本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 $ H s& c5 k- d6 g+ J" t8 O% o H, X9 i- b( |/ f% f" G转帖 3 R* s3 h1 W' Q, g& C8 k' a1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) 6 W, [# P: f' j. c7 p$ `8 ]2 k4 C: z0 r
例如: % K' c& B+ G6 }4 S: ]- [# Z5 x+ U+ J A6 v- d- G, R
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)3 B, C3 ^) g: b. J) x1 d
0 t3 `! Z* g ~! a2 E+ L
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)5 Q8 L+ d; c- ~$ k$ {
! l# U9 W1 y; B# I i# I) Y' M% vThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) " ]4 \8 C3 u7 ?0 J" U! M + l1 T3 {( s; dThe president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) X+ l4 H+ z' R9 d5 b, C1 x- @: s6 z1 }' i, f3 v, k' C
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 m/ ~& S" Q; l4 i! c: N1 a+ E8 M/ a
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) j# V. i% Z- Y2 h" @5 Y; ]
: r3 ^# H1 D, H: l0 aWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)0 Z3 U5 o! \% R$ N4 D3 t8 j* t
2 k2 \0 J7 ?# D
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)6 Q1 @, K4 x: A6 Z* L# r
) k# [2 @2 t0 Q- ~# e
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)" U; c w9 V7 U6 N I
1 P) }4 G4 ]$ a
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 4 k* I5 O2 E9 M. C # u/ M: k. q" j( E: s. y6 [% F这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白! . n* T8 D& s% L2 y2 K; Y: U( v. K+ h/ s. y* b2 \9 `
8 _! X% i4 ?# j5 g9 L 2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 l/ U. o9 T5 y! Z) b2 W1 O; I& C0 {/ K6 T: w# @ A# }; a
例如:, Y9 N8 D! G/ k5 k7 ]2 U( l
" A h$ h8 Y+ ]
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)" I0 w( c$ a6 [% _
2 z; s. E3 \+ y3 M; G0 ~
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)' |1 [2 G7 W1 |4 v8 ^
) v9 _8 \9 j* u Z- `) a/ N3 ^I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)' B. s$ c. D5 W* P J7 d3 ^) E
5 J& w: h2 f; c+ {/ @He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)- X0 P* i7 u0 I" z' U- ^! J3 Y
b8 U0 s+ m1 u+ r/ r0 s
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ! \9 s1 Y/ G' k$ q- M# e6 `! W$ k7 W4 g4 v! m: j0 m! \
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) ( w9 @! K+ q* J# t1 d. ^* b6 X% q( U+ g+ }! @! Y
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) 0 t3 y- ?5 @+ |: Q" Q6 Y* ~+ c+ O$ d1 F$ n) p
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:% i0 {& X M0 ^: q1 @! @! G
* h T. |% o6 l% c o9 f
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) # f. Q$ e9 n* Q+ B: x 2 U: j0 {" l2 M( GThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)! x f! y- E/ l Y a
6 X- a' {0 ~. k0 B/ Z" p1 f3 K H
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)6 N7 ~" V# ?( u( H% V4 R& Y$ Y
- q8 A1 q9 _3 ~6 {: mHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) / ^9 l+ c: G: e$ E6 Z 4 C; k6 w b+ k p# K6 h2 ]# zWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , b: e$ T. N& _% D' Q 7 }( y7 N$ ?& @. i3 vEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)* _9 \% D a$ }2 T3 r
. ~: H* X5 r+ z0 |; ?
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)1 R5 {( p3 c8 ^3 F! V7 ^
9 j5 g: P: F' U8 v. |: _; l. ]- Q此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' W% N. U6 E7 M4 C% b$ F: d; `4 Q% e: L+ G2 E
& x$ u, p% _! j+ y$ r+ k 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。' {' i2 Z. F8 r8 s, O
* y9 E9 o8 z- w8 Q4 ~, {5 F1 M例如: ! A0 Q$ v. h: R5 G5 L8 J6 v% u 9 r8 \5 U: j7 zMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) ' y R! ?) s# b7 j; r% X( V( }3 _" w p
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * Y) p8 x# R# A! C$ G0 H6 O3 V8 {( Q# t) f5 @+ p% K* W+ g
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) 2 W+ R" e- R/ f q0 Q& V 6 Y: ^5 p& Y2 V5 a1 j3 w; X3 HHe (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) 6 G5 Z" S! A5 K& G: C& ] ; `5 M# U- U6 c% Z; ?2 GMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)6 V8 c) V* u0 u- a
9 I. X7 x5 A r# R. }) Z0 l* x S
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别)9 ? I+ h5 g$ u7 K
2 f: y7 M( s( _- [2 ~Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)6 f1 n# S$ U& u
0 R2 n' P2 w0 Q' C8 L; U- w6 h+ iStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) U: [ g! A+ R0 E) b+ a9 ~: Z. E& F, H% B
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。# G( x7 m7 j. T, t/ @, V. n4 U
) e" c" v6 J( ]: }# S+ F至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问:; p6 |4 e! u( |: ~8 z. Z
7 e9 A9 K% V+ i
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。 O& G2 w$ k* k. Q$ s( P* k/ B' ?2 ?2 {& O
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。7 U+ z. A1 g( S% y; v