# S$ a1 f( X+ m& D+ s3 }Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白): x0 b& ?" Z* N0 {
3 @& q4 F- m& B0 _) d0 k: GThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。): I2 {+ H$ ]- k) D
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) }; c/ J" V* W( O' J- l
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ H& q$ h8 r- [
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( G9 b7 B& U9 J F+ p3 @# ]" n
+ `/ g& z- e# I) n9 l8 v8 rMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)# Q( Y7 x. r0 M6 Q) \' w
* p7 U. t" w! T. ^5 FWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) . A1 G4 H/ V- ^0 `7 m2 Y0 z' p* m! u0 M7 r! c( z
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( R9 v+ @1 x$ ~- r* F0 C
& ~7 z- C: w1 W& v' a) DWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 b. ]) C8 w0 w. Q
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)+ x2 b- @ W% x/ r2 a \
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! , G1 ^9 |& ?1 j- v+ u) B. ?9 z c w8 E% F5 g8 p v
, _0 |' _) {0 }' l( U 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。) s( b( P& ]$ P7 n2 p C
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例如: + P0 T. v7 I% w1 f+ |3 E1 R: K- |6 Y# m
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)+ l: K0 A( U" n/ i3 o1 L1 m! i
% c; \( r) `, \; y6 W: i$ i) p: vDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) . A- ?. w4 L. X5 i. H, a& @2 r7 q
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)( K1 D3 J" o* x" `% o
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because); k4 c; E# B$ [2 e4 j
. v4 n& p ^$ M, i/ h* p6 jIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) " s I' K8 x5 ~. j) G4 T4 o6 [+ p' O! \5 f7 y2 C' f
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)& Q. s& i5 d4 X8 Z: \
, v$ _, i& z( U' q4 SI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ) H- V1 C( g. q/ k$ U% |* z ; G9 m8 S( W$ T4 ~; Z+ C! ^5 \如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : b- s4 _1 Y+ S: K# V' w# U$ S8 q7 A, R8 c
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)" o/ y7 g* p; H0 y
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)1 Z( Y; V6 K' e8 L" N3 U% K
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) : a4 A3 s5 p" V" Z$ O P ! J/ C2 N* i' X& Y& @' _& @* |He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) - V# l0 @% m: r1 y4 w $ [7 |; h5 Z, |" T$ QWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): d! q3 Q$ g1 h8 L
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)' w' B$ ^$ Q( E, F7 B1 u
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) L7 n3 [* C8 }) K5 @3 z: i' f
6 p; }' R4 K4 m/ I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 " Q! K [; p* V8 r2 [6 l) h+ ]( O& L; W, s+ j9 [
C9 \; Y V& R/ x5 q, ~3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。) w3 ^/ _, }0 z2 l
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) % Z$ p2 a. G2 [; l6 l5 H/ b; s& U5 l1 C# |1 g7 S
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) $ A3 @7 Z; O& `+ H! E* Z; L, X3 @6 f
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)! N8 C/ R/ \( v7 ^
- m4 j ]% e- h4 M. hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ g: _' R8 O8 r) W! j: D2 M+ ^0 V' I# f9 @/ X k) ?
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) - U/ [+ ]0 c# p - f! J1 F& W2 [) ?. A% ~! G# jPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 5 a v: I, ^8 g6 ?* Q9 s ]7 V$ L, ~' P
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- @, b9 S2 j; b9 T4 S% b# s& \# W
2 b# m8 i. E# `1 h5 o- KStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 2 [" l6 M; Y. t# ?9 _6 Q+ d ' l- G# d$ @% D, T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。3 }! A6 n& u) O' @- B
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ) L" Q5 ~3 w$ x- z: F1 r9 q. s3 Y/ z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;! S9 g5 c# H+ |- p& t3 X5 [* Z: ]% D
. R3 G: k/ q/ v( n8 A% W @对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;+ g2 U$ ^/ G7 h: A" n
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;* m2 _* `+ P( k ~) d0 _& H/ r( M
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ( J8 J: G; q7 h( }1 ] ! P& C* r/ Z0 O' ?+ x至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 b X- M5 U$ n2 Q 5 G) ~& \) J$ W1 R" D还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 8 F" G) b0 v' E; y3 D! E" j8 N9 {- z) |: I7 N
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / I( U7 C( `. e