本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; r+ c" D/ A5 ?' @
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) % z% D9 j2 |) F8 @ . H; n8 n* [, [; P6 m例如: ) n0 I" L/ f3 \4 j 8 }7 I @5 P$ v/ _9 @3 O/ aMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 7 I, L u. t* {" X; j/ a% x. E" y# O0 i' Z6 N' u7 H: }
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)- A8 `6 d- p4 f
. g' X+ R" z& O" iThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 B0 ?6 S B$ H' d; u* ]. j2 s$ S : n+ u: }# F* S1 S7 `0 QThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)9 x" T$ Y1 ^- W# b+ F H; W# c7 R
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)# i- Q. M! G" q- L8 Q$ {, z
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 0 ^! `" }0 M0 t9 y) g* v$ j2 \ # s" n% D' \- T' J% JWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) , o# B7 m+ x+ c+ l! I/ \* H/ J9 M9 V. ~, a$ X( P
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 ]$ W) P7 \# T3 M
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) - E0 s) z7 E# Z. s- y! X5 w$ \" Z8 E5 I+ m8 u1 J3 ?& C
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 7 u/ n2 U- h0 @4 X$ D) G' `. Q' [& e
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!4 S$ A. {$ ?7 m$ y" z( U
+ g% f. \9 @& }3 b/ W9 Z3 y4 @& A# I+ b9 H' H; x4 m 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 8 B1 K7 Y" u; ]# |# o0 b+ j. u6 S* \" h
例如: & p I- ~9 F4 ^% t8 _, m! ~ & S* T5 A" q, }, K! U/ lAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)6 \) O8 ]9 Q) Z9 n8 h S. c& G
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) - O( J) U9 o& U" ]+ Z: v % ?" F* P, C6 w, X4 \0 R5 @I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 A0 o% Y3 M* X: J* X4 g* U
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 I8 I9 b2 d$ y * X" p" _) a4 Q: i0 Q" }2 o! xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)8 c4 [& \: ]9 p+ B
( V h1 m2 [. ]/ j& C1 Z/ v+ UShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) $ q( K% n6 O; x7 ^% F) h+ K! V- a H. l' T L4 D% p6 D, S
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 7 ^3 o4 t: x0 u4 t : b) C k- I% W6 q& l如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: / M8 \! T$ N* V( {, q7 E ! ~% y5 O) ^! Q4 `# W6 ]2 s1 ?. ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) & `- ?- M- w4 K5 g0 \6 r9 |/ e) Q + F: e7 f$ G% m0 oThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 0 O) r9 J) ?0 C8 \3 @( I + P% f* t" C) C7 h$ [* T% |# UHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)9 y+ Z2 l/ p% H' h! l
/ V, h7 F( J+ T! h; nHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)! N* n/ k- Q$ l2 v* E
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : k8 D5 _ Y2 Y, P9 g3 I( o, ~# g& L9 }& `8 r* ?, v- w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 v* l* s' |7 A- \ 9 t! }6 t0 s1 R% |, S, a写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) + k( d/ ^/ S$ U 4 U" y( J8 e* F* o; c+ M. h# w此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& k! |; L8 i# L; J4 R8 ]# Y- p
) p( [* v! f/ ?1 B) ?. C4 t" k 2 I5 t+ b M# K! |3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 _: X5 {0 b) X9 W: u- \, w% n5 W. N* x; v. `6 }
例如: 2 R, \( w' U* z. X4 w& L& L( N& J8 {) x O5 y( o0 `
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ; P3 I$ J( S m& d& A/ }0 {. e y 8 Z$ ^% `9 X$ [- n' _Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 e8 g1 d: X5 p+ ~; @" s3 L; l: J# }7 u ?0 t8 ` j0 ]
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)8 ~0 Q D1 p9 x! j( _3 H) ]
* B7 P+ [2 X, z( E9 e* ]He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)% r1 M) z* L: G9 E% _( Z. P8 M
; p' ^, O, e: o' zMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 3 L" D. C7 E; f 4 B5 o+ L+ f$ K2 w* I: v1 WPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 @7 ~3 \, ~$ K/ o! u; a
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ' b( ~* I1 e' a, v- e2 P8 v/ x L8 u. Y, w( {0 `& KStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) y9 n. H3 j% t# o, q" e2 @9 v( }7 q) L% i" u0 v2 n/ Z
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。/ `$ x' r$ O6 H. v0 Y
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ; e/ j8 c4 H4 I( r9 I7 @ $ g9 V4 b) U3 M0 [7 F; M- n5 A对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; / |% @0 {" l4 o. x. ^7 F, A+ k7 p8 [5 |- t5 N: E7 j
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;, k- v3 ?3 g8 J$ k7 C. g
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;% J: i- K. P; h- q
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;/ x% }5 i5 x8 @7 B+ d' u! _
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:! Q; {( C w; r, P' x" u
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 J0 I$ f. N" @: X: }3 V . K J/ E6 B/ r/ X/ c% v- o, R有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 & u& q {. N6 c