本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 v6 o/ `$ T: s. U) {8 w5 l. a6 g
1 W3 {# b" W2 c转帖 $ s4 l& X. c6 g- O- I1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' T3 w9 _+ ~+ f1 W* u( }5 J+ d( [& {$ T
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) # D2 k* Z+ |5 i: {7 n) l4 S/ e/ Q+ j( U; ^% {$ e* u/ \
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。), N Q" G% w8 @: L
6 `# U6 p: x2 C: l* |$ D; Y! M% {5 BThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)0 ~" c+ V- {( y m
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) @2 k* w, R+ j6 a$ R. Z l& g# f; W- M0 W
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% ]2 Q$ v# o* D* C: w2 ~% Z- {0 i
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 6 s; p! E* P1 x0 v/ i. @0 z7 z% ]" ^. I) ?# q Y: O$ F o' h
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 0 `8 ~0 ~3 c% e S7 l1 ~. r, G: q6 I# f! e2 Z3 Q
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): A3 k' x/ f4 l( {
2 c3 g% U1 E) e) E: lWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ( ?% s9 b/ j! Q/ \0 `9 Q& ^8 K% N I$ I6 B$ U" u3 S
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 X& `: ^$ c; n! o, b* O; ^ 0 B1 G' T! ?4 c2 @这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!" o, b6 L, h3 D
7 V" }" B& c1 v7 k: g4 W ( ]9 M% E. K3 l7 s. Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + u4 a9 @$ a/ N8 D# h ]5 W) e, k5 z* N
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. I" N5 w7 Z: Z1 i2 oAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) / X1 B, O: ]; S- u- c/ ?/ c, L! K, S, k9 W7 Z
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)/ G& E" `+ o' r% F4 w5 u9 c) {
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) . P G5 r; Z- e' F& U7 \ * E3 N, [1 ]" [4 J9 }& O7 y8 nHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- h# Z7 D( _# H b7 \, h# f
v9 o' z8 ?: y3 r O9 z7 y4 l4 NIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)# V! V! M6 Q# K( E2 U" f& k
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)' k, z W9 ]0 s7 h1 [
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生): |5 V* ]$ Q {( D! f2 C+ p- z
3 A2 R. g$ V" C2 X L% r如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; U/ h. n+ V: o& n
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 k, c+ }# i7 N! y3 K
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# q: ^4 g+ ?; O) B: g% ?
0 l! V& g0 j! N+ _He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 I6 S! P! q |5 e
7 M1 R3 ~; d/ @' w" ~3 ~He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ' a$ O1 _$ K. O3 y U u : {1 ^* |7 a) V8 PWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 ~6 X- _0 l+ _/ p' Y u6 I' G |) v: o5 r- L
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 r, d! W2 l: H K4 t$ _, q- C, K, P* e) T# \ ~* y I
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 3 ^9 a- m/ s& O- I6 q2 ?( X5 D: P# e$ s
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。+ m2 h. l+ Z$ y7 f, g. m
8 M. G7 U- i- C5 T, W) w* e" _ + |% C* \3 ^; k& h: E% b; F% k* t* E3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / S4 u/ ]* X( z: y& X \+ M " m* H; K) X& Q例如:) O' i6 B) _1 m" `0 Q( k4 ^9 n
, [' ~7 V! K$ HMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ |7 a/ y" c$ X f1 F) }$ U ; | H9 h D" n K4 E# aManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * f+ e: Q7 H% n3 K1 c6 b5 @, f9 V/ }' ~& J5 {: [# ^$ s2 _; M
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 8 f7 k) q& X- T3 ^' W4 t/ r0 O$ O, G v1 u' {; `
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) / l' E5 L( j; s( L $ y, ?+ \$ f7 R, O, I; ^Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。); i4 d( f* _: N" e2 {, F6 o- q
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + l6 X9 y% Q: W Y1 e4 d; s+ Q3 o) |; f, {7 ~! I- b" f& b. q
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) M5 T7 O# i( Y2 e% A+ q7 b6 c
$ x5 M9 |8 p7 L- m/ HStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ' N" F7 E. a4 M0 H! Y* H Q5 R; m+ a( R4 T $ q7 {0 k5 y% Q$ K7 W同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! v$ V3 |2 J+ h' C' d2 M' B' y/ K, X2 x; H
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:5 L# J! i2 Y' k( m% i( f& @* [- Q
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;% p8 u3 l7 ]( k
4 h9 O* i; y0 R {对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; A6 N: O4 Q; K5 a- Q " Z9 d) R* j* E对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; * _& f) W' ?( N, N# k: c- P- F3 p2 ~' Q- x' G5 R6 j" g. F! V
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. e. M& |5 I# h, ~ |3 g' I
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 3 U4 Z q, }4 c. Q, L6 C; V) h1 X. I+ h* O! Q6 P$ T& y& V
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 - t' ?7 ? j8 `8 J V% `* z( P5 ^* b, u$ ^) _4 d& n& K4 P' u
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。2 t7 e+ \8 A3 g