, v4 S E0 Q7 W& O3 s. {5 O例如:/ _& }& Q/ U6 n: X7 m4 Q: x/ ^
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)" \4 M; W+ E: ?7 |
) N/ z, n' }) TThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)1 |1 s7 A, r$ U1 \9 k' W9 E1 e9 ^
6 ?; J* K: q$ zThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)6 H) x( o' k0 z# P# y
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) + W+ ?2 W3 Z& [! W* V, s4 J4 Y/ R# _7 c7 K, W* ]
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)' e+ t- r) _% {. ]/ c) A
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 w* @, H& `( C4 ^# {; q7 }" B / q: j0 q% V8 D! X" \; W' ZWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # S# g" K. L% ^( z" b " h; s/ W, H! J, [- r+ [& n4 @ yThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 s: M/ Q% h9 A. o1 d% P$ Q) E* h+ U% H" K% D/ n ]3 p
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)* z: ~( x w$ C- O
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)1 _. _, _; W8 Z
2 x+ l9 b. j1 l" g& }这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 6 v3 | s, u; E/ D$ e6 q & C a( C8 H: h8 ^3 f, ~! i 3 b5 B: F6 G* V7 ]2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 , s2 E+ d2 R4 m) ^) v- N0 q 6 P# S7 Z- ~( Y. K' ~, k Y1 a- R例如:: b _0 U: P. a
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 D+ ^0 D! [ _5 z6 C ( A6 W5 a7 ]) cDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though). m* }* x; t- X! ~: m- L
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" T/ U% D& [+ s, b& F
$ S6 p( u0 r* U! _0 PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)6 v4 {/ J0 g( v" M# Z
: [4 D0 q& Y' F/ ZIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 j6 t$ p+ X7 F! N% t, h) M2 v - X8 w5 E+ U1 {7 O. UShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) K8 y0 L: R( l# r4 h, T * d" {5 Q; \: D* B. {5 o0 r5 ?I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 e1 t, M# x6 J7 k- j/ U d1 S: @# Z3 i0 z+ b. Y( ~- @
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:* [+ e; X7 f6 A+ s3 z
" Z7 R( R- ^3 |0 L0 nThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) % b) n4 T! l g5 g9 ?! Y! ?0 o+ ^7 Z K% ^& M! W& w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) " e! G) ?4 H0 B* j# S* M7 K5 v* b# {2 \
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) - f9 L- ^4 E$ C* T# o / n P3 f. V6 S, m( xHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 F# X6 f0 a" C b" C8 b2 x
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 N+ M& q/ A$ R1 u' W2 w- H- d ( G% n0 p+ D) b# o9 {- wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)5 {+ J* {, o" Y
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 7 v! Z8 n0 a3 E5 H+ ?6 ]$ E+ a( {( i E7 L& a) M
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " ^8 ]' H9 g; r2 q + g9 K1 u2 h/ j7 [: J, d& N% `7 q9 I# @% p" ~% z7 d 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 - r: V; k( V; ~ # H# I- Y+ j3 d3 \- Q例如:# f$ |3 O# i0 d& K' a" y) m' I
/ g% w3 _. m, t) Z0 Z: W0 u" AMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) / l2 A5 N/ V5 C4 W! O4 M 3 V6 R' K2 \$ k9 P8 w$ J2 s0 vManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 8 {1 V ~% R6 a* v# C* Q& D) E: @+ @# U" G) K8 e- K% H
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" t* a# P2 w" |. O: W, `
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + J3 `* x& O7 C7 v6 |1 |/ k) e# U. w 6 v0 O5 y4 W3 y4 @Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ! W$ p5 I0 E+ g/ O ( n- M* |7 {: UPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 T, s% v7 H9 J. V0 p& y( ~ 2 Y+ Z8 e! @- n& p) F' uCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * m) U* T8 m7 ~3 x1 M8 K% l : A( c; G6 `& o. SStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) " f2 q8 d1 V) t4 ~0 q + y8 ]: w) r0 r4 m同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 J8 k) R$ P( E1 j% P: b9 W5 i4 W1 K- a: a$ @. M
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:; b) l# y: c' F" v( N' X3 s3 b. [
5 w. A. R8 ^/ ~9 m0 `5 d对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 7 |0 R, ?0 [$ r% H' m$ g( g P+ y- J6 e9 k# X对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 2 ?/ t. X) A! Y5 p. u ' a" t. K4 ^% x/ ]! f/ A0 t对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;) U1 ?0 Q' g- T2 l
/ D- p8 G9 b {* l% W4 s对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % p1 l% I) A$ u# Z7 }( l7 J/ G 9 B, Y5 y [& \) L% ] `" v至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # g' I- @5 o" C0 P 6 r4 j( X; a: d( D# q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ! a( Y: m# g% c+ E3 b " a) s! @) z }) j" ?+ @/ e有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。% x% `3 L. j8 h' Z7 c/ r