本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ; o' N+ p2 d0 ^: l4 {/ K9 z3 K: [ ' @; D$ @% y; c) D转帖: y: r* h9 Y M* ]+ E+ F3 ^
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) ! Q' X: x4 L: G9 c% c2 \4 @; _' U- I% j( n9 N$ H
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 z. `9 r- y3 `# s6 a# e; ` ; V/ Q0 T8 Y( A0 t7 J" W! FThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 U$ r1 f0 L! ~5 d' A" H: l" u" y. j, W- {( q r# d
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) , t5 b3 n' {1 S ( ?) B; U: B; i* NThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)0 u o# s, k$ V$ G* ?, t4 H
7 H" L2 ~0 K+ ~" n0 J8 jI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) $ x+ E- a) o: U0 b- r/ ~, x" V 9 W( u# z, a0 ~8 H* z4 `Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) / r% K( @6 S7 G9 L- ~8 F1 ^" p8 d. l
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)* [) [3 P. o2 ]* M6 F) j! w7 m
$ t- x, K& t; A3 v% S: MThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) " m. |) S& p* i; l" ~& F x& x4 `8 _8 w& s( sWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" l$ V# I0 [) q+ v: J
g; C; r; U% {7 ^7 H! nPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 5 h9 ?4 G/ H a7 R/ w0 |4 X% [$ [; W. n. B: D( O
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! $ C3 d1 v3 z. R k. Q4 U) u3 y ( n8 N2 m- @- d! r$ o9 C3 l4 m 6 r& b, T4 y' q2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 ; X: N+ b. |3 O* V- a# i2 O) E 3 d& r* V3 N! a2 g/ l例如:; a8 G4 A& X3 N( D$ o$ `
+ Z' ?" n2 j( u* IAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) & J; }2 I6 Y- Z# S0 ] v, B4 s) n2 Q6 N! W* I% i, k
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) " J% y; s& X5 A1 r. k# e k5 L2 A( ?7 s1 t* ZI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ) ~1 S; F6 K: R+ S, x/ X# x ! M1 N2 r) {, N: w, ^2 Y+ \He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)# [: Q9 P( p/ a( f2 i3 F E3 |
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 0 ~, x/ D% \+ D% q/ F* V% I- ~; `& ~ o0 v4 V5 J
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)/ y) S% x; S& h+ [- M: Z- }
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 2 |2 }% ]% ]9 M. P( b- B$ l0 e+ N/ k! N! [
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:+ d9 y% L) S9 T/ |& H7 z
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The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 u! z# J; y1 p' R7 J4 J% ?" _3 o: m; Y& H2 O
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)8 S4 q* b% ~: D
$ E% e+ ?- q$ v- LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)+ u5 |1 |3 e: g* u; _2 ?
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' B" G4 M, b; ^9 e3 P* z
- f- C9 I: V4 ZWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的), w! x7 v* Y; i5 q/ P, e
$ \8 T, _) l; C3 Z# Y7 q% M& |Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收); ]1 N( u3 |$ E, E
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): w0 C& Q3 p' H, u' l6 [
]1 [5 |2 O5 k! X3 u! S; [此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。2 B' E* W. K8 `
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1 h. ? U- b# ^/ U 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 0 |9 v2 C" o* v6 Z" S8 L9 r; m1 Y. L, [" X- u, m
例如: 4 L( y+ { L- W k* e% U! _ 7 W7 j) r6 _2 s3 q; B7 QMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)( V( j+ i; Y8 @% @4 ^! y
$ M* u1 ^4 j# @$ EManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) : ?( c+ o4 Y ]: M! A5 C k7 e L, o) q
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ! N9 Y0 w) K6 S' U8 J Q! T" x" V: U3 F$ R( }' @! s+ U9 l8 q
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)/ y4 X8 n. L! t. F
W; S: J$ W! V6 F/ e F4 KMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & `( b6 y2 \4 ], E( R1 x, b) ^! v- C
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) \8 q: e+ i( i" l$ ?$ m2 p3 x 2 A& n2 r6 X- ~; XCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)3 K6 t* o4 \( L# O4 |$ T
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 4 Z2 }5 }0 a& ~8 Q # d& X! x: ~7 _2 w7 v- H同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。- ~7 T4 t/ l9 ]1 v/ A5 E
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: % E+ J1 C5 P1 _/ J: S: v# {% W& Q6 Q5 J l& n5 k: A
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;4 A# M) ?3 i; x% B$ V9 \
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; & E; N7 S3 ?* p/ {' Q0 Y8 | / Y- t; A+ J! P, d- k6 x对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; R& {3 H0 N2 t) n
. v( y/ d6 l; J2 t; a对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; . M0 t& {) y/ X1 V' y) @! W/ }4 N- M4 [2 ?. Y! @9 l
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: " F" A$ V5 ^, \% u* h# F1 f5 l+ q1 G+ R% X6 G) d
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。1 n( L# z/ y D2 E' M; [% F: X
( Q! J) [- n0 @$ e( c有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。: j: _' }" `1 v6 s( ?8 ]" ~