本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 _6 x% a* J9 H5 X. N$ t9 w5 g7 u( s) ?( Z& ]1 D' ^ 转帖0 K+ H! V; K8 U
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % O7 f, Y9 Q2 k4 T# ?; m8 P) t4 I5 v# Q/ w8 F
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)7 W1 r; _% }9 a. A1 N& \
( [' H9 {' t# a0 w% n3 O! ^/ a4 N+ F7 NThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 [1 |) I ^; r* l \ , a: C3 t4 D) O6 }This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)% m0 P- y$ D9 l
! p0 b" k0 o8 U: bThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)$ i Q+ O6 f( W
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) . n% s F8 C- S) P9 W3 u9 t3 ^8 @! p8 C" F3 e* J( s
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 2 ?, \. a6 K# @3 `0 y7 M2 V7 ~" ]+ \ 1 T/ I! Y& p% ]1 tWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) # r3 M. Q( L% A. S, k! C6 a2 ~) I , q1 g J3 @' G+ k# f9 AThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)/ L# D p8 }1 e6 B5 K
* N; V- x. L C, y4 C9 R+ oWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。). y" {! \2 u" y' f# _, S# |, d" v
% ?4 P: i: ~2 ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?): l' S; f7 N. a2 P2 }% ~7 ]% z
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!# A- C6 X% t; q" y; Q
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1 A1 t% X( m/ `1 h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 ?) j3 t' Q0 V8 n U4 g0 f7 G$ F( R% g
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ h- ^3 i1 K O
, Z! Y* d, Z( j& Q: t. @Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " K7 F7 J- ^" F- P9 q- d+ s$ G9 u. w5 d/ i
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) & [" S6 G9 r5 y! V7 X& \- n' T8 [2 I. z" ^, `; D9 m
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) y Z# @8 n t
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 e5 P" c6 n, S# M% p- Q* x E) e+ O2 B3 r) ^% E
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) B0 W, M/ O7 N# }5 \5 N
3 G9 ~$ T- Q; K0 q5 ^2 oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)$ L' s7 d" b' R `# z3 R0 f
2 }4 J* X! q* P0 U1 I, n如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 9 l+ C \+ N+ V4 e0 d; s# L3 M" ?- P; k$ n! q. u: a
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)7 k5 i+ J( f* T. t \3 ^7 _
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)+ u% ^! L) I% R$ u7 R
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ; F9 N/ C8 p3 n7 b. o8 o5 t) n& _ - e: ]( x. T, S/ S1 t' nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)/ M% b( q3 U8 V v. c7 n& n
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)- @- V" s1 c8 J" O# J
- w8 V; C+ _7 k+ @Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 9 ]. x9 O0 Y- I) n$ x; k4 L. c; J7 h2 c B0 w* e
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)- v9 m- p2 J' E% ^1 ` \' m
! _' }; r9 ~6 N此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& M6 j& w+ m$ K( m% h
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) , j5 ?! J; h/ r8 S- N + ]8 F# D( E! b& BManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) . G, \* ?$ U& \9 C$ N4 h+ T( s* {. K" g
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)& T( k3 e! F, F$ i( _' W
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)$ F; l( a t, h$ [: ~# l5 J9 r" d
3 r, s. S- Z" q' |) m) sMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 o F# l5 _, @7 q# t 8 j3 U- s( n3 Q0 sPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 8 q: l1 E$ G* d: d" |) \1 U \! f6 Y 8 T6 O' Q9 Q2 p' ]Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)- i3 D( @8 F7 N' i% H# c+ i2 z
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)( A1 a. }/ X5 @7 B
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同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 . q1 n E7 V. v" m % ?! P4 H! I' H0 B: v& ^4 i4 T当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: J, l8 m7 r. s) ^! E 2 b) b' Z! {/ M7 X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; . @7 o7 ~7 C$ c/ i, M, @, f* i. J. L. K- c. x
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , i( G- O$ W( r9 D 2 X8 C% b2 ]' z对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;' V# q& A" W Q
$ q1 g4 C; Z+ K: C+ t2 d* K对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 ~, x+ G/ M9 S- A. r# g2 m5 s; X n3 l& J j) e4 M! F& L至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:. [* |; G. q9 {" s
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。& H4 K F5 I) Q3 G) n; l3 y
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。) {5 A% C4 D$ v/ W3 w/ a0 B0 Z- f$ s