHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) , O' O, L5 Z! Z! o4 Y) Z; i# U4 R7 U6 s P/ u* Y2 G
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- |! d9 _* h5 s" b& ~# ^5 I
' a: Q8 L& ]" R U/ _$ ]$ kEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 ^$ V, f5 I7 C$ g : Z9 Q8 @1 y5 w( m/ T8 T写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)7 `3 X" C0 s( M# r3 S: n( w
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。% a7 Z. u1 X) x
3 F. f2 M, W3 A r6 n ' G6 W9 y8 p6 y# n9 H3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 v; c ]4 ^9 p5 p( d: b; A& V9 f' t( k" D" W' `6 Y) U
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# E6 S7 _+ Y2 q. `Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)% O5 A& K6 j) L$ E) @
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)" \" h: m5 G, V; S2 G
. m9 K+ @' i5 x% y9 M$ h# hThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 x/ {# Z {3 l9 J 5 w, k, U% Y/ AHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ! U4 v+ f; w/ K( I. f: b9 h" o$ @3 F. e
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)) n; b t S- x% R
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 b) K/ M; ` E ?+ v
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' c+ \% R d7 c% a) a8 u0 x
% P, ]1 F6 Q* {( }Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) # C+ w8 K# m) }2 M ; {7 o2 D8 E7 o& i/ B同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 ?! O) [% z/ g1 D: V- ?( A; s6 R6 }: U6 e8 z5 d
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:1 ~+ B* r1 Y7 r4 C! ~1 h
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; , d4 `: k- R! h- A% b7 q# z- P. z7 \6 b
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;' Q) b v( s# f1 R6 K$ R
9 u5 y& Z( j" j6 |至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: * N; O8 \; k) l, P" U$ Z ( M1 N1 i( E, ~0 E+ t0 S还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。* h" s: c3 j4 k( T/ V
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。1 l8 x- t/ l3 s f( L3 F6 U0 E