本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 x1 @% ~6 O+ m* x- S: V & x0 }! E' G& P, o- w/ X! \1 L转帖% N) l. c: b. H4 Q' l# \# x
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)9 M5 k1 I }* n) }9 X
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! q6 f, i7 m6 L. r9 EMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白). g* g1 C4 M( B3 J1 V0 `5 h
# }4 |5 d7 J) [% BThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ X. H# `: X" T M# K# ]3 v# \" O
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) 4 Q5 j8 [$ a: j9 V3 E8 V) e! D3 f; O" c) l) L$ M- C, z3 d
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) - X/ A* m" h! b3 }$ `8 x! z! c, z9 z3 E% Y- {$ x% k4 A
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。), k) s+ S/ ]9 g+ i, L, i, D; A
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Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) ; n7 ~% _# C& T4 B* H; _" Y% b! G# |0 Z0 w* c
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) n! W) {7 ]- u) X6 p4 d- R# G7 n; o8 P2 q& B
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)( g5 J' ^+ t t& b2 d
: \: d6 H- ]* A% j- m) R' @We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) # ?# g% L3 Y: J8 [8 k ! y0 r7 N* x- f! L; ~$ aPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) , P2 h& p) @$ I 6 n6 D* K; R7 Q1 `' _+ ]" s8 q% c这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! ) A0 X! }! F& c9 M8 H K& c" ?9 f6 J; b! P2 H! f; E
' t* f/ {7 j9 H8 H6 p 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 # X+ P# r0 N7 J W$ ]6 d ( ]- R# t( N% ^# y6 \* S例如: 2 w4 r* m, \& e+ S5 } * z# s, Y2 M4 u5 W7 p- [* }$ tAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) W8 j4 N+ Y8 v* o
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Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 3 N3 [/ q5 p( l- z; t5 o2 d2 q0 U5 r) j( `9 k& O
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)4 j3 M$ N" B8 H; R" B8 o3 \$ h8 E
- J4 s, o# p% d; x6 \' ^5 H6 wHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 9 d# D9 X( {, T7 X+ p+ `' d ! a' G6 N! w0 R1 kIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)* `: E0 n5 ?' ~+ f
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ; _+ n& T2 h' G/ `1 h+ V) ^* V5 J+ O
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 6 A" R7 |" B. M8 ~0 E0 @% n r! V- l" |; o
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : o7 R; r' i O/ H$ B6 A) R % U$ v2 d. X4 a/ L' |9 `The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 0 t1 M7 V( p; f# f0 \& \$ h1 ] _9 A, Q
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) - j0 t5 v- d5 f S" b* U % _3 K" Z+ {! d7 k! p- Q4 mHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) 1 w, j* j+ i. N' O 5 t9 E9 {9 ~! V' D2 [( \He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)7 P5 z+ [; d& Q" o5 b
+ L, h( \+ s( P' B( v& S: NWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 7 q$ a5 p, s1 y ! y2 n3 h' q2 p4 R7 B0 wEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)" r/ ` {5 N! G1 o% }1 [0 T5 J3 p% y
5 H* u$ `5 u5 V9 q写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)+ {5 _# M: x' a u5 c/ c/ L; O
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ( q" @1 h: s6 q$ |: h) v- Q9 n9 M* w
1 ?8 l& a) t, M2 b0 Y4 |3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。, T. u1 T: z: u7 t8 e
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)7 J. s4 [4 H3 _( n* W/ j
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) 3 I, n0 z( ~; ~# O. q 8 N- M( ]# m" p$ l0 Y+ ?This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)3 @- I4 m5 i& [+ ?) p8 C9 G) L
( O2 b3 f, F; O$ v8 M! cHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)3 x: ?9 Z# c/ ]3 X
. Z2 l/ J) T2 x$ \/ H8 {Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) + p, [: P$ u% }& ] x6 z , ^( N$ w, g& `/ S; i. aPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)$ D C* [7 G( K" B5 B, [" Q
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Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ]' Y( [! R9 G4 o
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)7 E& \9 t) h; E7 @' O9 o4 l- _
. a0 o( w! I) X3 O: k0 E2 L# Q同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。9 O: p, L" Z+ n G
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当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: / H# }: V( J' Z ' I! \2 |7 U1 D对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( @( O l3 @ z* `3 k& p; K( V
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对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;! Q+ T- w$ ?6 S: z, d6 ? d6 Y
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对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;" `0 r2 ?! \( b5 T( c4 b( H
& N' o0 u% {. {% X% r1 t对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; + z" T2 W, l5 S, m0 M9 { ) G) o4 Z! U4 v* t至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # r: n/ ~! m, S' Q) _) F9 p X k; u/ T% Z4 O" Z: x! X- {$ v
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 & `2 y1 ^4 ~0 e; K* {) B7 S6 i. P, p9 n
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。! I" `% g4 I" e4 w