本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ! c/ N* H+ O. G& _' r3 ] ! n1 A4 D& ]+ x' r- t转帖) _$ v" m& j6 h9 \/ K
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % Y4 I i% A$ l' ?: H ' V! @ ?( o1 O例如: ) d4 X9 {! z6 z4 P! \, w( A( E) l: ?" T* ]9 U
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& H( }7 }8 m6 z& A4 B% b
7 K6 c8 K9 b8 C# g& IThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( ~. Y" y, E1 V3 P2 j+ G- \" h4 E0 [ z9 a1 N. J3 s
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) : b9 d+ l' w; T ( N4 R2 L6 O, c5 }( u. f G1 UThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)7 H2 [( ^+ {2 b
- I/ O) Q5 c2 Q6 G9 z/ ?I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) ) A; [' o6 F. X3 q* V0 a. [ k! S 2 @* u5 F- W4 c* |Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) x6 x, V8 t0 b- n, T" H
4 E* f7 F3 [- n3 a) TWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ) D% N- r4 x A- ^4 K' v8 d, J 7 m1 Y& q/ w( y4 _' sThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ; U; w3 @4 T- [2 M% \) L8 Q/ G; w( m. S! z0 p, H3 B9 |- k/ @
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 2 P- x0 ]' H+ Q6 S- M* a6 B # @( i( j+ f/ i. Q* v: x) FPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)" W( [ [) [. H
! s& c$ p/ L9 u这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!$ ^0 u$ c' s9 V* u. W4 @
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+ c# `. z) O4 u6 @7 l2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' A3 m/ Z9 `9 T: ~" x. U( [: v) Y( M X; F6 S, _
例如: . ]9 m# b$ N, r8 C! A$ W4 n! K* H4 Y+ ~! C2 f
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now): ?1 z! m; @9 f* ?5 b8 m) B: {: m, H. o
) m: m2 E8 h( n6 @& A1 `; gDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)# L9 X8 X* r0 K2 q
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) 1 J$ A) v& d" ^ J. | / a! d0 c9 r5 m, OHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)! t: o0 L5 r$ m- ]7 v5 \
( ^ G8 J9 |2 H, h( q8 D. E8 `In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)' m% |! r) j$ K2 n% }5 ~( O r
0 H$ Z) ]5 p1 e. o6 k" `5 VShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer). T) |, K" s* {6 R: g- i. r
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( M# N. }8 r; h
! c2 P0 f. V& F1 \3 T* A如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 o0 X$ F9 |9 D$ p. q& V
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 C% x( g& T$ z G
. \" D2 S4 h. B7 D% j) MThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 1 r8 D- V+ Y( M- S) R1 C- k! Z4 ~ Z" U! @
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ' f% s% C6 J. J8 R- L' R/ r7 y9 [- ~/ ^$ o2 B
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) F( w* F4 q& m6 z1 q 0 H5 m; l! H4 v5 ~; y1 s, O' x! `8 GWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) * N6 }. E- Q- S# X. l+ h" g) h, B9 i* g& r5 H
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 0 E. Y2 k3 f/ M4 E" R. K7 r 3 f5 C. Z1 e: y1 t6 F# x% o6 i' }+ D# }写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ; o9 j1 D, b! A' P Z2 @; m; h+ C0 L# v" {) u8 k
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " Y& C j: C, l S( O3 z5 q1 B
5 j- D2 _6 w( q3 h) v. Q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 . }1 h" k Q5 U# X* O0 { " J! J6 p r$ w. D7 U _) p例如: - u* L. g8 J1 N+ i: k 1 \& v! U& L# d1 q" ^- m8 mMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( B( [: \% B' V, T' @: j. q
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 ^# }6 x6 A7 @( Z: S- ], X( e" y* u. ?8 g: ?! m/ F0 d( E9 }9 M
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) & l8 P, Q' E2 O" p* W9 z" b5 H$ Q* o5 |4 C, f
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)8 k) e8 U5 d( @
3 ~1 S, D2 X( A* `7 F* U; |0 n+ pMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ ~( q# D+ B! a; `4 j0 q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)% I7 M' `8 ]! l3 @$ P3 U7 t5 n
6 R1 a4 P+ m8 o0 gCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 9 l2 {3 S" n, ^- q n / [5 f9 X7 n; m( m/ Y$ B2 |Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)5 N+ r' D' r# L
* Q0 K4 M/ @; T6 H" ^8 }) n同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . ?9 Y! }# }# ` G" F+ U( V; ^6 e0 Z4 s
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: . g$ O4 @* g; n# G, b: q1 o& O9 v5 t# g
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . f3 |$ u9 D: x" }8 ^$ @ o# L+ N) G& S# D6 a$ M1 k3 ~: o$ K
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 3 \! m/ t }" F$ K4 J8 K) _+ ~+ H2 u
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 1 i" q) L8 I1 j3 B3 l+ ?9 `; Y; u7 A) }* p- m
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ; W% [- w9 G" g & ?( K1 y# L; N$ d" E, y至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:" {+ G7 e" u; G1 ~
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 ; v t" \. C0 `( a - O7 k! b) @" k5 W4 ]. g* I有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。6 G ?9 C5 @0 ~# }$ \; d: J1 m' y