本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 , p# w9 T+ A; a: j # q5 Q0 T9 f! j& D. B# f转帖- w; ]9 R) G# K: X; b0 q
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)* V, a& ?7 F/ i. p1 U& u
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例如: * t* t: B/ W% E+ H6 { 5 s% s; m" @" v/ d0 HMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) $ e+ L; I3 b& Q( D2 F( S1 y* H& X7 \: r d3 B
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)" L, b/ b" l& T. n- b8 n3 r
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) * D" E. R9 O6 |( K. M, @ 2 b5 J, \+ C2 ~3 K8 @& yThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)- N' [. n2 i) I, Q
+ Q8 L, I- [5 V4 Z' c8 z7 kI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 _' F& F1 C$ o) v- ~+ z7 P5 o4 O- ]7 e" t/ V2 b- ^' g: v
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor): o7 e g; a! Z7 ]2 S: J6 L
8 @- t4 }4 t% j- J) e6 a) UWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) * n& M1 m3 b0 n, V & r# ^7 I% d& S5 h, {9 F* KThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 7 e+ J; a5 L z8 ?, W- T7 q Y8 Z! U8 P. A: Z- I6 tWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 P/ n- @& s# Z7 Z) h5 _% Q; n* Z5 ]* h6 @2 r! q7 |6 {
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" G9 T) V9 h7 ]; a7 l. o4 t, U
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 4 w- P& k4 `4 ?3 |! a- ^; I: Q B N/ R+ P& S' f6 j V/ p
2 m2 g7 z P6 R0 F0 I! F4 G6 _7 w2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。/ R; }$ u* Y) y! b% X
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* b2 a3 ]8 A. a9 r9 s2 g* zAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 p* r! |1 f5 N% w1 V; ]- B
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) i8 R3 X5 q& t- u1 o
, B! a" j- |; ~+ ]; V* AI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) % }/ D( b& a1 r+ i: E + R f& a) U& i4 PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) ]0 J6 ]3 ?* O9 o1 j/ W$ |
% ^4 j5 j2 E. }) X5 cIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ' N' T7 ]0 ?# Z' J3 N! s! D5 h7 l, C9 V% e% P e$ d1 p
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ) x# o7 P& g" x J: a. H * p9 z+ T/ t+ r5 SI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)/ F4 g0 j! d* D8 Z: G4 Y
# `" H2 e6 w2 M. K如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: - `) V+ [5 o* m. O. E2 B6 {. g/ L) H$ P
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)6 ^5 h( \" z+ p0 I1 R' k# @( e
3 _2 z1 b$ ^3 W( _& P SThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 `( }! m6 ~/ p. u
3 N; P8 c9 q% n- SHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * Z7 H/ k4 z4 A! @) \, y' i( {) `9 o4 {& S$ o; `
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; H" G2 F1 K5 K" t0 G8 {$ K4 H! }3 R, f5 h
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) @) P$ P) V# r8 P
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) . `9 D0 h3 b$ u8 ~( g. t5 w# V' u, U6 _/ z8 f9 b
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ' M5 d5 p& c" _6 y+ _, n" H6 I( @; L9 j c
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。9 Y: {* p3 S* D( H+ J5 p% T
9 h! ~6 z& [ h+ g( S- m \! c8 U' d$ [! Y 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 " j) D- C4 Q' S/ ^1 x2 L; X j2 P2 M! w
例如: " l3 N) ?7 r8 R! \# @ + s) [' y# C: \Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)0 Z, M) m l2 o$ c
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)& G" T: v/ x; y, F; [4 P
6 [6 E' X3 C7 G2 N- e1 pThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了), N5 P5 V, P D% j
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)4 V8 m$ U$ b2 o. \. {+ b0 p
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 5 A7 G' {0 ~ R. s2 L2 n. y" H0 {; V: o+ R' N* X& l
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) & \1 B1 B; z& n$ _+ n / X+ h$ K0 X4 t! ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)8 W' F! W7 }- b& q
9 {1 o' m, ~; }8 CStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) & ?- l" }- J+ I8 v$ a . A3 C" m) K/ ^0 a3 o* v同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。6 B! v. Y" T) R! \" u
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: , E( i0 ^' ^1 U5 j7 d6 j3 G 5 W6 `. I* q; r9 ?对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 8 Y8 u' a) x. V, S$ ? 6 ^) Z' @9 Z6 k! [) P对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) X% j6 s( U9 U' B6 E5 p& i- ? ; H, @, u2 }* k5 f. p. b对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;4 k: O& q2 N* Y9 l% M5 T
- J4 u1 Y# d* ]: M# G. B有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! Q! r9 Z2 I4 b+ s! N