本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 1 M* V# p% N1 z* D1 d+ M" ?. K0 E. i! J8 Z s) T8 m 转帖 - ]& H9 h" T- J1 U" O" u/ }0 y" |1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) & V" U6 N1 d. ]; v3 L, N1 b3 m+ b3 f! N* x' A/ ]! i% a
例如: - c/ f M+ `; b1 R2 [2 `" i/ M' v 2 Q2 y" _' K6 I9 P3 n6 k2 nMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ( J( }* R$ c8 Q; a2 H+ M4 @7 G R( g3 B9 z9 x( p) J1 \( a2 u$ H" ~0 B4 _Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ! @. R( I8 s R) p$ `1 Z" L, c: z8 b3 c; i) H
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) - o* J# @& D l$ {: d4 ~6 c4 }6 [3 K3 M2 n( g1 y `5 w
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)' g) B4 ~0 d- l
a; ^5 \) y" L1 N& ^
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) - @2 y6 _3 [4 v* x9 g% Z* i4 o, `: d7 F2 P/ }' G
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)' l3 ?4 k9 A4 a+ F
- ]* \: y9 I+ U, h/ qWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; ~3 J2 ~ S0 _$ @- @. j6 P/ I/ `' Q1 `8 I
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词): _0 _3 ]- g8 j0 L. K8 R
! W- s; m4 t7 q5 u, c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) * x& v; E& B; t + J t1 r1 |3 D- y! W9 k! ]! iPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)$ i$ j$ v6 j! n4 X- D9 q+ A+ ?
' j$ e4 }# g. q' l: e: @
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 8 J* }3 H. W( |* v( E7 s4 J: ]( H1 d; W& ?$ z G+ r
. B( e3 e" G& Q' q2 w9 Z2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ' G7 o$ x7 h& c, A9 _; {8 _4 y5 H ~% H, j0 w
例如:: c, q& {4 Y$ {1 c/ h
6 R% q; x5 l8 M- ?% O% y! w0 r8 b
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)9 ]3 t& ~2 Y0 z0 D; ?
) Y+ X% }! X- B3 `2 j" ]
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)* {. y" W9 S1 X. A
5 F: x: t1 F T; v7 [+ d% GI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)+ I. I' A4 _3 P" O
- {3 w: E& m* G, R& G, V; _ x; gHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) h1 f S/ |$ P; g4 T7 p& r, k4 n
$ a' h& V' f' ~% S, Q
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 | o* u. b$ B! z, e+ u8 d5 P . t- v, M, A' k' D, \She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) % I8 A. i: b' b* Y2 \7 ?, @ ) q3 x5 ?7 P: w* r- _: @& sI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)" ?% m7 ~1 v& N% f2 Z
; j! X) u: o6 l7 S$ k如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 q. V% q. k5 H9 W, b
4 u7 P& @9 |/ _
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)% P+ w3 T, h& n6 @& C$ l8 B
: K/ O9 c2 x% P! }; u: D/ x$ MThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.): o! c! N! j& j6 }4 m2 t3 q) X5 W
1 X; a1 l3 y- |He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)2 J/ w) c E- O: z! Y
, F3 `7 ~; {* s: t! oHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)1 N2 b& ?# T" l! p3 M
0 g% p L" U1 N3 jWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): M7 b' F# J$ D" x" Q. B
% V) }8 o% x6 T* h: N( L% {# w
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) |0 e5 ~! k# f# I" B- m
0 |6 ^; c; F/ U4 V* P
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)( _7 w( x( i' n2 I0 Z. T( X5 q
+ Y1 S) G5 p2 p* e3 n% P此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , B3 k9 v" a" y9 I/ v3 I% r" g$ v' s$ r7 b
6 }" Q2 X1 I: V- K7 d/ E 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ) j. Y" T8 F1 q6 J$ w: T3 v& H: f7 D# @8 \. P8 @( N
例如:1 a1 d B1 o" S8 g9 w |. o
" S* W8 n1 y/ Q- _1 j# \% XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) & a! i, Z& s8 c+ c# @6 |- F" ?0 ~: s+ S; d1 M' ^0 C+ T2 d
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) % R! |2 g- G- ~ { $ `, R! ?6 B5 TThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了); }$ x: ~! g7 j- h( z
; e* J j2 a. A( F1 M5 E$ p* hHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。). C; `' V/ R& |" F3 W2 o
& G6 j0 X7 t9 U& f( H' TMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)# ?# j- o' R. R x
: {: K; L# s$ gPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) " Q8 _1 ]! k0 H5 }( v ! @% L7 ?3 y) lCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) - l O1 k3 N$ G6 P- ` X/ J3 \ 5 @! u+ R' C8 W3 q! T/ VStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)) z- I3 ^& @6 ]* y5 \4 l