本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 + _% B- U6 k5 S7 G" n: b
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 2 T1 B: H- D& ^- b7 e1 ] 3 Z" x0 U! d1 h) B' ?例如:( e5 m3 X6 ^6 L- Z" E
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)8 ^8 X& z2 Q# L& @+ I
1 u- N5 L2 ~- T ]Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) - o a0 `/ X G; w+ Q8 z , B6 ?& e# D4 |This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 1 z3 Q1 Y$ O' Z . ^; {2 ^! ]2 X$ L: oThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)2 M& g- w0 N" n, W4 E& H
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。): @( r, ?& j7 @4 o% w* T; m/ ^+ I, K4 E
6 f+ L$ c& k0 e$ b- k- A6 PMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) 4 B3 @$ }$ x: H$ G# g9 x' a 2 R3 u |3 u* u6 n, T" U5 VWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ' U4 F" e2 Q6 _ $ o# u( z6 w( K+ ^# G" hThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)) I/ ]& W2 E* z8 }% W
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)+ |0 P$ A2 p8 K/ G- J+ W
& |4 |# \, P: U+ @: S- YPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 ]$ L1 g( R! J5 @* r# i 2 ^& x' h/ a+ a- K4 Y1 c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!! G$ R1 |# @: \% b
: p- i# n. f! x0 g 9 a; d/ s8 d2 l% \, s2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。- v7 K* {7 t! p# S1 H7 t3 l
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例如: 8 z" }5 e8 l5 E" | ( o5 T* D3 e# \ L" FAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) - {* h d8 i' i# a2 C3 {! L/ b/ L' r# W) w$ A; \! V3 ~
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 2 C ] p7 Z X. O3 J. |6 d% t* p$ ~7 V' C/ W5 P
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)5 H% N+ [7 e6 o6 ?/ {3 ?
& _* z# b1 ]& F* L8 i4 B+ H( z4 HHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because), c+ j: S- c. ~& e; r) ]
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)/ A% ]& z& s2 M* |
3 @( S- Q5 z( Z( }2 }She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; B0 f! q7 h |! e7 B7 F2 ^5 U h( |3 t1 M4 c! I! m h9 X7 L3 G
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)( ?, Y& { J# ^6 M% y. y F
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: ' S; t/ D7 f! u5 b+ T / v. s L' O" C0 | R- VThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 4 X9 U3 E0 K4 Z: d T% ]6 j3 l% l4 H1 I: B
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)) F; X4 ?; U/ ?0 v$ @* W7 V
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) * l- @% {! u( f $ ~6 C, O/ y, L/ r7 h5 [! RHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) + t+ {) Z+ A3 N8 @7 W1 A " V6 Y# K/ `/ Z- s$ xWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 8 _2 P( r# G& x$ D & K3 |: r3 M' d, q, ^/ MEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) i/ j/ O/ }- n0 [8 N }7 ?. l# ~, K' }+ ?0 f* L! L# V+ s; W4 a
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) % {* j- _( h* l( Z# Y) @$ N* U+ e% N7 i6 h& g; D
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。# `0 [# J0 ?, I" T: V
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8 A) c# [& h- X, G 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 % H5 n" N1 ~) e; {" I0 u, t5 s, `0 Y/ f& a: M& p: p
例如:6 R, ?7 y9 G2 J! Z# W0 h5 h8 I
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) $ L% T1 a! G7 @ * z, I' |" g! u0 t3 M6 t1 q8 HManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 5 t7 y5 G- T4 W' V: ]' Q 1 J& H' {' ^, f0 O# oThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" W, n( J# M8 \
- S& v4 S/ D* MHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) , `/ J5 Q- _9 t " u( M4 e2 _8 m6 k( R" WMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)$ Q; F1 c4 A M, a
- ?4 G6 O+ i! z. a% S; D' M. RPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 2 i. R! ]( J$ [4 [2 O9 H, r! B 5 z' B; }1 J5 ]+ zCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ( b6 o2 X$ b' c/ \2 A; \ 2 e8 }4 S7 x, s T, T; tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 1 H: Z- _1 \+ I, a2 X4 M8 E5 j& n5 _7 W
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" ~0 v7 q I. K$ [
7 _# t1 v; f2 [- P4 ]当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: ( `- j) |- P! N1 u7 P8 P# n3 d1 V O2 `) L0 h4 N3 C" E# z
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; e. l/ j* s# M% }' T( o h
K' ~0 G) \' Z( K对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ! q# m' D& ~' b8 K' n0 _) \- @# Y( X( G7 _$ g
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;! Q1 x& X, o2 s1 P# R' V
1 ?% O. A1 { z! ~至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:7 N \2 D3 Y$ }+ l8 V: f
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 * d( p0 L! }% O. }, d 5 Q, `# E9 j4 O0 R7 s有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 1 r* r4 Z; d/ m