/ W$ u \! ^, ^8 a4 ]( ~Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 x- d2 a7 {$ Y3 m9 }) B % W' B% u( |5 f! b& K* {" w: H3 a+ gThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)! A6 K9 f; j, {8 g/ h& i
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)/ A" s! j# p" m# E
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) , |) b& b$ \! o x' j/ s& l9 }4 E9 X8 a, a5 ?
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 Q; ?& g) `) H! D+ S$ N' {6 ]+ C0 n4 m0 p; {" d
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % [$ f$ |2 j* c5 Y N' u! z& ?4 O. B
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 8 f$ q& I( M6 n% T+ D" ]9 h: p9 l; d1 c( \& x
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)! K1 }1 c N, R+ M1 R- C& C
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 t3 u! a/ f6 O/ |
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) $ P% {: {3 N1 q, ^4 S( j5 m! U4 v9 e: d, B) b; U( C- }+ A4 g
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 5 i. r3 g4 f% {+ D6 L$ g; H) w/ J N, [ B2 O2 ?3 |0 X
' {9 ~% U3 F3 K1 @, ]2 U2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。3 l" S1 {7 D* J0 R5 m
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ; b5 Q/ O0 m U3 z; a / s* [( U% @5 W; \7 h4 \Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)% k( y! m! s( }! H; \
& W6 T' | \& q' q1 h; f. WI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) # a+ A/ B1 z! @" T : J$ M) U$ j4 t2 j) _He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) . V* N- K* G/ \/ r5 C/ u, L; m0 `9 h& v! R5 i
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 3 Y+ L6 c- y8 ]2 V* A8 r : f0 k i; M# nShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # r0 _' E/ _+ Y/ A5 o( [ - u8 A# Z% R$ x2 P4 {1 ]/ W& yI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 5 ~2 B! Y- `7 m- I: H/ P6 s' c ; G4 C) x; [. q8 ?9 G* \3 m) ^如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& M+ e; h0 M* V5 O& C" _
- Z# n+ M2 p3 W% GThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) " z& X2 D2 ~: W$ W/ \: l' A. }, P0 d6 w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& k' c5 g$ K* |+ M0 w ]% m
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) n1 y7 ?& ^1 p7 `; Z' ] A& E: q8 n
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)3 @/ P6 Y. a: t
) n2 Y# z. W5 s8 ?- TWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) : U k8 D5 s( n; |5 [4 L0 Z " m: n. K! N! mEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ' M0 R1 w1 X9 u ~* E# l9 p * N; M% P1 T3 W" O d写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) . N/ r& b0 ]6 V4 _7 G: A5 o# e# L' k6 b( V, v
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 9 ?, D, Q: ~; X% Q6 }8 b+ q0 z+ F0 x
0 F/ I' z; Y c/ I& J/ I# x" F3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 + g( t- N. ^0 D# D ) E" Y# [/ ~5 b( d0 W例如: 1 R J/ f* ]% f6 F 2 w- c/ y5 r+ @Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数): h' [0 @6 r0 j$ _3 G& b2 r; l
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) " b6 [! |# f6 ~7 l' u. U- @$ B4 V, c1 J1 _3 x
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)- K/ [! I: m' F1 m2 ?
+ ?6 h# Y4 p" P! v/ dHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ; t# m; g7 ^/ F- \5 d& |+ N; g4 v1 y7 A
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 7 O. ]1 |% k- o+ N% I5 s; X: o7 ]0 Z/ a: s
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 g3 _5 v R6 a" E( T& E: F) e" D1 _- F; H5 H3 O& N
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) " s4 Q7 ]2 P0 I9 z h8 A; j 9 U9 [" r0 b" C8 rStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 r9 T) ^- ]1 q# m% n- }+ m! Y; \# _ Q$ ` H
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 3 u$ f5 B: J4 v1 _) M# t& b ]! G2 F& R* W6 G
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: B; Q: D, R+ z8 ~% r9 u 7 \% N( ~- p" s d+ S" r对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 U0 e$ D7 {9 \/ H
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; $ k0 I& h' `6 j; T9 d) B2 K( L& D
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;3 B' R% l7 O1 P2 Y$ [
& g* \, f1 p% C8 x5 B! h2 p X, g对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; & D6 N% X& f- A: }4 S1 H 2 p! Q2 @9 z0 {# K$ l至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 8 ]7 E& J% @, ~9 @" m2 c3 e0 i; T0 B8 L! q6 B4 e+ t' p
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 2 g) c3 |, W* f+ [# P8 L# w2 K! q. G! |' h8 u
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 ) G5 ~7 {. u& Y( h- |# L