本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 0 g! |+ v+ c# C w2 z0 V2 J! c
, I$ I$ G. R& o4 o& A 转帖 + ^) l0 s! D- m. q) l' ?! R8 U3 ]1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)3 {5 [! F7 A2 o; w. C
; \$ V3 b$ r/ H) ^例如: ( e! E+ ~1 i2 o& D Z# I0 Y- M% i
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白) 6 b# R4 e6 z3 ^' I 9 t/ @3 b4 O0 k: yThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 9 O2 K. ^7 c3 a4 Y# b " f9 b+ \0 T' \; u+ ^5 C% i# IThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)$ e! g6 @# i2 j/ Q9 B/ n
' ^7 z4 e$ e: ]% G0 ]* b) G8 D
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)/ Z' M; s- y5 M. c0 G9 g# C& a9 f* E" ]
; R) s g* ^3 u% V( a
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 3 V$ l: z2 p$ q+ Y/ U R+ k+ F& |+ o
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)- M- l# j, \8 z U& O2 ~/ N3 P
4 V& F$ e/ b; J: n9 q# N: mWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) 6 p- N8 R% z k' X7 E: q0 k, w * q. \, j" o# j4 ~0 pThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) 3 K6 c2 e" r8 L3 p% `: E 6 Y7 R0 b. n# U2 ~We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) & S6 a& G4 X: S9 w% `: P7 ]) \! Y O5 m- W+ Q
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) # z$ G- U$ m% R) K" O5 S# Q" z: a* J2 x. m2 p9 B9 q
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! - k5 o" f- m: I- B X. I$ p6 F* d7 X% r" [1 U7 c/ A
6 J) W2 {) G, X1 f2 r2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。2 L' D! K& \: Y; f* h$ l. \
2 R& I4 Q. K% P$ `例如:, C6 U; K3 F8 ?$ m6 x+ w8 n8 }
* A+ ?, _; H" N9 _% w
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) % Q7 t( G- o* l6 Q3 F; { 1 l) K- j) ]: J, }- U$ {$ qDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)1 L, ~+ G$ I/ Z; \+ Y" k3 ^
( D" W0 X( h; ^* ]* |1 N$ AI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)" \5 x3 U2 v( \- M" y! t3 \( Q
& O5 @) h3 Y/ E: L- i! j
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)7 B& ?1 H& D& m' `9 i& h0 b" a5 {
+ q/ l9 c1 S0 UIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) % t) t$ M' f/ o# B h! ?9 O4 z, n1 Z m5 F4 P
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)7 J2 m$ m6 y# t7 K1 X
5 C3 A+ s3 f: L% u+ [+ t* \
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ! ~- M* ]( U5 i1 t2 o4 `1 D2 z+ ^( j/ s ^$ Q9 \. g+ }
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:6 l" c8 a5 ]9 g9 m
: c5 R S( X3 }4 x' \The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ' g8 z) l9 ?# `1 x$ |" A% @; C2 f3 _8 X. m2 f; i7 z
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - p) x( X" q* G8 C7 K5 z; b8 M* [( m! |) N$ l1 q
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)- p) g( z& z- G. T1 K8 F+ ]/ _1 t
' R7 B; [3 I B& O
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) . l. M; u \& M3 L0 u( Y % f( H; G% U7 [* N2 J( mWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的): E* a" Z5 D- \' \2 F8 t
: ?* y$ }' {- I
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 8 P( |8 f/ @; ~* D+ E ? / z ~5 \7 e3 o; R写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 9 r1 M, `9 x+ h; O' ?1 ]& c6 { 2 s0 T+ N D- h% x9 p& Y" ~此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 % G4 h1 u1 O3 ~' F3 N$ h; m1 ?; J7 y
, O" n6 l# _# W' P* @ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 / }( \. m1 A0 `( `3 |8 g3 p* Z# k& F3 p+ S
例如:* [: {% n: f H4 l
5 T- G# R( ?& F/ }
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 {3 u4 R& C- p& ^ X$ m6 m1 t( {
" z6 @: Z% p* d/ Q3 S3 |Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)/ g' O) F" ^7 |# m% [
7 Z( f8 m6 ]/ F# [3 T# C7 H
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)2 P( m' `5 T* \6 M
5 n" W7 T# M+ [+ W+ c1 Y
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) $ J) ?4 w! o( D. W* L! f* \ - m3 @9 x. V/ y- xMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) 9 P# N' g: P0 _1 a2 c, R) E c$ ?/ |! F% p8 o' K* H5 N
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ^, Z, B* W# W+ Q: r) L
8 J4 }, e$ h* Y
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)7 I8 }1 U/ c5 e' k: G# j
! o: C% C: x1 b0 z8 U) `" NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- ]! c2 p4 F/ }0 X
* R& c/ }5 C' Q) l+ W
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 ! o9 `) O9 F+ ?: D) K5 \" X7 n* ^
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:% u* V# \& J( Y% L6 x q
; k2 q( e# M: U* Q对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; ; d4 ~9 [3 h$ H. X' c. g- g; O4 y* Z' z- U. F1 x' J/ z" `
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ) Y/ `0 e- {, P0 G; y+ g# a& a: _' v+ R+ X- V
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; ( ]6 x: [5 [6 v- k3 b7 e6 q$ d$ }* E% J! V. B6 T% X, ^' y' n2 G4 D# ?
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 3 ]+ y; @$ t% |/ r: H, u7 o) R. |: H; f8 C
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: + Q3 e7 {0 F* h7 d - t* _2 @: F6 i# Q还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 " ~, `7 k5 a) c# _, `4 U , r# F' {1 Z$ u% Q$ w9 O( T+ l有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。$ j( S$ }0 @# D1 Q