% |# L4 J9 G) YMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)6 S+ G7 J c" v: P' q2 s3 g+ h
! m: s! g, \, V" v/ DThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) / q- c# }8 X; i6 c8 ]) D. e ! n1 {# R5 _( x3 xThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) P" R5 X5 n/ l5 f. s
& ?' G3 @2 F8 [8 G5 y, oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?). W# w+ H3 U, v1 l
m+ P1 w; f3 v0 A5 b' eI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)4 Z" N% c" P+ |7 T4 M+ g, Z
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ' L, B% w7 X% @$ g) y, l - ?% N9 t: ^0 U* B' nWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 ]3 D1 Z' t" @3 e9 I# _- z4 M
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 1 b' W5 w; a- {9 d2 {! I8 h. H4 }9 j) u2 O F/ D% [" ~( M7 e2 y
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)& a; J5 |4 x8 y, K' B" G8 j, S1 H* M
% s% K) g3 U9 VPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) " p u$ X1 z; A2 y* h# u( l9 O0 X3 Y' K2 `
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . i8 n6 p( @7 y' v7 k ; Q6 L0 Q0 w8 p7 x- K ( ]* ], q% ~* \4 h2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 5 E0 z# u. z& P' c0 e A g 8 v; W, ~3 y' U. S例如:$ v& s4 s3 W/ g0 b
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 7 E k+ w! V' G. s6 k * { f2 R$ c4 V$ U6 z: R# t) _* XDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ) r5 \- g, m8 S1 B: A8 {8 `/ L1 x5 `7 W
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 j& s8 k+ p4 x8 h, ~
: `) h; t1 o/ |3 PHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) * h0 B! k5 Y8 M6 X; Y7 u: x; G3 f4 e% g- d, p! p
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)( H3 K2 I( {8 F8 X
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer); U. A. g8 a7 @1 _
4 G1 W% L' c3 ?1 v* R6 }# e4 f6 uI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 8 F+ O$ d# M9 N4 H1 p, Y) g9 s" m7 [ % t. X' s8 c* U/ }: E& S如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:9 a8 u e5 i$ i: E! c
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) $ q9 d1 o% k5 G- j, A" o8 Q( _ g4 z; H1 A( V
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 t3 B# H+ O) f3 F8 p3 }- t
P/ m4 o4 d: I% b ]He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。): W# U+ @) H; m& ?
" \( ~2 P! R/ G0 H4 y0 [$ jHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . t2 H- E0 @. u p9 k, d1 G + F& E& p; R9 RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : Q& N) R* s. z$ I. W0 l+ W* ~8 _5 b6 m! u0 X. G, A
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" i4 ] Q% Q* v- r
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)% V; O) |* Y6 @6 v+ Y
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。" R! f! J& Y( m) A: v
; p, V4 t$ E! K5 @! l H/ y! h( H& O. k" W+ o4 Z3 t 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 # J- j5 s( X y/ k. M. g0 y% P3 {/ P1 j+ c( |( O7 m
例如: 1 o7 {! N0 ?, ^4 J3 d4 v% N8 g" x # t: P+ y$ [; @: T& VMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 1 ~' k, A/ Y* u3 z, W4 B- D% }& m" E4 u, d' p
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)+ \& q# O- W* M ]" l& _! O
$ B) Z: W, W5 ?3 b2 D: N! \3 b. oThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); ~: [ B$ O1 \. y% q: Z
3 r, |9 p% c8 A* p, HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) + c# f! b" n/ q" [. C9 w; y( ^" ^: C) L: |5 Z: p% ~+ l
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ' p% M, H$ Z. a y: ^ 1 Q" J, I$ G0 I" ePolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 I I" |& y2 e/ K* E1 f. k! c+ v+ r5 N5 t$ [: Z6 I
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)& ?- |( b$ b( y' Y/ ^& V) Y
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ) e/ D% ?0 W y% X1 A. l 0 [7 s+ ]8 A6 g6 v) t' {8 c" e同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。) D j4 g* }/ j3 I
i6 m1 B8 f' n# A! n0 C; `当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: + g! l; i7 o( u 5 P$ ^! v4 _7 S& ~, {+ S, W对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;2 A- i- ?: ^0 t& Q0 f