本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 * h' n# K8 J5 X, O- A! k( x. x4 q
9 x1 A7 w) u0 Y- c0 H 转帖 & w: k2 S! `$ ]1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word)/ M3 b! Q9 _& ]; k
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例如: ' e! B7 t% \- u% K1 ~8 A) R ' {' \/ o; X* Z9 D7 C! ]8 [1 K/ ]Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)5 y+ n7 D1 m9 T8 x2 l- B( ~
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 1 V4 r, e% A$ p- m# a% Q& H" U3 ?0 x
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread). E+ _ n" N$ q+ _' i! m6 o: C/ q
$ \2 f# c2 W3 D$ {; J1 }The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) 9 m( Q5 G3 h4 F- G3 p" y# l+ _5 x% b6 J! j% P/ A$ V% {
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , t' e. `, s5 O2 P$ o' ~" F $ Q8 G. s* a1 O' A1 ?' }" K1 e' NMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) % [$ c W& [2 R% ]& ?+ s4 c7 v- s. d4 y
We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)- D/ h; T* ]7 [( m
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), w# y, N, U5 n0 }9 b1 s W
, @) x& T6 E5 u0 zWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)# Y; k, M4 R7 M# Y, e$ q
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# R9 Y9 \( {2 Q0 D3 }
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这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! 1 r5 K' w/ h# H' @* r ; r8 n, S+ F! }1 S5 [ 7 s" ^. [7 R2 |1 I1 a* k5 [ L5 E2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; v4 n# `- ]0 ]3 Q% U" \
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6 W6 d/ e p4 r5 |4 MAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)$ v8 d( N/ N+ N* d4 w& B4 E0 a
, b5 b4 }! t3 J+ ^8 a* `* g6 m/ [; mDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) / \& W" u1 I( e1 a0 b) ` # L( {9 C9 \: Y5 xI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)! c1 q) R0 W: Q& G. p5 y* g
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 3 N4 a C3 c3 R% B 7 a0 E6 g! G5 A" s7 K, WIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 7 T' E8 {) r9 B/ |7 c/ v, C/ h5 ^! h6 S: b; h! X6 q6 M
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 w& l: g2 ?, @4 q
4 h- Y7 f, n1 G3 E2 VI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) , d2 M# t: V/ K- t1 U: I! c* u/ P. N' a* O
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:$ c) I; @$ f$ i1 Z
; C% V5 K/ [- W- X# s/ ]The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) @2 f7 U: W" g) j9 ^9 j7 T. N5 M& t : _. }! E, N4 B% y6 X7 CThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& `( l% \) M8 o6 T2 N
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He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)# h: g9 V* V) [/ c
f% ]' x2 {0 P @( \; rHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 1 {* N2 Z. {* v z. s) m) \( l/ h3 L& g- `7 @& q
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 1 x0 q! Q8 j7 e8 @$ M, j) B5 I) `/ N6 I- @3 [
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 2 S5 Z6 T5 @; c# V7 P& O+ G5 A5 U - h$ [$ j1 c. P- S写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) - m$ }8 B' q3 F2 ~ * r1 I a. x1 A" {. `. z. w8 R此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 # e$ `' ~* l" F' n6 |) n2 ^4 L 8 s2 _9 G3 _: u% Q, Y9 o: K9 s1 `. V |4 P$ w8 o- r& h7 Q 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 9 g! u9 p0 y' W 9 f7 m, ?" @% o+ |! z/ h9 ^例如:( @ ?$ N e- k6 U* l
& w% O: f& g; k% ]# MMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)$ Q4 ?3 q( A! ~# T
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)* h4 C% \4 Q& X+ m7 H
9 D* d0 H! E# s% _& IThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 7 l8 C$ V' t) n8 T- R; ^& F% q$ S4 p9 A6 C- j! F1 Y
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 a7 g! F3 X; e5 j* c- w2 c5 l4 [
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) ( n, l2 e$ R% X5 Y$ N" ]7 @* L* O0 L- w3 C3 m' b
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) $ `: x7 O( Z4 Y , Y* j7 V& f% A; ICongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) * [$ C3 V- l2 s: n) X' } % z7 y* e" F; u/ NStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 0 `% l _8 U( r7 \& H* Z0 h3 F $ J$ Z6 _% l8 B: r8 |6 [ I同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。" a2 b3 r2 ^9 B0 Y
+ v( m5 P, b9 H" R当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 6 F7 t) X/ Y3 `8 D7 d 0 B) R- {5 \! n# o' X对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; # w4 W( G1 z: R. V* ^. l4 t; }& F
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; 6 w+ ]; |/ p H- f m4 ]8 W! w% B" V
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 2 a- g5 l; O1 `% c' r/ ~! S# z/ i% o s/ Y$ p
对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; % y: [: |3 ?! r8 Z" M1 }/ v# o) Y: Z f Y- J# H) A% G" u9 O% G
至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:* }$ D [" w6 _1 M
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还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。8 v. M$ k, o9 ~6 p; e
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。 / b& O+ ]5 Y4 e' M6 i