本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 4 D. B; C9 q9 C; M) h5 A% ~# {6 u 转帖 6 i, p& v+ p* \, B( X1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) * T) f5 N7 j! f, t1 x& j5 S8 E1 F - W# b! _, D9 g+ l" v3 }5 y: n例如: / u4 k. b' H- ` F) t, A% [2 O& L( _& X9 R2 D! Y
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 1 ?4 S8 j4 ^2 u- N4 B2 x0 C% h7 E2 s% O
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " j% V- e* O( \, Z# J . N9 A9 Z) R/ Y- @This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 P$ ~, _7 D8 B) h; u
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)* z6 |+ s z! W
& T4 H* w! M2 v1 |$ RI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), z( Y. e: ?1 s+ L/ E2 X3 {
* s' t" i/ j% H _. P7 l2 ]/ [Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) O! d. Y. _8 h; c* @6 d
/ v) p1 _) n& D+ e2 M" B4 m+ qWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)4 c5 x3 Y/ }* ?* o7 M. o
3 a4 ~+ {* A' B: B) q- u3 V: XThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)! L5 Z& F3 Q! I* \% s" o
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) " r/ P6 z' |% Z) U2 V; o / l( T1 \2 ?8 B' _Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 9 U; D5 q+ j# g4 q- t; D+ s8 y0 D( _7 z8 z6 g, A5 a/ Z1 u! d- q+ ]
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!/ d5 ]/ `1 M# h3 e* M4 E6 F
- C& u, @# t0 e) K1 ~* _) K+ h5 ? 6 p5 `# @3 r' f3 D. n2 f, k8 x" R2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。+ q! T- o6 k0 H& y( W
2 }( }5 R b$ y例如: 5 }1 a) h9 D' H2 y# d0 y G/ v5 f. L4 c" M
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 5 E$ P1 p5 W3 o7 J+ y" Q8 m: C 2 Z6 U3 ?. Q2 O Q3 ZDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)0 [# Y& {2 H0 r+ }9 y
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 0 B' K" }3 Y6 _; k: \" I ( ?0 M/ v; f7 l4 `1 LHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) Z, t6 y( D' k) g! T$ _
1 g, [+ i- A a% }In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# y% c; ^ S, h: e
2 _& n, y4 H+ W2 BShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ S8 m; I: b4 q7 a# \0 ~
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 Z4 C0 e. _4 S0 p3 e4 j$ m, |8 J" J7 E2 y6 i' ~
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:1 g8 `1 y( j; `3 i5 P& l$ j
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) . i, }6 Q% W# ^0 v1 M; T& U! }" u( J+ ]& {
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)/ P0 v7 o A6 z/ X. W* [. z& G( Q5 g3 Q
; r! z# l/ V; R. s. c. {He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 9 m5 u. V/ I% L: F! x; y+ d |' t6 Q , K$ b7 W. b, V5 `9 tHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), T/ F' S8 e: U
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)& d) t: A/ {8 d3 T5 l& d1 @$ [/ `
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' i8 \# q! e: u0 J* @+ @# @. s: H2 T+ \( q& j4 C. F0 ^( J8 D: H
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- U. \- F7 D/ `. W9 x% S
& H6 j7 E5 a1 z$ l此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 / d4 i* H' I0 ?8 a # d$ J# G! R& f1 h L9 j ' |; U* d) C: p3 U; d' _# ~' d7 r0 f# B3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 E* a& j! U+ d! V% p- M- j0 N
) V2 s) S6 L# M! K1 H2 I例如: 0 c. c$ S; N" q7 u' b8 g5 ~; n, } 7 a( z& i9 l. V9 F! ^Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 3 M& f n, M+ [" R- s( u6 j0 H5 N3 T j o4 ^) m
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 e8 m# X: r) U; l5 H! x* V2 _3 H! [6 c+ T. P. M0 p- t: F5 o
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)6 @- f v, x( @7 {! ]
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)9 v) b) t5 x3 @9 ] R2 x
: u; \3 Z2 M: l9 @, l8 E+ k" R) \Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) * ^% K( m% z0 U9 E2 X3 j $ z. U* s) H/ [; C# j+ j, {3 ?Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ \7 N1 s1 I- K. l* P% y) {8 u3 f' R0 i2 ]3 ]; x. \# g1 g4 s3 K
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) {' ^5 @% H% D5 q2 { ( y, @, X$ j5 v- WStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 p$ x4 Z3 s, O$ a) r3 V/ N( h+ A6 x" w; o( j8 j
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# D; P5 G2 Q$ y' |" y+ B: ]
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( }' ?! d3 Z% J) f$ P. E2 L7 W$ g) [/ P
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ( ^. y1 a* D# i& q: c2 J# c ' I0 ]0 g* L# B S2 ?* ^对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & i9 k* A3 C" m8 o9 Z9 L. i6 I9 K3 [1 H) k5 R$ N; }# D8 ]$ b
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;6 K$ q) n( O# w) }$ m/ X3 l
Q3 e" w: g3 C! o$ ^0 @对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;2 s; `/ t: @; C3 j" `1 w
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ y: n! u' _* [; Y U2 c0 Y
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 0 d, R! c- m+ l6 G; H, u. Z5 E2 D9 A2 k3 A8 ]( e& o
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' n/ x/ G, w- \