本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; x$ g% G8 q0 A* X( L5 o1 V+ m/ q h+ A( h& I3 s' C 转帖" p( V" v6 q5 u3 }8 {0 ~+ X
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)! ~5 V, x2 u/ K5 |+ m
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" a/ V9 |- K* WMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)- X; k2 w6 k. L6 {" g- t
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 f! f- E5 {5 k/ b2 k& G( u& K7 z) y # h* t5 X* K0 m1 o, R( R& gThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)' P% z; m" t# o! c
3 C+ X; E3 _9 F) JThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) ' ^! \: u2 x/ n! e1 h$ k 3 ]& c: i4 d1 s7 k/ v1 ?, sI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) * H V" g c( i6 a' y $ z: P$ k! u6 h- C$ WMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)4 B3 c- j( u4 X) }0 s& q
8 z% F( o; w2 b; ^We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)! _2 X# @& w- f# Y1 W! \
: Z% T! X+ y' t0 C7 T P$ v% XWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * y7 `3 r, Y/ o5 x5 d' ~, z, p2 ^8 z/ S0 b2 N
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# e" U. A( R; `2 x; ^8 l+ }+ w
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! + e1 Y) m3 O* I h! D1 U8 [ x6 O% \& y. [. j) g+ e& ?, }/ Z) m: G7 B0 p
9 a6 k9 m9 t3 O, M0 [9 N 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) c1 N, q* B+ K
) ?. b. ]. o/ }例如: 6 o) p8 i& m% z8 z7 Y * N0 ~1 T: T$ W* m; ^7 S4 Q' MAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ! M8 X+ n2 G* H( `( F) P6 G& T; T/ F
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 6 A$ ]: T* |! g0 j }, M5 f; g' t q
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! V4 _: a- W+ c$ {0 `8 c% x7 u- G( s; e
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); a7 Z3 l9 H) ~7 @8 [
8 e* L, x4 S# N3 j5 h, c& JIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( @+ m) _/ ^5 t/ M
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) 1 D* m+ Q/ N3 n F @/ Q/ @- u# O$ _' s9 P/ O# F
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ( A9 N& R4 a- T: S* o8 j2 f4 l! `5 C+ r5 v. h: U* B$ ~' {
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:- n3 r' B. y5 k* }
. G) C; H9 f' vThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ; \/ w+ I! P6 N5 n" a. C " E, n, M. N+ ?3 f; c' }The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 3 P7 t( U/ c5 K F& w/ f. r7 s7 K# J% S" Y/ n( J/ k
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)5 G6 s0 v! ?; z# k& Q g
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* }! K, ^( h; @7 y1 g4 r
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)3 U/ a: c. q) L! w) K
: ?! l- R8 H. P% q; ?Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) % v/ n6 h" b' \; Y$ A3 v Q; m. Z# U/ Y2 a, q" E写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)5 ^3 ?2 ]& D+ h% `$ t9 g+ P, ]
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 + v8 M. s! Z! k) |4 w$ `% ?+ Q: D( v2 P& m0 q0 E0 M
, e+ v# x; Y( _( n+ W$ O" J$ l 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。/ Z1 d; D; R+ X% |% z7 F6 Z
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例如: 9 e: w* K h2 f m) n! }2 t/ B7 M' c. O0 wMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)2 ~. Y4 k1 g0 B) I5 ?
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 6 S1 J4 \+ |8 ]. [" e! e+ `! ^4 K) \# l. }, B4 ~; U2 e2 x
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)5 D) ^- P8 K; W7 l: J+ @9 a
5 Z. R- D" N R7 E6 NHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) M3 [: U1 a# c7 P5 ~9 v; \ 0 R1 I( Q, X$ g2 x" HMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)9 q9 v- w* Q' R8 s' w5 J* v
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 ^0 C4 v, H8 v5 K5 \ % Y( \2 l9 l4 ]3 _# \Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)2 q9 ]/ V; m! u) C; E0 G, m
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)' A- ~7 p( P& L& L2 ~) u
+ u' m3 ~* G+ m5 D: t, w* Y同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 0 l! g% m3 z9 N: h% S8 b M( |% x0 B8 I
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:3 y C" v2 ` H- B# i# V2 V
, l9 k3 r( U+ w- i5 l对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; $ B! t! I; A, ~) \7 n' o8 Y; U) u, }/ E
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 o' l9 J* d6 L8 B, W4 [& s- {* w* [- t. T: |2 ^
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 J6 X) v }9 g8 Q; g, y0 q
9 j- ]- [6 E- E有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。9 o* v Z: E; d& y3 K: ^" E6 C