本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 8 ^* l3 w% x! C. i8 r) O
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1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 5 w/ |& |! d- U V. Z$ P7 I& ?$ g/ R% p) i例如:7 x4 x1 z# \" t/ ?5 w, L$ H5 B7 y
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)& c/ J" H3 Y0 ~
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) ( H |2 y( Q, b) H 7 s6 y- j! ]( |: O! b8 K7 O/ A( yThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)) O7 j9 g5 \, f$ b1 @
: E5 ]: z/ J8 YThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?)+ m. s, ]/ v" H/ I/ o% i
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I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)0 }6 h5 t8 j J h) v9 I" v
5 a/ k7 }& n% F, zMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)( ?. K W; a8 H6 |4 B
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)/ f; [+ {( B# P3 `: w
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The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)2 {( W! O( H2 E0 s
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We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ; t7 f# m+ h3 w( N v8 p, `% o5 k! w
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)# \: u" d4 x. k' \( U( }7 Q
; z* ~% \1 o( @: j这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!& f" G" ?1 t! g) h/ z5 s( Z I9 x7 z
% S8 [5 _9 d% X9 [- y8 Y$ \4 L k- M4 w 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。1 {! x* m, k1 d; M1 ^
! v9 n' S( B1 {; X0 \& c( D例如: # y: }) j4 {# Z' {9 c4 }/ D - Q9 x+ y5 i, L/ zAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' K: q* r) R& j- \7 r3 N: V! w& J, M: ]# D P# D
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) + A6 g( M& C+ H% r5 U+ j, f# n) Q; w2 h7 ~- J0 v4 N! ^) |7 {
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ' [5 B1 I5 N' Q7 f3 Y6 V" B+ t, _: r1 g5 @
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)8 v' C4 o% D9 `* y$ E5 r
, ^" Q+ M- u# X+ f) D( xIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) # o6 T9 W) m5 e E9 g 3 b& @8 g2 P; M aShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ! G' @( `1 D" |3 W: h ; y2 x* @5 \7 |" ^0 b/ nI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) + H1 _1 Q" u- w- T" y0 z, H+ M+ J5 a }3 D
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:5 P) O, u' P! @0 i9 G
B' o1 o6 L2 W9 t Y) g- {9 iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 2 ]$ p2 S4 F' \" A- [5 \1 p/ y9 J F0 q5 e7 H
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ P/ e$ ]8 r; x5 b2 F5 _# T! k; J # H. X- S$ }$ y2 K/ r, \He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)) G2 L; t% d6 Y; ~# |
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He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味): s$ t2 q8 E2 v7 P. B
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)$ P# b' S- S! ^8 D7 x! `
" S7 S1 t9 H' ]& H- |2 D) Z- KEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* S% p7 T4 L: b/ Z
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) & ?9 o6 e+ \5 _, V' Z; i! ~6 o$ y/ |: B2 q- Y: U4 w
此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。6 S- i$ Q# G" |( c! G5 H! ?
; M6 c q9 r. W# Y* }5 F8 C: ?/ _& G C5 T6 x% @- y& ~ 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 ; U7 K4 m& ?# N- a0 I# z $ \# y5 k" \/ D( W. {* n例如:$ J, q3 v' t; r/ Z+ ~: c; t
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Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) : k: E$ q0 h% k5 n8 c- y / ] f. i5 M8 _) J8 p9 m6 u2 CManpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)% D# r1 ?8 {) G; E, w
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 0 A3 t' N0 v& Y" y3 j- | 7 \$ `3 a7 j. P# J# T: cHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)3 @7 T% U5 o4 y+ ~: W
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) U( G, Y* V) `5 K; s3 y0 `0 H" Z5 L v: o0 |# I" k
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 3 S3 l3 f# N& K, x f' @( w 9 N$ @* ?& p1 @Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 3 J. P. P6 p2 Q) H/ m: d, c' k9 }5 n) v
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) 9 @+ B" K5 P) Q7 e# f : _ B: G, x- g+ M7 [& R同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 \3 |) V4 M4 H* G9 d! C9 _# T0 m 5 c8 t$ U, ^' X; Y& Y当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: * O$ L3 N% h4 }5 s# ~+ z7 A/ u+ t" K3 w$ Q/ {
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American; 2 F% S- e- E6 A0 k* r) I" O# W7 q7 y2 g/ v- ^, @( C
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;: h! Q: `1 P$ G5 m
3 D4 M' p4 h0 U: y7 B, V对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; + q* G' [5 ~- F1 S: v ! ~7 Z Z9 T6 R8 J9 {( V2 ?对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;& n6 y7 s5 a! P
5 R- u# U C" B1 X3 L0 Z至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: 9 f: ^9 I; ^, E8 y% c' |. Q6 x8 o* @, x7 t9 d8 j+ T
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。' r. A# ^3 n6 e6 X. u4 f8 U
6 N& R- s/ }& l4 p' Z$ }有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 j2 Y+ I1 X: @9 p% h