本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 " {' ~6 Z# s& [- I& D! U6 N
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) r D1 C9 h5 ^' Y4 v/ w6 N. E0 N+ U$ K
例如: * ^ V6 f/ w- k# o- R # ~' c# J5 S6 J- jMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 F8 j4 ^( s6 j0 H3 I6 a, ]8 D
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 7 b& O; O5 w2 M u* v # v0 j( L7 t* _% i9 p4 C9 A7 nThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) ( y' D9 r/ @* ~3 r) b$ j1 W8 p5 z7 b4 A _6 J. k& f3 P; O
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 7 [/ f/ _# Q2 C) n4 G 3 ~1 j5 y5 g( P' r) T* PI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 z0 p' n( M0 B1 k( k
6 L" N% y9 ~$ \, R6 O0 rMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 3 T) k- @: J1 u9 ~! h* w : Y: u# \6 G2 v( SWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)9 K0 g* W. w. p4 A9 {- |
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( l2 N; N8 K4 x0 i) N
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ) c4 y% n: [# i" z# z: |; P $ A( `; z" k$ `- t& l2 T* U8 ~Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)8 m" b7 O& i0 A# L, l1 D3 Y( z9 x
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!1 f2 e8 z% ]/ m, s9 n3 _
# k' ?8 T; w4 z# U, ]# D+ ]1 N* _ # R9 J0 K0 M, T: R0 i2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。! U. j$ W Q j* z% t) e; b: G
" N* ^6 j5 q) l2 q, j" b例如:) F& x0 Z9 H+ ~0 a4 n4 A
4 b% S: P0 ~6 R0 c9 `, s, i3 QAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % L* K* t* S! h: m' n, R' ~3 C3 N) H+ v/ U4 V2 r
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)( S' N+ l# O. h* X* G+ q5 E* C
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think); {0 |9 O1 A3 X4 G7 i5 R m. Y
9 @: V. {1 H; E5 D0 Y# a, uHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) - W3 M3 V6 T }" w/ c ! c. [" H' y0 M3 Y+ B' U# JIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 2 ~/ } j4 [' i8 O $ N' k/ ^% o/ a& WShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)) P% p; ^4 o1 Y+ r+ m: P
; ?* v$ x% q# R0 C" y" Y0 g! SI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)# K/ V% Z/ o: N! M( Q
/ ~# f# z5 t+ u* L6 M k- y! g- m如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:" X3 z5 n! ^$ u% e2 u
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 6 i0 N* E) V! ]0 s' z7 T 1 E, X# f, g( i! ]The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) + R/ f, w# X, T9 J: @ d" K4 Z. ^3 s4 pHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。). ?/ P5 U7 L# l: I6 a
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)* S4 {! E" k5 u9 c, p
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 4 X2 c5 T( q5 H1 A4 P& i$ G7 k u: R
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收), D3 X: M4 r/ R0 W( Q; b$ z
9 a! ] U7 S8 o" |5 v9 y2 a写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)9 s7 C1 o( Y+ Q! Q* m" g& M! h
& z) M" m7 {5 u, d" l此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。& q6 S* k/ u$ {$ ^% j |: M" U" n
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( {7 |3 v: v- S& U& s, E7 \ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' `3 }* p2 n0 F1 [
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例如:8 u2 R- L9 m7 z; S* {. B
' i( G& m1 `, f8 s( o Q' H4 ^Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数); ]5 O* N7 f9 Y7 @6 s7 O& l1 X
2 Y2 [9 w8 x) a* h$ @Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)3 g4 k& s7 C$ m! ]
) ^; | ^& D* }, v0 ^" G5 HThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; l: c7 s7 C& N) a% c4 H( \: @) Y7 Y7 `: E& a: V9 A
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) U C+ L/ i- X8 E4 e4 R$ t& Y' A3 C& F Q# t
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) $ n. F: L$ S& N9 U8 H r8 S9 Y% A. b8 m: }7 \
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) * o% G7 E+ l9 B2 s0 N3 f: S+ F7 c$ `$ u" t8 M- |. Z
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 {/ L" C# f& k% z) R
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) ( m2 W! T, I% A" N( l# \. ?( R5 E' j5 V. P7 v& I
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 [2 R. ]/ L% J3 B3 a' ?
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: $ S. I+ v2 k9 b2 g9 B7 m' C; ~/ a- f) g; x. f3 A$ ]8 X: E4 N6 y
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " L/ |* u2 N9 g+ Y7 l- c ( M- O0 a: C, h# A对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ( f$ ]& O$ y. G3 H; Y6 y+ A/ F6 J" V+ T& k3 i# T
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ; X/ s9 N6 H$ z- r) V. i! C 7 e" m# G0 V9 X7 x对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; ! l# E" T. M1 ` V4 q+ U5 l$ H2 r! h% t' }至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:8 I0 g; l& l% T
% p2 o( L# e% G. \还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 9 [4 Y4 A& O9 L 0 P2 E7 q9 v) S5 |5 {& ^有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / p* S; Z; r$ {6 n