( O2 R. y4 U/ K$ P8 [4 O例如: ( M3 Q3 m( }4 e/ p' y: S5 X: [7 g/ J( E7 O
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)1 C6 _) D4 `; e7 X
4 `; [+ K4 J: y8 T! ?. HThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)/ b2 o% i3 q2 t& G& C( s% C- c
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This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 a1 f, \* c. S- m7 {
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ R+ y/ N& c: w4 T - \! ?( F) Z( A2 MI have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) , M; w. |/ T. I& C8 \7 G + s' g; N7 |' g9 h" iMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)3 K2 f' O8 M& W R" q6 v
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We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!)5 a) G) c3 @2 T
0 X$ }; j' z7 QThe charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词), C' J- k7 Y: j2 G+ }' d! v) X1 n
. r9 @% d% i+ `+ c6 q. {6 UWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)0 c- K6 g0 _1 M! Y+ G
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Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)* _8 |3 y$ K' T. _2 S
$ A/ P7 e* l' j0 Z这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!3 E A# h4 @2 J, j+ Q7 V: U
6 s5 i* v0 j" n 5 e# a5 d7 Q+ t6 s3 }, f2 W. i2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 + Z2 j" U9 S% u! s% x# j" ?7 j5 R! u. \
例如: + Q3 m' s/ u! H$ v# p8 K d" y" Y% T3 r6 d$ X+ V; MAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) ' n9 |) Y+ K! A ?! l, A! j' M9 i
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)- @6 \9 j" | R
( }: @2 c _' L" U0 N; mI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)& V0 L/ ]# ?8 Y( c+ z+ P
# j* Z: w3 X: _$ AHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)) g4 t3 s( V' |4 F
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In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) 1 z) P" ]4 g5 o, `5 B6 L& O) B, Q, C% @2 j% }( N, ?" R
She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)8 O1 p# e8 P$ b" f7 s0 ^. e
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I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) & \+ O ~% }+ |7 T5 ^9 V# C 1 P2 M8 L: ^4 f! L如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如: : ~4 g. |. T+ Y5 P5 _ h3 i$ u5 N. P9 d
The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)1 i" ^! e" f4 n+ A
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The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) ; d* K9 u: ^4 m1 j; U) u" t: J' S* ] % E4 V/ f2 I1 M( B* tHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)8 b" }4 \3 S* d6 G
" t. j: g `3 \2 v! R+ k2 \0 I, jHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)' N) Y! A# [1 ?' o
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We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)7 y- W; Z/ o5 d) n" _2 X
) E$ E+ t# Z7 pEnclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)8 Q# O1 g( H" F+ f1 m% D! u
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写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) ]& B8 c7 c" U+ { X: r4 ^
, r$ T1 J( J' v" I/ Y* ?1 D2 c, X此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 7 q" l, U, Q# ?- ^ 3 o- d$ h- l. f6 X( N l# _# R ?" P6 y6 }1 {, T/ h 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。+ A% P+ a; m7 _6 y( Y6 i' ~+ ^
6 R9 S- \& S, J8 _例如: # r+ I; p; g/ C4 _" ~# `; J% v; W' Y- `4 W
Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) " \2 t! k' d# A" ?' P7 [6 b' c ]8 u
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) ' y- d. o5 n, e" }& I , k6 B# }# l' g. Y3 X2 F% v: dThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了) ; ?. c# R6 ^/ s& y2 w, |! e; D+ u! g# R5 _0 z g- Q3 I
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。): r" ?0 `5 y5 W$ }7 x# [- I+ }
6 U( t8 ?0 |8 FMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & Q' M7 K6 l1 K4 ^6 w" l 8 Z2 U/ Q. Q! v1 }8 i5 M, fPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) g4 r; G5 M! l
& H' o X6 ^6 \! @9 q1 UCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) ) p* X7 a" v$ ?7 L# U F3 }3 X! Z ) @% _1 _% v: Q8 T3 l( tStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) . n/ h' |9 _% {9 }5 k. R9 p& c! \- ]/ q% Q5 R+ b8 [
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 * U d' P6 {- p/ O7 E H8 Z' |. d! A5 {/ l0 r. p
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:& t; ^' |8 H4 c5 n, M: J+ b+ W
7 u9 m6 M2 |% X9 ]还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。! j* R& M. @& T
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有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。' ?) y' [0 Q* [( U. m' ?: c