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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word), f6 U. O; `& h- n+ S+ z
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例如: - |( T# B7 k$ X1 p 2 k4 O# x' y( t9 N( T# Z& y/ b, YMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)) I4 A0 B8 H2 ~
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) : l$ y& [5 `5 ?* z2 ^( s" L' g- Y4 ^: D- l1 p( H/ o7 x% }
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 9 S3 u( t& K; ^7 W 9 ~. M$ `3 @+ r( c" WThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # ]! L9 X% i8 `; A# _. U& Y0 I1 C: ]! z# R: z& L) X
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)% F3 x2 @$ S* j$ O; H2 K! d, o# I
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 {* t- R( x; {; J ' n" A4 _+ U: p) ^& TWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) & R2 P* o$ Q3 d* w' Y) g% \# O# x7 [( A+ [7 [3 k) i
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 6 X* M7 @9 M( g " V9 A$ M/ m; c* y* h: Z8 q& BWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) 3 b& Y8 g. P. O 5 R; u! s, P+ YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) ! k( e) P# e" X* I3 t4 b/ o: e L: j: D' V" Q, }
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ( u5 {8 k5 W. o% N/ z" i4 e d5 K( l5 \* ?7 b5 l* M, _4 A5 ]" d
1 E! S! g! X0 Z9 c( Z2 X' f5 Q 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 $ ?: W7 d% }- }$ q& r8 ? n7 P) b8 S7 `+ L
例如:$ z: d. \& c: N8 a1 O
: Y8 q" z/ P# _. c$ ZAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)1 M( e8 v5 c" S4 j. s
g1 b W) V! _' |" Y/ _* @" y" hDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)8 Y( l7 U5 ^* m, m$ x) p# X6 t
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I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 Q! ?! d2 M% m) C1 R4 R+ G; _
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) f- w) F Y0 \
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) : S8 @( g# P4 J5 W( r 2 d# f3 U! C, d9 gShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) . e# j0 x9 M) L4 f p9 d7 |6 k: M" b9 j6 S1 B0 R- r8 \
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) [! E/ p: m: O Z4 o% _ + ~, k7 {% t& R6 }1 `- D7 V* z如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: 6 m% J# \8 R; D2 v3 \6 l/ b; t( Q q& J4 O
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) , ]1 B8 ^/ ~6 I& W. Q3 y+ P % _) p4 n# X! n4 @9 a! OThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) % ]7 S: j% Y" g ; {4 F. D6 U! O2 LHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 r i4 q* C& O7 e; Q, Q$ S1 }1 O9 |4 R
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 6 R R0 W+ [, `2 T' a: {9 z # W8 |4 _7 R" @+ RWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)! v' O- u3 l' p2 n7 m6 S7 F! ]( [
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Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) $ l' Z7 c3 J4 T4 f : ^0 ?/ G h0 A$ y5 w! |写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)6 k g8 I4 U3 P5 {6 |# B' q
. @. M2 Y) g9 [; q; o& O0 _' C此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 5 O1 e( _) ~9 q) o " w; F, n3 L3 a' [3 L/ e. V+ a 2 A+ v$ k! p* V3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 B! f2 z" i8 ?. x$ D9 g( `/ u# x& Z* Q; q; K2 C: y
例如:. \4 u4 Q4 k5 @
8 o6 X6 a- ?* T q; x7 `3 W! I1 MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* `# [. ^0 l! s
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)! G1 v2 v& u: Q1 W8 z% r3 @$ ~7 ~
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) % U- h( Q4 d% _3 H$ M( l: i7 o& a% D 5 B- c0 z+ M) H" wHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 c& B( }6 @' Q- z6 g& k4 l: S: M' m X1 h2 ?
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 4 ]0 E) W0 f* J; e2 ? G0 o ( y- E! h3 G1 Q. n# d; t) }Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)( S5 T4 o+ n- j6 l8 N" d3 w- m, `
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) % T4 ~$ V! |4 Z2 {+ j! Y U9 o9 } 4 T4 r, l! W v9 _" _+ M! n6 p5 pStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)9 V# N" q$ g$ i3 I$ u8 `
( l) @% V0 ]4 j' O同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 $ f: M; M( {7 J% N% t3 c8 p5 }" m- H- a+ f# d, p C
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / F0 J, }' `( k. `. W3 N) a" W; }) W+ ~6 W: [
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; " n! J% ^2 @; {5 Q$ N+ M0 a 3 p4 ^! T# G" E3 ?4 W对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;2 K* b B: O! o6 m# D; {
F5 t* ~, p6 c, K1 y对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 9 C# k; t- B# g+ d) @! L3 R ; ~; @9 p/ I* B8 U( D8 l对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; , L8 f/ c% \5 g/ G8 L9 h " L. n l, Z& e4 b至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: - ]' s- Y6 Y2 ]9 [( \* H+ x + E v; W8 U; l2 z; x0 W$ P' i2 Q- `还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 . D* X3 h# n" ^ [, v \ ) g# I, |; P+ s( h- V, {有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。8 A, y7 E6 K% M% w+ x/ I; s