9 U6 t, |. V# q \. d9 ]Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ' H9 [5 b2 ~3 b* _6 t - L4 e! S1 w) q& M. |/ C! |: wThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); u; g4 h2 B6 _' Q' r3 S
% l! ?8 K! _$ J3 FThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 6 l1 x. s6 ^% n" L3 l0 I2 `& c- \% }( g" o6 Y8 \ i
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 4 v6 n, }8 @7 D1 x % h) o( e# O8 J0 l a2 ~I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)( b# P2 q4 n2 M B3 G/ |! u) u% g
e( Q+ s5 ?: {# n: V) wMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- [" w5 l6 S7 X" ]
2 v$ {* k" E. B' T. g8 hWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ! n) l2 @1 Z1 l. v& s0 u5 ~" |# E" N! j
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 D6 }9 F5 \3 q5 t! }
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)7 c0 P# A# m. v# @8 V
6 N, }( P8 v* b$ s2 nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)! L6 C6 _" i: w
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 C! D% A% g/ d- J1 |! `
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+ @2 F; o2 d k- V1 h 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 ~9 g( \5 d" R
7 c' E; x3 m& ]1 ?& d; z例如:3 x) z; n3 L/ S* z z
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 6 q; o# {% W$ N0 _& u: C/ c! x2 |4 r$ X0 R2 m
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) a% K8 U$ p% G: ` 9 f8 y: x$ \- E) mI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) * }4 S/ K; V4 B% i) p9 K" v : }9 E0 ?$ F: @% U. mHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)* R. F, @1 u( p
+ X; k8 \1 ], R7 bIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)1 `) N) H/ k; X# J1 I
; _3 @0 y5 P- j' S/ t/ x9 {8 GShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)1 l# C, w# t# ?) j4 T
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)4 x& u5 F' p; |" G @$ ^
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:7 n( _5 F; b& d6 C6 |. d$ o
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)3 `) a: ^, H7 b& Q
1 `3 `& g$ h; B, `The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) 6 G: }- ~9 {) L% o) s) s1 `6 Z1 l7 `0 O" f9 \
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) X# o4 Q) B9 R: Q7 y. H
2 B E+ f+ S; X: W: G" _; jHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)6 i- s7 ^% T, g p; J; J
) t* v# m5 C! f- SWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) & n5 X4 Q& i: c& F1 p1 ~) i 2 Y: \6 G4 \" \; L' UEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)7 O8 z& M' A7 ^1 _
' k+ r# z8 j& j写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)0 H0 q- e0 G; ~9 _2 w
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。1 c+ _7 M! d* A' \9 ^ H
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/ S7 `- u A, L+ ~2 R) a3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + M0 Z0 ]9 C9 w, O J$ y4 I% T& q C8 T. \9 l
例如: % t- w8 Q: m; N/ O6 k2 I $ C- K3 K6 T7 f `6 W; v3 oMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) * |* n4 j! [4 K9 T5 ^ d5 W# Q" T) d 5 H" \& R, x* xManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) & e9 S2 F) t4 Z+ m" m$ A A, c }" z8 s) F
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ' m5 S" ?$ Q1 H9 }& F4 b1 M / r5 T! o4 V, M. w/ q0 @( JHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). ]: Q# K* Z1 H/ N
o9 |' n+ ~$ N7 i# J! U( fMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)8 y+ s4 E, ]& i
& i; \$ M' e: L3 y- X! RPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ R G9 c9 r- d4 a: h, ?
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) D: ?9 q. f9 G) }7 X & V# u Y( d: b U1 BStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) / t0 q' ~' G7 b) o* h: Y% C j! c5 R7 t" q4 U2 S, h' R7 b
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。! V" `( A6 |) s. h: g! e3 c
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:+ t4 e# W4 k5 L3 { L! X4 w8 J
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对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 0 G# A( B! T3 X! {. S5 n4 J7 `& p0 G/ |3 O1 h5 z/ D9 ~
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! d2 q* h- ?# u* w a6 m3 m5 d6 R! Q: N& @2 x9 q- K0 W% p
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 H E6 n' b* [, w; a6 O8 C
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对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , e& R0 }# }) f* y' V- K% f $ t4 h; K0 z {2 l' \0 E; P至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:+ [: g) W% h) S- P0 J4 o' V% x7 j8 E
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 % l- h0 X2 t4 d& s5 ? ) L2 f1 E! f2 L# G5 o有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。- A$ b* i# e/ }! ]9 O! V0 S