本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * C& e+ e/ j( I% L/ Z! ~+ y- p& g$ x# y' N- a$ x# f 转帖! \8 b7 J& A- L f2 x
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ' q9 [, p/ b0 \( G1 N * C- m2 J7 ~7 T/ N# T9 y; I+ c- v例如: 6 W1 u: U. D* {6 A* |& Y ( @; I) m5 T& \Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) ; Q4 M! O; }' ?' Y5 x K4 r1 _% k
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。); j# u5 Y+ t$ |3 K: O9 ~
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ }0 s }& g( h2 m
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ {( R- T B$ X0 _* u ' ^, F- M G$ ~/ D9 M# ]I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)9 a: I0 p* Q) V6 ^, L5 m" Q! |
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)! h4 i) g C) L. @
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) R( K5 e2 i) ` I
. e9 q" d) |- v! R4 K F7 } pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) $ H! \! b0 t& i! R8 D( d8 g+ J) q+ R9 q2 m) {
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)4 R+ Y6 l" g& n! h/ n& u8 {
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 c' D& E6 Z: h# I: q ` 6 D, v3 Z9 j2 }1 x+ T+ B1 e这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!6 e0 v7 e# \9 t _6 k
* Z# B" |9 F/ `( z ?- f/ p: ^ ) x6 }+ x: `5 B6 X7 H3 _2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 7 ?$ a2 j. w( J+ l7 y3 h. }2 Z
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1 l8 Q; u# Q k# Y: [3 i* yAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) l! E7 i6 `: ^0 \: d+ L% E9 ]) b8 B2 C @9 t- w8 _
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though): y, t1 x# g) p* E
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' B# I! Z/ A/ x2 v9 h2 C! o( c) J i7 X
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)( a$ S) }0 {; Q
: \) e; {" \, oIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)" Z; ?5 h/ |) B- {% o8 y R
( B1 I4 A6 q/ E2 s1 M1 ~She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) : O* W& K% R+ v0 j4 t" ~ : r* l6 H; X6 r: J7 B, zI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)9 x- b7 U. ~& F2 y: o9 x
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: $ Z! ]; C! A+ A w- [ {0 F H7 e. s2 L1 V' [0 ~1 B
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 _4 h. f* \7 E3 h, u) A6 z! q5 q; ~
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.). \2 x# v- ?* \) z
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) . ^* G- s6 h* k) {' p2 Z& S 2 v: p4 `' }7 F- d, C# D/ wHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; m4 C+ g$ a# V9 _- |$ `. t8 @* x2 l; R, d! x8 e
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)% s$ y% B8 Y% y
4 E! e/ X& c' U: _( O; z7 {Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)- ^% O9 h! h' Q/ L5 P8 z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 v q/ J5 ^: \/ r
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。! Z$ h x6 X" J9 L: e0 K
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8 M0 M7 b- w! j% t: O) z 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 f* P! e- D N , w& x$ c& U, N9 F& \ U$ ~5 S例如:% D& |) Z+ j; q H: l8 ~: |
. W) J/ i+ R5 L+ N B/ e$ qMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)4 U% P3 e; V* }7 t9 l; S8 W
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% t, h1 }* `; t! C- N) E; d
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ) {9 }1 f5 k, i" }2 o% n! G, G1 |0 s0 u( b
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)& [0 _$ v# L- M/ M: V
! g( P2 }+ Y) j* E- q( k5 [0 lMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 o4 L$ H9 U. y+ A% Q
. Z9 S7 m) l/ NPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)& h! {$ M3 e; H8 X( ?1 |4 R* k
) r6 H. } A: ^7 T2 [+ Q% F* v6 {Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) s f4 P7 P# D8 p. ?
7 i; _( E; w# tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)6 o/ @$ r, q& A7 n
9 S8 P- s, E( i同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 : `, r5 ^+ r: i# I8 _" O. F. P, F+ E' c5 k
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:, P3 b! d' h1 \! A2 |- R( d
4 Q5 b" j6 V' @. P# r" Z对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 6 U" x6 T: i C6 R2 {4 k0 g* b. Q x& M, g
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; * @( f( q3 Y. s+ R , F: P h% o1 {* e9 j$ q对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;8 j" ] q4 H1 ]! v
& N% j0 g T8 L3 `! S( B对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;. k% T" n6 W7 o
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至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 7 O4 v$ Y) }8 H. ^. x. y7 k4 @3 _. e
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。- I4 T2 ]! G4 v0 b' K6 u4 R3 g
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。5 D/ S& Y/ M& Z% u* n3 F