本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + o9 p1 u, e9 n! R q7 B4 H* @5 K , N! o) [2 R/ j, m! z! B转帖7 V u' n/ X$ E
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . F+ a7 N! k) Q * f; \* R" X: }" [- Y: N; {/ t: ~& W例如:2 B: A: E- g5 B# ]% D
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)0 o: M/ h) O- |8 r
6 `5 d b! |* E/ z' Y. OThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) " p u7 f# ~$ F* h5 ~' {0 F5 H5 V$ d7 |; c+ c/ I
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) + b9 M/ d' }6 S' m. A ( z" x) | c8 d4 K% U5 KThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 3 [- o+ z1 T1 ^+ \" U" o/ L4 b G0 ~; z/ x. O6 g
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 O2 H8 G7 H. q1 q
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 8 @2 E, U2 N5 r6 M9 O , V; r: w% C M( ~1 SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)( M/ o8 e. i9 |+ M- w
# z" L5 c5 ?0 T* CThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 4 K3 E- v9 w8 e- I4 j; z* d( S7 |. S. v) r2 @5 F+ {+ {
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" F" X) r: ^ b" [. v
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# G) Q6 h5 f) X
. S& B) f- V" g# B0 t这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!2 J6 r( O; M f
# d# z& y- W& E7 h" N2 n4 a* s7 @" b- Z/ @. {1 H 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 : f: \9 I& @ u# n ) u3 X+ n3 F+ \1 M; U& O$ c- v例如: 2 t* {. b; V8 f. j* n % q" `; n- K6 v( `( yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)( p6 z, x' p+ P- N5 O; F$ \
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ! @) l: b, k0 N0 _ & X4 ]5 a; s+ q LI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think). d" r i8 U4 b% C N1 A
) v& _$ Z. Q/ AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)& m/ U/ t$ K$ N/ d
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)7 j- z& ]& C" j1 O% Y
: b9 R6 x, X+ ]# oShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)- e! w3 I5 r# g5 \: ?
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)' E a9 s- |5 `/ w3 h/ ]
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 1 r& ~. u7 a; W% z # o0 r3 t; C# {9 l. n; X1 iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 Q: ]/ z- f' |" L. z& C2 ] J
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) / ~$ P7 [! u1 K- d4 A, n+ z' y/ U8 S* `: d* K
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)3 a; k- w a8 }, A4 U& v8 O
3 f* E, K% H z9 i' THe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味), D2 ]6 ]; h/ v; i1 k+ r4 o" |
. c9 ~5 q7 F( k7 ~+ jWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)2 D' C9 x) x7 Q: a( d0 i. L
- ~% y3 l7 }) B1 SEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)1 p% \) C7 q# u& e7 b
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 4 W, f# x6 ?) T3 u 7 p/ ^( _3 v1 R6 [3 c& r- U此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 K; F. E7 X! r 7 n3 @0 e* @' e6 { : U) J+ A+ U1 P/ Y. z0 v& J+ @& @3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) O! Z( B. j+ s1 p0 {" J 2 I& D' d* I6 \) {4 u3 J0 ?例如:% ~- Y3 Q6 ]) I" A+ _
2 P- |9 [- [# `8 SMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)& S1 u& P% @/ C9 x7 [
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 Q V3 Y8 F0 p$ e
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) $ Q. e) D8 E2 \3 l 9 r7 @6 i( @ K% GHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)6 ^- [ R3 Q$ I
4 q2 [6 E3 m. @) o$ u; O+ M) {* BMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ j9 D+ h0 _; c: c/ n% U- C/ g+ \0 c
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)5 F: v+ w( @2 _- p% }
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)' X' T0 o& L( y+ p( ?4 F' V5 l0 {
; k' ~5 m9 {" p: b/ |2 O6 O; ^, t+ V* HStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 8 I ?3 L0 |% i1 U* R; c$ K4 R $ e1 W' [) J; m6 Q7 T同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。$ m5 p3 n0 [) H; Q% L7 t3 P
, ^5 P- Z, n% H# c4 y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:/ l& f! x1 E7 A7 t! n! f2 I: x. c1 R4 I
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;5 S$ Q4 m1 [* `$ C: l5 V5 E
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ p; ^8 u% ?( b / Z$ {4 J/ Y3 U: K对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;: E, D# d+ V: ~% \) I# Q) s- {
3 I* @3 ?! Q0 r: q7 G/ F$ c对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 7 [$ |1 X# B, }# m: m7 K2 y . }4 U) U, I2 R" ]1 r至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 1 L( |2 u( {7 ~, t, R: W 1 b n; L# w7 ]5 b, x. L还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * V1 z' `" L6 z. ]; T1 t7 g $ v7 M; A* T3 V有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / |$ z: C1 I" Q7 C